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WHO
by
William A. Birkemeier
DOCUMENT
COLLECTION
AUGUST
Approved
1981
distribution unlimited.
U.S.
COASTAL ENeiNEERING
RESEARCH CENTER
Kingman Building
Fort Belvoir, Vo.
22060
81-11
81-11
of
as
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SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Data
Entered)
READ INSTRUCTIONS
BEFORE COMPLETING FORM
1.
2.
GOVT ACCESSION
NO.
3.
CETA 81-11
TITLE
4-
TYPE OF REPORT
(and Subtitle)
AUTHORfs;
7.
William
A.
&
PERIOD COVERED
Coastal Engineering
Technical Aid
6.
8.
Birkemeier
D31467
REPORT DATE
August 1981
.
NUMBER OF PAGES
17
SECURITY CLASS, (of
Ihia report)
UNCLASSIFIED
16.
DISTRIBUTION ST ATEMENT
fo/ (/lis
ReporO
17.
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
IB.
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
19.
KEY WORDS
II different
(Co
Beach profile
ABSTRACT
Block 20,
from Report)
Beach survey
if
Surveying methods
Generally, the most accurate beach survey data are obtained using a surveying
level to determine elevation and a tape to measure distance; however, this proceCommonly used two-person surveying
dure requires a minimum of three people.
In stadia surveying, a
procedures are stadia surveying and the Emery method.
level is used to determine elevation; distance is indirectly determined by two
additional readings of the level rod. This method gives the same elevation accuracy of level and tape surveying, but requires careful readings of the level rod
(Continued)
EDrTlOH OF
Nov 65
IS
OBSOLETE
UNCLASSIFIED
SECURITY CLASSIFICATrOM OF THIS PAGE (When Data
Entered)
UNCLASSIFIED
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(TWin Dmta
Bntermd)
UNCLASSIFIED
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGEfHTien Data
Entered)
PREFACE
This report describes a useful method for two-person beach surveying.
Although the method does produce data of comparable accuracy, it is not intended
to replace traditional level and tape surveying using three or more surveyors.
The method was developed and field tested during 3 years of studying winter
storm effects. The work was carried out under the coastal processes program of
the U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC)
Approved for publication in accordance with Public Law 166, 79th Congress,
approved 31 July 1945, as supplemented by Public Law 172, 88th Congress,
approved 7 November 1963.
TED E. BISHOP
Colonel, Corps of Engineers
Commander and Director
CONTENTS
Page
II
III
IV
V
VI
INTRODUCTION
EQUIPMENT
MONUMENTATION
SURVEY PROCEDURE
1. Instrument
2. Survey Line
3. Turning Point
4. Surf Zone
5. Field Notes
10
10
11
11
13
13
ACCURACY
15
SUMMARY
16
TABLE
12
FIGURES
1
10
Surf-zone surveying
14
14
15
Multiply
To obtain
by
25.4
2.54
6.452
16.39
millimeters
centimeters
square centimeters
cubic centimeters
30.48
0.3048
0.0929
0.0283
centimeters
meters
square meters
cubic meters
yards
square yards
cubic yards
0.9144
0.836
0.7646
meters
square meters
cubic meters
miles
square miles
1.6093
259.0
inches
square inches
cubic inches
feet
square feet
cubic feet
kilometers
hectares
knots
1.852
acres
0.4047
hectares
foot-pounds
1.3558
newton meters
millibars
1.0197 X 10"^
ounces
pounds
ton, long
ton,
short
degrees (angle)
Fahrenheit degrees
28.35
453.6
0.4536
grams
grams
kilograms
1.0160
metric tons
0.9072
metric tons
0.01745
radians
5/9
^To obtain Celsius (C) temperature readings from Fahrenheit (F) readings,
C = (5/9) (F -32).
use formula:
K = (5/9) (F -32) + 273.15.
To obtain Kelvin (K) readings, use formula;
INTRODUCTION
In a stadia survey (Davis, Foote, and Kelly, 1968)^, the elevation and distance to each point are determined by three readings of the surveyor's rod
using a surveying level located on the profile line. The readings are taken
the center crossfrom three crosshairs visible through the level's eyepiece:
hair is used for elevation, and the two outside (top and bottom) crosshairs are
used to determine distance. Advantages are speed and the fact that each suirvey
point is independently determined. The primary disadvantage is that distance
along the profile line is indirectly measured.
This report discusses a modified stadia surveying procedure commonly known
as three-wire leveling which overcomes this disadvantage, and which has proven
to be fast, economical, and sufficiently accurate for this type of surveying.
These procedures are not intended to replace traditional level and tape surveying.
They are an improvement over the Emery method and can be useful whenever only two people are available or when a quick survey is required (e.g.,
^EMERY, K.O., "A Simple Method of Measuring Beach Profile," Limnology and
Oceanography^ Vol. 6, No. 1, 1961, pp. 90-93.
II.
EQUIPMENT
Figure 1.
There are several ways to protect the rod person during cold-water surveying.
The most effective protection (also the most expensive) is a skin diver's dry
A
suit worn over clothing; however, in hot weather the suit becomes too warm.
wet suit may be substituted, but it also becomes uncomfortable during a full day
A pair of waders worn under a flotation jacket (Fig. 2) provides
of surveying.
adequate comfort and emergency buoyancy. High surf conditions should be avoided
and a safety line kept handy for emergencies.
Figure 2.
MONUMENTATION
Since survey distances are measured relative to the location of the instrument, its position on the profile line must be accurately determined.
Each
profile line should be located by a permanent survey monument made from a concrete cylinder of deep-driven steel pipe.
The elevation of this monument should
be established since it will serve as the bench mark (BM) for each survey of the
profile line. The monument also serves as the start of the profile line with
all distances measured from it
To accurately determine the instrument location, the distance from the instrument to the survey monument should be tape measured. This is not always
Since this is
practical if the monument is located a distance from the beach.
often the case, some additional monumentation along each line to be surveyed
Figure 3 shows a typi(assuming repetitive surveys are planned) is required.
cal profile line (see Hemsley, in preparation, 1981, for details on establishing
primary monuments)'*. A 3-foot (1 meter) wood or pipe temporary bench mark (TBM)
is set online and near the best possible instrument location (in a stable part
of the profile near the beach)
The elevation and location of the TBM are
accurately determined from the profile monument. The distance from the profile
monument to the TBM should be taped.
.
^HEMSLEY, M.J., "Guidelines for Establishing Coastal Survey Base Lines," U.S.
Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir,
Va. (in preparation, 1981).
Erosional Area
Level
Figure
3.
A second wooden stake 1.5 feet (0.5 meter) long should be placed online and
This stake is used during each survey
10 feet (3 meters) seaward of the TBM.
The ground
to locate the instrument online and in approximately the same place.
elevation of this point should be at least 5 feet less than the maximum length of
the level rod to allow the profile to be surveyed to the elevation datum without
requiring turning points. During each survey, the actual instrument height and
location are determined from direct measurement to the TBM using the level rod
Thus, only direct measurements (no stadia)
as a tape to measure the distance.
are used to locate the instrument. These two stakes have the added benefit of
indicating profile azimuth.
For consistency and ease of later analysis, each survey should
same point and cover a part of the profile that will remain stable
life of the study. Additionally, one survey (preferably the first
extend sufficiently landward to provide a reference profile in the
erosion reaching the TBM.
IV.
begin at the
during the
one) should
event of
SURVEY PROCEDURE
The survey crew includes a rod person (RP) and an instrument person (IP)
The RP is responsible for holding the level rod and for selecting the points
to be surveyed.
The IP makes the measurements and records the data.
1.
Instrument
10
After the instrument is leveled, a backsight (BS) reading of the level rod
This compuon the TBM is taken and the instrument height (HI) is computed.
tation is necessary to determine if turning points (TP) are required and at
what relative elevation the survey datum (mean sea level, mean low water, etc.)
will be reached. The distance from the TBM to the instrument is then measured
using the level rod.
The instrument should be checked frequently during the survey to ensure
If the instrument becomes out of level, it must be rethat it remains level.
leveled immediately and a notation made in the fieldbook. After the profile
is completed, a new backsight reading must be taken to establish the height of
the instrument for that section of the profile surveyed after the instrument
If the point at which the instrument was determined to be out
was releveled.
of alinement is unknown, then the profile must be resurveyed.
2.
Survey Line
The profile is surveyed to the survey datum (or farther) with elevation and
stadia readings taken at every change in slope or e^^ery 30 to 50 feet or 9.1 to
Since the RP selects the points (stations) which
15 meters (15 to 20 paces)
define the profile, it is Important that the points be carefully cinsen (particularly in the dune area) to obtain an accurate cross section of tp.e beach.
Points at the high water line and at the edge of the swash zone should be taken
and noted.
As a check on the stadia measurement, the distance between succesAt each station,
sive stations on the beach face should be paced by the RP.
the RP should:
.
(a)
Table;
(b) move to an online position, as determined by the instrument
and range poles;
(c) stand facing the IP with rod held vertically (as determined
by the circular rod level) until the IP signals either completion
of the station data or of the profile survey; and
(d) on stations closer than 20 feet (6 meters) to the instrument,
the level rod should be used as a tape to measure the distance
directly.
3.
90 meters),
(c) high wind conditions cause the upper section of the rod to
bend, reducing the accuracy of the readings; and
(d)
read.
Table.
^
il
^
n
1-+'
iX^
|T"
rr-
Example:
To signal a pace count of 15, the RP signals a number
followed by a "5."
"1'
iy
j^
Procedure
Hold arms out horizontally and bring together
over head
Plumb rod
"fl^
AAA
12
*^
Jf
'y.
"i;^
4.
Surf Zone.
(b)
Moderate wind or wave conditions. During these conditions,
the datum intercept is relatively easy to reach but wind or wave
action prevents accurate stadia readings. The IP first turns the
instrument onto the beach near the RP and calculates a new HI.
This movement alone may make the stadia easier to read; if not, a
tape can be used to measure distance into the water. The end of
the tape is secured on the RP s wrist and the tape reel is pinned
into the beach under the instrument. At each station, the IP first
reads the elevation, then pulls the tape taut to read the distance.
Note that all distances are still relative to the instrument position.
'
Field Notes
The range, elevation, and the datum of each profile monument and TBM should
be recorded in a fieldbook before entering the field.
Figure 5 shows a sample
page from a profile line survey recorded in the field, with appropriate column
headings filled in. The "range" column is used for actual distance measurements of each survey point relative to the profile monument. Each stadia
reading, along with measured distances, is entered under the "stadia" column.
Note that these readings are relative to the instrument location, not to the
profile monument or TBM.
Survey points or stations (STA) are numbered in the
first column. All readings should be to the one-hundredth place when using a
level rod graduated in feet or to the nearest centimeter when using a metric
rod.
mmtMf..jm^ '-00'
,
E
'Mi^^^
Figure 4.
^PROFILE
STA.
BS
-^^
Surf-zone surveying.
Dof
(f
PACES.,
f PlCrORi
preprinted LABELS
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Figure
5.
(4
When the data are reduced, the rest of the fieldbook should be completed
Each set of readings should be rechecked (using the
as shown in Figure 6.
check described) and errors noted. One unique advantage of the system is the
If only one of the three readings is in
built-in redundancy of the data.
error, it can usually be corrected by using the other two readings and the
pace count. A programable calculator or computer program to automatically
check and reduce the data is recommended.
FH VOMITS hanc
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Do
STA.
PACES
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DATE i^ccTspTiME l-iZO
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Figure
6.
ACCURACY
Assuming that the instrument is properly alined and level and that the level
rod is plumb, the elevation accuracy of a survey point using the stadia method
is equal to the accuracy to which the level rod is read.
Distance accuracy is
dependent on the accuracy of the rod readings, with the distance computed as
15
D = Ki X (US-LS) + K2
(1)
where
D
distance
US and LS
Ki
K2
Equation (1) shows that to obtain distance to the nearest 0.1 foot, each stadia
reading must be made to the one-thousandth place. Generally, accuracies to the
nearest 1.0 foot are acceptable, but rod readings to the nearest 0.01 foot are
required.
Since stadia surveys require three times the number of rod readings as in
a level and tape survey, rod-reading errors should be anticipated.
Rod-reading
US-E = E-LS
where
(2)
US-2E + LS =
(3)
If
e ?^ 0,
then the value of e provides some measure of the quality of
the stadia readings for a single survey point.
Although an e equal to zero
is desired, on long shots an
e
equal to 0.015 unit is generally acceptable.
The effect of conducting the mental check is dramatic of 500 points surveyed
with or without the check, the number of points with unacceptable values of
e
dropped from 14.4 to 2.9 percent.
Interestingly, most of the 2.9 percent
were for points with an e > 0.10. Errors of this magnitude indicate distance
errors equal to or greater than 10 feet; however, they are easily corrected by
estimating the true distance using the pace count.
During repetitive surveys of the same profile, the stadia method showed
acceptable repeatability and an ability to measure profile volume to an accuracy of +0.5 cubic yard per foot (1.25 cubic meters per meter), though this
value is dependent on profile length.
VI
SUMMARY
16
The stadia survey should not replace the standard rod and tape beach surveying; however, it is superior to the Emery method and should be considered
when only two people are available.
17
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