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Tutorial
Using
Builder
&
IMEX
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................................................... 3
CREATING A BUILDER DATASET THAT USES GEOSTATISTICAL TOOLS..........................................6
Loading Basic Dataset in Builder............................................................................................................................ 6
Building the Top of the Reservoir............................................................................................................................ 7
Loading Well Trajectories...................................................................................................................................................... 7
Importing Top Data................................................................................................................................................................ 8
Creating a Top Map............................................................................................................................................................... 9
Kriging Method..................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Modelling Variogram............................................................................................................................................................ 12
Checking for Anisotropies.................................................................................................................................................... 13
Editing Variogram Data........................................................................................................................................................ 15
Defining Search Window..................................................................................................................................................... 16
Warning................................................................................................................................................................................ 17
Kriging the Top Surface....................................................................................................................................................... 17
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1: New IMEX Dataset.................................................................................................................................... 6
FIGURE 2: Importing Well Trajectories........................................................................................................................ 7
FIGURE 3: Well Trajectories in 3D view...................................................................................................................... 7
FIGURE 4: Importing Top Data File............................................................................................................................. 8
FIGURE 5: Changing Well Tops Size.......................................................................................................................... 8
FIGURE 6: Well Tops in 3D View................................................................................................................................. 9
FIGURE 7: Create Map Dialog.................................................................................................................................... 9
FIGURE 8: Create Map Dialog with Points Tab Populated........................................................................................ 10
FIGURE 9: Create Map Dialog with Methods Tab and Ordinary Kriging Selected.....................................................11
FIGURE 10: Methods Tab Selected with Ordinary Kriging and Bi-Directional Variogram.........................................13
FIGURE 11: Variogram Plot for Grid Top Map........................................................................................................... 14
FIGURE 12: Defining Variogram Data....................................................................................................................... 15
FIGURE 13: Matching Variogram for Tops................................................................................................................. 16
FIGURE 14: Editing the Horizontal Variogram Data.................................................................................................. 16
FIGURE 15: Map for Top of the Reservoir................................................................................................................. 17
FIGURE 16: Create Map Dialog for Grid Thickness Data.......................................................................................... 18
FIGURE 17: Variogram Plot for Grid Thickness Data............................................................................................... 19
FIGURE 18: Editing Horizontal Variogram Data for Thickness Map..........................................................................20
FIGURE 19: Variogram Plot for Thickness Data........................................................................................................ 20
FIGURE 20: Map for Reservoir Thickness................................................................................................................. 22
FIGURE 21: Orthogonal Corner Point Grid Definition................................................................................................ 23
FIGURE 22: Thickness Map with Simulator Grid Defined.......................................................................................... 23
FIGURE 23: Defining Grid Top Property.................................................................................................................... 24
FIGURE 24: Specifying Map File for Grid Top Property............................................................................................. 24
FIGURE 25: Specifying Map File for Thickness Property.......................................................................................... 25
FIGURE 26: Grid Properties Defined......................................................................................................................... 26
FIGURE 27: 3D View of the Simulator Grid and Thickness Property.........................................................................26
FIGURE 28: Trajectory Perforation Intervals Dialog before Perforations...................................................................27
FIGURE 29: Quick Perforation Dialog....................................................................................................................... 27
FIGURE 30: Perforation Intervals Defined................................................................................................................. 28
FIGURE 31: 3D View of Trajectories after Perforations............................................................................................. 28
FIGURE 32: Geostatistics Dialog.............................................................................................................................. 29
FIGURE 33: Importing Well and Log Information for Geostatistical Object................................................................30
FIGURE 34: Import Well Logs Dialog........................................................................................................................ 30
FIGURE 35: Imported LAS Information..................................................................................................................... 31
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FIGURE 72: Wells and Dates Selected for Copying Information To..........................................................................53
FIGURE 73: Updated Well Events Dialog after Information is Copied.......................................................................54
FIGURE 74: Dataset after All Main Information has been Defined............................................................................55
FIGURE 75: Empty Scripting Dialog.......................................................................................................................... 56
FIGURE 76: Script with Repeat Action...................................................................................................................... 57
FIGURE 77: Script with Repeat Action and Geostatistical Calculation......................................................................57
FIGURE 78: Script with Extra Rows Added............................................................................................................... 58
FIGURE 79: Specifying Porosity Calculation for Script.............................................................................................. 58
FIGURE 80: Script with Porosity Calculation............................................................................................................. 59
FIGURE 81: Script with Porosity and Permeability Calculations Specified................................................................61
FIGURE 82: Saving Option in Scripting Dialog.......................................................................................................... 61
FIGURE 83: Simulator Initialization Dialog for Script................................................................................................. 62
FIGURE 84: Final Script............................................................................................................................................ 62
FIGURE 85: Script with Output Messages from being Run.......................................................................................63
FIGURE 86: Reservoir View for Script Generated Dataset........................................................................................ 63
FIGURE 87: Excel Worksheet Created by Script....................................................................................................... 64
REQUIRED FILES
TUTORIAL_START.DAT TOPTABLE.TDB THICKNESSES.XLS WELLTEST.XLS ALL_WELLS.WDB *.LAS
FILES RMS FORMAT FILES FORMATION_TOPS_TABLE.TDB
CREATING A BUILDER DATASET THAT USES GEOSTATISTICAL TOOLS
This first part of the tutorial will guide you through the steps for building a simple reservoir 3D geometry using the
geostatistical tools available in Builder. It will also show how to use the geostatistical tools for populating the 3D grid
with porosity and permeability values and how to use Builders scripting tools for automating some of those steps.
This is not a tutorial on geostatistics. It aims at making the user more familiar with Builders tools. However, the
required geostatistical parameters will be briefly explained where needed.
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on the
tool bar. The Builder Properties dialog will open and the disk size and their color can be changed by selecting
the Well Trajectory Tops category as shown below.
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4. Click OK to close the Builder Properties dialog and update the 3D view. The disks will appear bigger as shown
below.
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The Create Map dialog is used to create maps according to different interpolation and simulation methods available on
the Methods tab of that same dialog. We will select a geostatistical interpolation method later. First, we need to import
the top values into the spreadsheet control of the dialog (Points tab).
1. Select menu item Tools > Import tops from trajectories.
2. This will open the Select Trajectory Top dialog as shown below.
3. Click OK to close the dialog and select the top values in the Create Map dialog.
4. Change the file name at the top of the Create Map dialog. You can type the new name directly or navigate the
folders by clicking the ellipses button
folder. We are going to create a mesh file (extension .msh) for the top of the reservoir. The Create Map dialog
should now look similar to this:
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The data has been imported and we are now ready to select an interpolation method.
Kriging Method
1. Select the Methods tab and from the Calculation method pull-down list, select the Ordinary Kriging (OK)
Estimation option. The dialog now looks like this:
FIGURE 9: Create Map Dialog with Methods Tab and Ordinary Kriging Selected
Ordinary Kriging is a geostatistical method for linear data interpolation. A weighted average of the neighboring data
is computed to obtain the estimate value. In addition to the usual parameters for searching the data, Ordinary
Kriging uses a variogram model from which the interpolation weights will be computed. The variogram is a function
of variance versus distance that models the spatial correlations between the data. It may vary with the direction
allowing anisotropies to be accounted for. You can control the data variogram by using the Click to match variogram
and the Click to edit variogram data buttons. We are going to do just that in the next section.
Notice, that the Assign data to cells option is selected. This option is used when we want to make sure the closest
grid cell of the mesh map will be assigned a data value as opposed to an estimated value. It has a minimal impact
when the grid is not too coarse and is very often used in practice. The number of grid cells can be controlled on the
Mesh tab of the dialog. We are going to use the default meshing parameters and keep the Assign data to cells
option.
Notice also, the Use De-clustering Algorithm option. This option is used when it cannot be assumed that all the data
points in the Points tab should have the same weight for computing their arithmetic average. Sometimes, the wells
are preferentially clustered in sweet spots and their arithmetic average might be shifted toward a higher value than
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what it would be for a more regular sampling of well patterns. The de-clustering algorithm will give more relative
weight to wells that are isolated and give relatively smaller weight to wells that are part of clusters when computing
the usual statistics such as the mean. We are not going to use this option at this time.
When the Use Normal Scores Transformation option is selected, a normal scores transform of the data will be done
prior to the interpolation and a back transform will be done on the interpolated normal score values. This option is
used to normalize the data which may otherwise yield a very erratic variogram function. The normal scores
transform is also useful with any interpolation methods when the data histogram is highly skewed. When this option
is selected, it is the variogram of the normal scores that is computed and modelled. We are not going to use this
option at this time.
2. Make sure the Assign data to cells option is checked and proceed to the next section for variogram modelling.
Modelling Variogram
All Kriging methods use variogram models from which the spatial correlation can be computed between any two
data locations in the reservoir. Variogram calculations are done by pairing the data points and looking at the
difference between the values. This can be done for a given direction or for all directions lumped together. The latter
is called an omni-directional variogram and is used when data is scarce or when no spatial anisotropy is present. If
there is enough data, directional variograms should be computed to explore for possible anisotropies. Computing
and modelling variograms in different directions allows to account for possible anisotropy in the spatial correlation
between the data. Anisotropies are frequently observed with geological data. They generally tend to be aligned with
the geological features of the reservoir.
By default, the Omni-Directional option is selected for the variogram calculations. You can change it to BiDirectional which allows for computing the variogram in two perpendicular horizontal directions. The principal
variogram direction is given as the Principal Axis Azimuth Angle parameter which is in degrees. The second
direction is automatically set to be at 90 degree from the principal direction. Therefore, anisotropy in the data can be
explored by changing the principal direction azimuth angle. Variogram anisotropies result in differences in the
variogram range and/or variogram sill with direction. The range is the distance needed for the variogram to reach a
constant value which is called the sill. In absence of deterministic trends in the data, the sill should roughly match
the data variance. A longer range indicates stronger correlations between the data.
at all) is characteristic of noise in the data and will lead to undifferentiated weights for data interpolation. This will be
similar to a simple statistical average. Differences in the ranges with the direction are automatically modelled with
anisotropy ellipses in 2D or anisotropy ellipsoids in 3D. The ellipse (or ellipsoid) is constructed from the knowledge
of the ranges for the two principal directions. Therefore, the goal is to find those principal directions and set the
Principal Axis Azimuth Angle accordingly. Please refer to a geostatistical text book or Builder users manual for more
details.
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FIGURE 10: Methods Tab Selected with Ordinary Kriging and Bi-Directional Variogram
A control parameter for the Principal Axis Azimuth Angle and a second control parameter to edit the variogram (in a
perpendicular direction) have been added. The Principal Axis Azimuth Angle is assumed to correspond to the
direction of the major axis of the anisotropy ellipse. This is expected to be the direction of maximum continuity (or
correlation) in the data.
2. Click on the Click to match variogram button which will actually compute the variogram for the given
directions and find a best match with variogram models available in Builder. The following variogram plot will
appear:
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second direction (minor direction) has one handle marked by an empty blue square. This handle is used for
changing the variogram range in the minor direction of the anisotropy ellipse.
In our example, the variogram model type itself needs to be changed for a better fit. The model type controls the
rate of variance changes with the lag distance. This can be done with the variogram data dialog.
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Warning
2. You can notice that the variogram range (4691 m your values may vary depending on your variogram fit) is
fairly large in comparison to the distances between the wells. This is likely to create a problem with the
Gaussian variogram type. It is well known that the Gaussian variogram can generate numerical instabilities in
such situations. These numerical instabilities will translate as erratic behavior in the contour lines of the
interpolated surface. Very often, geostatisticians will add a very small nugget effect to the Gaussian variogram
to avoid numerical instability. In this case, it is suggested to add a nugget effect of 2 which is small enough to
not change the variogram fit, yet enough to remove numerical instabilities when solving the Kriging equations.
(Note that only the Gaussian variogram model needs such a particular attention.)
3. Click OK to close the Variogram Data dialog and repeat the previous step with the Variogram Data dialog for
defining the search window for the other horizontal variogram direction.
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Data Importing
1. Open the Create Map dialog by selecting File > Create Map File option, if not already open.
2. Change the file name at the top of the Create Map dialog. You can type the new name directly or navigate the
folders by clicking the ellipses button
save it. We are going to create a mesh file (extension .msh) for the reservoir thickness.
3. Clear the spreadsheet of the Create Map dialog if it is not already empty. You can do it by clicking the gray cell
at the very top left corner of the spreadsheet. This will select all the cells which can then be cleared by
depressing the Delete key on the keyboard.
4. Open the file Thicknesses.xls in Excel if not already open. The file has 59 records with the well name, well
(x,y) coordinates, and reservoir thickness for each record. We are going to paste that data into the Create Map
dialog.
Select the range of data values in Excel and copy (rows 2 to 58 and columns A to D).
5. Click on the window frame of the Create Map dialog to make sure it has the input focus. Also, make sure that
the Points tab is selected.
6. Paste the data into the Create Map dialog with Ctrl-v (on the keyboard). Alternatively, you could have selected
rows 1 to 57 of the Create Map dialog Points tab and selected the Paste option of the context menu (right
mouse button).
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Variogram Calculations
1. Close the variogram plot and use the Click to edit variogram data button to change the variogram calculation
parameters with a Number of lags of 20 (instead of 10) and a smaller Lag size of 200 m as shown below. You
will need to uncheck the Auto check box before you can change these values. These changes will allow for
smaller lag distances (e.g. 200 m instead of the current value 415 m) and yet will cover a similar total separation
distance than before (as an example 4000m = 20 X 200m = 10 X 400 m).
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associated with the spatial correlation between the data. This suggests that we should apply Kriging in a limited
search window.
5. Close the variogram plot window and click the Click to edit variogram data button. Uncheck the Auto option
for the search radius and set the search to 3300m as shown below.
6. Click the OK button to close the Variogram Data dialog. We are now ready to compute the thickness map.
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Grid Definition
1. Select File > Open Map File, if no maps are currently displayed in Builders main view. Select the Top or the
Thickness map previously created. This will help to correctly position the simulation grid.
2. Select Reservoir > Create Grid > Orthogonal Corner Point.
3. The Create Orthogonal Corner Point Grid dialog will appear and let you define the number of grid blocks and
their dimensions. For an exact match with the previous maps, one can use the grid definition actually found in
the header of the previously computed maps. You can specify the grid as in the pictures below.
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3. Click OK to close and accept the defaults. All grid layers will be perforated for all wells.
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FIGURE 33: Importing Well and Log Information for Geostatistical Object
7. Click the Import Well Logs button. The Import well logs dialog will appear. This dialog can be used to read LAS files.
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8. Click the Open File(s) button on the Import well logs dialog. This will open an Open File dialog window where
you can navigate the tutorial folder and select all LAS files at once. Use the Shift key to select all of the LAS
files. As shown below, the wells and their logs will be loaded into the Import well logs dialog.
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12. Back to the Select Wells and Logs dialog again, select the DPHI log and click OK to close the dialog. This will
import the well log data and average the values if more than one point is located in the same grid block.
FIGURE 38: Geostatistics Dialog with Value Information Defined for Porosity
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We still need to set the geostatistical method and its parameters before we can use this object.
Geostatistical Method
1. Select the Methods tab of the Create Geostatistical Objects dialog.
2. Change the Calculation method to Gaussian Geostatistical Simulation.
FIGURE 39: Methods tab and Gaussian Geostatistical Simulation Selected for Geostatistics Dialog
Similar to Ordinary Kriging which we have used to create the reservoir top and thickness maps, Gaussian Simulation
also computes an estimated value as a weighted average of the neighboring data with the weights based on a
variogram model. Contrary to Ordinary Kriging which only retains the weighted average, Gaussian simulation actually
computes an error variance around the weighted average and uses it to simulate a value in the error bracket around the
estimated average. Therefore, it is a simulation method as opposed to an estimation method such as Ordinary Kriging.
In so doing, the simulated values will reproduce the data histogram and the variogram model used. The simulated
values will display a more heterogeneous pattern as oppose to an overly smooth pattern as the one that can be
produced with Ordinary Kriging. The pattern obtained with simulation is closer to what is expected for a property such as
porosity. Another advantage of simulation is that they can generate multiple versions of the porosity values on the grid.
This allows for uncertainty analysis. As a matter of fact, if one would do many Gaussian simulations of the same data
and compute their average, one would find a result very close to what would be obtained with Ordinary Kriging. Thus,
Ordinary Kriging can be seen as the expected value of Gaussian Simulation. As for Ordinary Kriging, Gaussian
Simulation calls for variogram modelling. With Gaussian simulation, the data is automatically transformed in normal
scores. Therefore, it is the variogram of the normal scores of the data that needs to be computed and modelled.
You may also have noticed that a Vertical Variogram option is now available on the Methods tab. This is because
we are populating data in 3D. The 3D variogram is modelled with the spatial correlation within the geological layers
(horizontal) and across them (vertical).
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3D Variogram Analysis
1. Select the Bi-Directional option from the pull-down list of the Horizontal Variogram Direction. We want to
explore if the variogram presents an anisotropy with the direction. Notice that three Angle parameters are now
showing. These angles are used to orient the axis of the anisotropy ellipsoid if an anisotropy does exist.
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The plot shows that the horizontal variogram looks similar in all directions (you can repeat in changing the Principal
Axis Azimuth Angle parameter). The nugget effect appears to be quite high. Usually, the vertical variogram will give
a better estimate of the nugget effect because the data values are closer to each other along the wells than
between wells. Currently, the vertical variogram cannot be seen because its scale is much smaller than the
horizontal variogram scale. The vertical variogram is actually squeezed against the vertical axis of the plot. The
horizontal variograms and the data variance curve need to be deselected in the tree view before we can properly
visualize the vertical variogram as shown below (NOTE might not look the same).
FIGURE 43: Variogram Plots with Different Variogram Component Information Selected
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3. Close the variogram plot window and reselect the Omni-Directional option for the Horizontal Variogram
Direction as we have no indications for using horizontal anisotropies. Make sure the variogram is still matching
and make the necessary adjustments to it.
At this stage, we can save the geostatistical objects but we should Run the simulation and look at the results in
case we need to modify some parameters.
Simulating Porosity
4. Click the Run button to actually create the CMGLCustom_PoroSim property. The results will be automatically
displayed in Builders main view when the calculations are finished.
5. Click OK to save the newly created geostatistical object and close the dialog. This Gaussian Simulation
geostatistical object will be used again later in an automatic workflow. You can save the dataset to keep a
permanent copy of the geostatistical object with it.
You can notice that the porosity values from the well logs are in percent. The IMEX simulator requests the porosity
values to be fractions. We can easily create the Porosity property by rescaling the CMGL Temp Prop1 property in
using a formula.
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2. The Block/Corner Value Calculation dialog will appear. Click OK to close and click OK on the General Property
Specification dialog to calculate the Porosity property as a rescaled version of CMGLCustom_PoroSim property.
With this dataset, the permeability values can be estimated in combining two different sources of information; the
regression equation from a cross-plot Permeability-Porosity from cores and the well test data for a limited number of
wells. We are going to define a first estimate of the permeability values in combining the porosity model and the
regression formula, and then, we will create a geostatistical object from the well test data. The geostatistical object
will combine the porosity-calculated permeability values and the well test data into a final permeability model.
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Now you will be able to see the new custom property on the Array Properties tree.
3. Repeat the Creating Porosity Property from Formula steps for assigning the PermFromPor formula with the
Whole Grid CMGLCustom_PermFromPor. Calculate the CMGLCustom_PermFromPor property. (Shown with a
logarithmic type color scale below.)
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4. Click the right pointed arrow next to the Name pull-down list at the top of the dialog and select New (default).
5. Give a meaningful name such as WellTestSim for this geostatistical object. We are going to use this object for
creating geostatistical simulations of the permeability. Click OK to accept the name. The dialog is now active
and can receive input data.
6. Select Permeability I in the Output Property pull-down list.
8. Click OK to close the dialog. This will import the well test data. For each well test, the values will be distributed
on each grid layer (at the well location) according to the spatial distribution of permeability values from
CMGLCustom_PermFromPor.
9. Now the permeability values are loaded into the spreadsheet of the Create Geostatistical Objects dialog which
should look like the following screenshot. (Note: The values in the Value column might be slightly different
depending on your grid and the geostatistical simulation of CMGLCustom_PermFromPoro.)
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Geostatistical Method
10. Select the Methods tab of the Create Geostatistical Objects.
11. Change the Calculation Method to Gaussian Geostatistical Simulation.
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3D Variogram Analysis
12. Select the Bi-Directional option from the pull-down list of the Horizontal Variogram Direction. We want to
explore if the variogram presents an anisotropy with the direction. Notice that three Angle parameters are now
showing. These angles are used to orient the axis of the anisotropy ellipsoid if an anisotropy does exist.
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between wells. Currently, the vertical variogram cannot be seen because its scale is much smaller than the
horizontal variogram scale. The vertical variogram is actually squeezed against the vertical axis of the plot. The
horizontal variograms and the data variance curve need to be deselected in the tree view before we can properly
visualize the vertical variogram (shown below may look different).
FIGURE 58: Vertical Variogram Plot for Calibrated Well Test Data
By zooming in on the vertical variogram, we can see if there is need to adjust the nugget effect. To adjust the nugget
effect, we need to reselect the Principal Axis component of the Horizontal Variogram in the tree view. The following
adjustment with no nugget effect and no anisotropy can be obtained. In this particular example, the vertical
variogram component is very useful to fit the beginning of the variogram. The horizontal component is used to fit the
variogram maximum level and possible horizontal anisotropies.
FIGURE 59: Plots with Different Variogram Component Information Selected for Well Test Data
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14. Close the variogram plot window and reselect the Omni-Directional option for the Horizontal Variogram
Direction as we have no indications for using horizontal anisotropies, Make sure you re-match the variogram if
needed.
FIGURE 60: Omnidirectional Variogram Plot for Calibrated Well Test Data
At this stage, we can save the geostatistical objects. We should also Run the simulation and look at the results in
case we need to modify some parameters.
Simulating Permeability
15. Click the Run button to actually create the Permeability I property. The results will be automatically displayed in
Builders main view when the calculations are finished. Right mouse click on the color scale on the right-hand
side of the reservoir and select Color Scale > Set Color Scale. For scale type, select Logarithmic.
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16. Click the Specify Property button on the view tool bar. The General Property Specification dialog will appear.
Click the cell at the intersection of the row Whole Grid and Permeability J column. Select EQUALSI from the
context menu (right mouse button). The Property Specification dialog will appear. Click OK to accept the default
and create Permeability J as equal to Permeability I.
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Now, the General Property Specification dialog should look like this:
Click OK again to close and click OK on the next dialog to calculate the Permeability J and Permeability K
properties.
We still have few steps to do in order to make the dataset ready for the flow simulator.
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Well Constraints
Wells now need to be defined as producers and bottom hole pressure constraint needs to be added.
1. Select Well > Well Events from the main menu. The Well Events dialog will appear. Select Producer for the
type in the ID & Type tab for well 01-12.
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4. Click on the well 01-12 in the list of wells on the left of the dialog. Say Yes to save the changes. This will
expand the events for this well as shown above. (If prompted, say Yes to save the previous change.)
FIGURE 69: Well Events Tree View copy events using filter
5. Select WELL, PRODUCER and constraint event under well 01-12 for 1991-01-01 and select Copy events
using filter from the context menu. The Select well-date pairs to copy event(s): WELL dialog will appear.
6. Click the Select button to select all the wells.
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7. Select the Dates tab and click the Select button to select all dates
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9. Click OK to close the dialog and go back to the Well Events dialog. All the wells will have the same constraints
as shown below.
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Click the Add a new date icon to add a date. The date value is not very important for the purpose of this tutorial.
One day (1991-01-02) will be correct for initialization. Select the last date as the STOP and click Close to close the
dialog. This will complete the Wells & Recurrent section.
FIGURE 74: Dataset after All Main Information has been Defined
Double click Rock Compressibility under the Reservoir section and use the following values in the window:
We now have a simulator ready dataset which can be used for iterative or automated workflows. You can save it to
disk if you want. The dataset has now reached a state where it can be sent to the flow simulator. It is important to
remember that the porosity and permeability values have been simulated by geostatistical methods and therefore
represent just one possibility among an infinite number of porosity and permeability models for the reservoir.
Uncertainty about these properties can be explored by running the geostatistical methods multiple times. We are
now going to create a script that will help us to automate this process.
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Creating a Script
1. Load the last saved dataset if not already open in Builder.
2. Select the File > Scripting in the main menu. The Property Calculation Scripting dialog will appear. It has a
spreadsheet where each row corresponds to a script action. Rows can be added as more actions are needed.
They can also be removed or moved up and down in using these buttons
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4. Select (click) the first empty row of the Property Calculation Scripting dialog and select Repeat Action (loop)
from the context menu (right mouse button). This will create a Repeat block of actions in the script. The block is
initially empty.
5. Change the Values cell for the Repeat action from 1 to 3. This will create a loop with 3 iterations.
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7. We need to add more rows in the Repeat block before we can add more actions to it. You can do that by
selecting the last action of the Repeat block and using the
for rescaling the porosity values, 1 more row for the permeability from porosity calculation, 1 more row for
adding the well test permeability, 1 more row for saving the dataset, and 1 last row to initialize the dataset with
the simulator for initial volume estimation at the end of the loop.
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This will add the Porosity calculation which is defined as a Formula using the CMGLCustom_PoroSim property.
Porosity will appear in the Results cell of the Calculation from Specification action indicating that the Porosity
property will be created or updated by this action.
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This will add the CMGLCustom_PermFromPor calculation which is defined as a Formula using the Porosity
property. CMGLCustom_PermFromPor will appear in the Results cell of the Calculation from Specification action
indicating that the CMGLCustom_PermFromPor property will be created or updated by this action.
Now we need to add the Perm I. Perm J and Perm K which both depend on Perm I are not calculated in Builder.
Instead, their EQUALSI specifications are directly passed on to the simulator. Therefore, we dont need to include
them in the script.
10. Select row 5 and select the Geostatistical Calculation action from the context menu. A pull down list of
geostatistical objects will be created in the Values cell of the geostatistical action. Select the WellTestSim
geostatistical object from the pull down list (remember that this WellTestSim object was created earlier in this
tutorial). The Permeability I property name will be displayed in the Results cell of the geostatistical action to
indicate that this action creates or updates that property.
This will add the Permeability I calculation previously defined as a geostatistical object using the calibrated well test data.
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This dialog is used to define the names along with titles for the datasets that will be generated by the script. Macros
are used to insert sequence number, script name, date, and dataset filename in any of the Title1, Title2, or Title3 in
the dataset. The macros are accessible by clicking the right pointed arrow buttons at the right of the Titles edit
field. Click OK to close the dialog. This will create a series of datasets with the same base name each appended
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with a sequence number starting with 0. From the above picture, the first dataset generated will be
tutorial_0000.dat, the second will be tutorial_0001.dat and so on.
Finally, the last action of the script is used to send the current dataset to the flow simulator for initialization and initial
volume estimations.
12. Select row 7 and select the Simulator Initialization option from the context menu. The Simulator Initialization
dialog will appear.
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13. You can run the script by clicking the Run Script button. You can also save it by clicking the OK button. This
script will be saved with the dataset on a Save or a Save As selection from the File menu.
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The Excel compatible file will be automatically opened showing the initial volumes as estimated by the simulator.
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1.
Start Builder from the CMG launcher by double clicking on the Builder 2011.10 icon
2.
Select IMEX for Simulator, SI units and, Simulation Start Date 2005 - 01 - 01
3.
4.
Go to the Reservoir menu in Builder and select the option Build Static Model with Task Manager.
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5.
6.
The first Task available in the Geological Modelling Task manager is Import Well Data. This defaults to
Import Well Data from Well Trajectory Wizard. Click on the Import button.
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7.
Select File Type: RMS Format; Units: x,y: m and z, MD: m; RMS file: go to the
Geostatistics\Task_Manager\Import_well_Data and select all the wells from 1 to 8.
8.
Click Next, Yes to the warning message about measured depth not being input for certain wells, Next and
Finish. Now you should be able to see the wells in 3D view when moving the task manager window aside.
9.
The RMS format already contains log information. However we have some extra logs for 4 of the eight
wells in *.LAS format, so now we will proceed to import those. In the Geological Modelling Task Manager
window, which should still open, select the Import well Data from Well Logs wizard (LAS2, Tables, ...)
and click the Import button.
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10.
and go to
Geostatistics\Task_Manager\Import_well_Data\LAS and select the 4 available wells and click Open. Leave
all the wells and logs selected and click OK.
11.
After Importing the well trajectories and logs, it is necessary to import the well markers in order to build the
stratigrafic model. In the same window of the Geological Modelling Task Manager select the option to
Import Well Data from Well Markers Dialog (CMG Tables), and click on the Import button.
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12.
At this point by moving aside the Geological Modelling Task Manager window (it doesn't need to be closed),
you will be able to see the well picks (Formation Tops) in 3D for all the wells.
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13.
Now that all the well data is completed we can move on to the Select Tops Task. You can either select the
task from the menu or click on the Next button
window.
14.
Select Well Markers as Tops Type. Select 2 for the number of geological Units. You have 3 markers, but
only 2 geological units within the 3 markers. For each Geological Unit assign the Marker Top and Marker
Bottom as shown in the picture below. In this case A (Bottom) = B (Top) and B (Bottom) = C (Top) since
the formations are one immediately on top on the other. However, sometimes this is not the case, so you
should take a look at the Top file first.
At the end the Select tops task window should look like below:
Click Next.
15.
Now we should be at the Edit Markers Task window. Here we can compare our markers with the logs and
make sure they are in the right position and correlated.
different wells to the view, and in the upper right side of the window you can select the log or logs you want
to display.
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By clicking with the mouse on a well pick you will be able to move the markers up and down so you can
correct them in the event of being in the wrong location compared with the wells. There are also view
options available, like TVD vs. MD and zooming options.
You can play with all the options available, and move the well picks as you consider necessary. Click Next
when you are done.
16.
Now we are at the Create Horizons tab. After making sure the formation markers are at the right depth and
correlated, we can proceed to create the Horizons' Top Maps.
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17.
In the window you should have the 3 top horizons you want to map. Click on the Create Map button
for each horizon at a time in order to display the Create Map window. If you click on the
Create map button for Top A you should be able to see the wells having a pick in the Top A on the window
and its X Y and depth value. Click on the search button
file. Name the file MeshMap_TopA and save it onto an appropriate local folder.
18.
Move to the Methods tab and select Inverse Distance Estimation for the Calculation method. Since we
are calculating a contour map with only 8 wells, this method should be simple enough to do it. Set the rest
of the variables as shown below and click on Update File to view the contours. You can play with the
Exponent value to get different contours, but in this case an exponent of 2 will give smooth contours.
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In order to have smother surfaces go to the Mesh tab and change the number of mesh cells between data
points to 6:
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19.
respectively and play with the inverse distance exponent to get smoother contours (You can use 2 for all
the maps). In order to view each Top contour separately, select the one to be displayed in the Create
Horizons Task window under View and check only the one you need to see.
You can also change the colours of the contours in case you can't see them by clicking in the set/modify
properties icon on the top of the Builder View
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20.
to create the 2D Grid from the contour maps. By default you will have a
unique block displayed in the middle of the map, with a default origin size and deltas. It should look
something like this:
In order to create a custom grid, please use the following values in the Create 2D Grid Task window:
Click
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21.
Now that the three tops are mapped and gridded we can proceed to the last three tasks in the Geological
Modelling Task Manager. Click
By moving the Task Manager window aside you will be able to view the grid and the mouse cursor will be
displayed as a cross which means that you can start clicking on the grid to generate your limits. You can
create any random boundary you like and move on to the next task.
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459,000
460,000
461,000
462,000
463,000
K layer: 1
464,000
File: CMGBuilder1
User: andrea
Date: 06/12/2007
465,000
5,936,000
5,935,000
5,936,000
5,934,000
Well_5
5,935,000
Well_6
Scale: 1:42178
Y/X: 1.00:1
Axis Units: m
5,934,000
5,933,000
Well_7
Well_1
5,933,000
5,932,000
Well_3
459,000
460,000
461,000
462,000
463,000
Well_2
464,000
5,932,000
Well_4
Well_8
465,000
The Create Boundary task should look like this. You manipulate the limit coordinates if you make mistakes
by using the Remove Last button.
Click
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22.
The next task is to create the 3D Grid so we can start populating it with petrophysical properties. By default
the Task Manager will create one layer per Geological unit. Change the Number of Layers to 6 for
each of the two Geological Units, and click Apply. If you take a look at the 3D view you can see that the
3D grid was created (no contour lines are shown change in Properties):
Click
23.
The last task in the Geological Modelling Task Manager is Create Properties.
As it can be seen, there are no geostatistical objects created yet. This exercise will only focus on creating
porosity since the geostatistics exercise at the beginning of the tutorial has already covered some details on
geostatistics.
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24.
Click on the Geostatistics button for Poro and name the property Porosity and click OK.
The Points tab will be filled automatically with the porosity data available for the field at each well location.
Select Porosity for the Output Property. Press OK to the warning messages about no log points being
available for wells 5-8.
On the Methods tab, select Gaussian Geostatistical Simulation for the Calculation method. We are
assuming that there is not anisotropy on the data, so the Omni-directional variogram option should be used.
Leave the rest as default.
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variogram and match the variogram as best as you can. (Not all the variograms will look exactly the same).
Hint: Match the Vertical variogram first and then the Horizontal one, since you should have more density of
data in the vertical direction compared with the horizontal.
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Click on Run
The Create Properties task in the Geological Modelling Task Manager window now should show Porosity
as an existing Geostatistical parameter. Now you view the porosity distribution in 3D. You can go back to
the task manager any time and re-distribute the properties by changing the search radius, variogram, etc....
Examine the Porosity distribution in the 3D view (may look a little different).
You are done with the task manager now, so click Close
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27.
In order to complete the Reservoir section we need to specify permeability too, so lets use the task
manager and the permeability log to populate the 3D Grid with permeability.
Open the task manager again:
NOTE:
At this point the only three tasks available are Import Wells, Edit Markers, and Create Properties. This is
due to the fact that the other tasks are fixed now. However, if you decide that you want to edit the well picks
again you will be asked:
If you say Yes then the full list of tasks will be available, but the grid and map related to the top you edited
will have to be created again. This is just for your information so we are not going to change anything at this
point.
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28.
Click on the Geostatistics button for Perm, and repeat steps 24 to 26 just changing the Property Name to
Permeability and the Output Property to Permeability I. For the variogram, you can use the following
screenshots to match the values.
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Click on Run and examine the property in 3D (may look a little different).
29.
Make Perm J equal Perm I and Perm K equal 0.2 * Perm I by using the Specify Property button.
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Click OK and then OK once again in the Block / Corner Value Calculation dialog.
Now the permeability in all directions is populated, but what about if we wanted to use a
facies distribution and distribute the properties by facies? That can also be done
using Builder and it will be explained in the following exercise.
Using object modeling in Builder to create Facies distribution and populate the
petrophysical properties by Facies.
1.
Create four new CMG Custom Properties by right clicking in Array properties:
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2.
Now all these new properties will be calculated. First we will create a low permeability distribution by
filtering the logs to only use values lower than 500 mD. Go to Reservoir > Geostatistics. Create a new
geostatistical object called LowPerm and assign it to the CMGLCustom_LowPerm temporary property.
3.
Go Tools > Import Logs or tables of measured depth values Click on >> to select all wells:
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4.
Select the Perm log and create a limit from 0 to 500 mD. Click OK and OK to the warning messages.
5.
6.
Match the variogram as best as you can. Notice that most of the points in the variogram are red and that is
because of the lack of data for the calculation. For the sake of this exercise that should be fine but in real
life you would need more data points in order to calculate a meaningful variogram.
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7.
You should get a low permeability distribution looking something like the picture below (in Logarithmic
color scale).
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8.
Do the same as above but for the property CMGLCustom_HighPerm. Use the permeability limits of 500
to 2000 mD.
9.
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10.
This case is similar to Low Permeability since we don't have enough information in order to have a
meaningful variogram. That is fine for this exercise since what we are really interested in generating two
permeability distributions in order to do a by facies distribution of them. Some suggested values for
matching the variogram are given in the figures below:
The high permeability distribution should look like the one below (in a logarithmic color scale).
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11.
Next, we will create the facies for the reservoir. Two types of facies will be present in the reservoir
the background one and the channel one. In order to do that, click OK to close the Create Geostatistical
Objects dialog. Click on the Specify Property button and go to property CMGLCustom_Facies in the
dropdown list. Under this column and in the Whole Grid row, right click and select Constant Value (CON),
as seen below:
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12.
The next step is to generate the geological objects, in this case Channels. Reservoir > Geostatistics and
create a new property called Facies. Assign the Facies property to the
CMGLCustom_Facies temporary
13.
Leave the Points table empty. We are just going to create a random object distribution base on density
and uniform or triangular probability functions. Move to the Methods tab and select Object Modeling for
the Calculation method. Fill in the fields according to the screenshot below:
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In this case we will only have two facies, a background one and a channel one, and since we are not
constraining the data to any points, the Min Value and Max Value will be 1. For the Object Value we
selected 2, so the actual channels will be facies type 2. Also for the Volume Fraction Occupied by
Objects, we selected 0.4, so that means that 40% of the full model will be populated with channels.
14.
Click on:
15.
Change the following properties and make sure all the Probability Distributions are Triangular:
16.
Click OK and Run the geostatistical simulation. It might take a couple of minutes, so be patient. You should
end up with something like the distribution below (keep in mind that every time you run object creation
the property will not be overwritten, so you will be adding extra bodies instead of replacing old ones):
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17.
After having the facies distribution the last step is to create a formula that will assign the low or high
permeability values constrained by facies. Go to Tools > Enter a Formula.
18.
Name your formula Perm_by_Facies. Add the 3 created CMGLCustom temporary properties, HighPerm,
LowPerm, and Facies (in this order) to the independent variables list, and enter the following formula:
Double click on the CMGLCustom_PermBYfacies property from the Reservoir > Array Properties tree.
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20.
Right click on the Whole Grid row and select Formula. Click on the Formula button and select
Perm_by_Facies. Click Close and OK.
Click OK to calculate the property, and OK in the value calculation window making sure you only have the
CMGLCustom_PermBYfacies selected. You should get a permeability distribution by facies like the one
below:
You can replace PERMI with the new facies permeability distribution if you like by double clicking on Permeability I
from Reservoir > Array Properties in the treeview, right-clicking on the Whole Grid row, and selecting the formula
like we did for the CMGLCustom_PermBYfacies case.
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21.
The aim of this exercise was to show the Geological Modelling Task Manager capabilities, so the data set is
still incomplete. You can complete the remaining parts and play with the task manager options on your
own time.
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