History of Wind Energy

-The wind has played a long and important role in the history of human civilization.
The first known use of wind dates back 5,000 years to Egypt, where boats used
sails to travel from shore to shore. The first true windmill, a machine with vanes
attached to an axis to produce circular motion, may have been built as early as
2000 B.C. in ancient Babylon. By the 10th century A.D., windmills with windcatching surfaces as long as 16 feet and as high as 30 feet were grinding grain in
the area now known as eastern Iran and Afghanistan.

-The western world discovered the windmill much later. The earliest written
references to working wind machines date from the 12th century. These too were
used for milling grain. It was not until a few hundred years later that windmills were
modified to pump water and reclaim much of Holland from the sea.

-The familiar multi-vane farm windmill of the American Midwest and West was
invented in the United States during the latter half of the l9th century. In 1889 there
were 77 windmill factories in the United States, and by the turn of the century,
windmills had become a major American export. Until the diesel engine came
along, many transcontinental rail routes in the U.S. depended on large multi-vane
windmills to pump water for steam locomotives.

-Farm windmills are still being produced and used, though in reduced numbers,
and show no sign of becoming obsolete. They are best suited for pumping ground
water in small quantities to livestock water tanks. Without the water supplied by the
multi-vane windmill, beef production over large areas of the West would not be
possible.

-In the 1930s and 1940s, hundreds of thousands of electricity producing wind
turbines were built in the U.S. They had two or three thin blades which rotated at
high speeds to drive electrical generators. These wind turbines provided electricity
to farms beyond the reach of power lines and were typically used to charge storage
batteries, operate radio receivers and power a light bulb or two. By the early 1950s,

however, the extension of the central power grid to nearly every American
household, via the Rural Electrification Administration, eliminated the market for
these machines. Wind turbine development lay nearly dormant for the next 20
years.

-Following the OPEC Oil Embargo of 1973, interest in wind energy resurfaced in
response to climbing energy prices and questionable availability of conventional
fuels. Federal and state tax incentives and aggressive government research
programs triggered the development and use of many new wind turbine designs.
Some experimental models were very large. With a blade diameter of 300 feet, a
single machine was able to supply enough electricity for 700 homes. A wide variety
of small-scale models also became available for home, farm and remote uses.

-In the 1970s there were nearly 50 domestic wind turbine manufacturers. Since
then, the wind industry has undergone massive consolidation, resulting in less than
a dozen domestic manufacturers in 1997. Roughly half of these deal exclusively
with small-scale models. This consolidation followed the expiration of the tax
incentives in the mid-1980s and the easing of the energy crisis, both of which
reduced market demand. A competitive marketplace to weed out inferior products
further contributed to consolidation.

-Meanwhile, a new market for wind systems, wind farms, began in the early
1980s. This market evolved thanks in part to a new Federal law, the Public Utility
Regulatory Policies Act of 1978. This legislation requires utilities to buy electricity
from private, non-utility individuals and developers. California has been home to
most wind farm development due to very attractive electricity buy-back rates and
the availability of windy, sparsely populated mountain passes. As of 1997, nearly
2% of Californias electricity is generated by the wind. As the cost of the technology
has continued to decline, other areas of the country, namely the Great Plains,
Pacific Northwest and Northeast, are now beginning to see greater wind farm
development.

Ejercicios

1)-identificar la parte subrasec mental( numero de lineas, numero

de parrafos, a pie de pagina numero de oraciones):
A)-N.De lineas: 56 lineas
B)-N.De parrafos: 8 parrafos
C)-a pie de pagina numero de oraciones:
*pagina 1: hay 18 oraciones
*pagina 2: hay 17 oraciones

2)-Skimming del texto: La history de la energia eolica y el papel que

tubo en el desarrollo de la civilizacion humana

3)- Extraer 2 oraciones e identificar los elementos basicos de la

oracion (sujeto,verbo y complemento) y dar equivalente en
espaol :
A)- The wind has played a long and important role in the history of
human civilization.
*Sujeto: The wind
*Verbo: has played
*Complemento: a long and important role in the history of human
civilization.
*Equivalente: El viento a jugado un grande e importante papel en la
historia de la civilizacion humana

B)- The western world discovered the windmill much later

*-sujeto: the western world
*-verbo: discovered
*-complemento: the windmill much later
*-Equivalente:El mundo occidental se descubrio el molino de viento
mucho despues
4)- Extraer 2 frases nominales e indicar sus pre/post
modificadores del sustantivo principal . Dar equivalente en
espaol.
A)- Wind turbine development lay nearly dormant for the next 20 years.
*-Premodificador: wind
*-Postmodificador: devlopment
*-Equivalente: El desarrollo de la turbina de viento estaba casi en
estado latente durante los prximos 20 aos.
B)- They had two or three thin blades which rotated at high speeds to
drive electrical generators.
*-Premodificador:two or three
*-Postmodificador:blades
*-Equivalente: Ellos tuvieron dos o tres hojas delgadas que giran a
gran velocidad para accionar generadores elctricos

5)-Extraer 2 oraciones simples e indicar los elementos que las

componen:
A)- Some experimental models were very large.
* -sustantivos: models
*-verbos: were
*-adjetivos:experimental,very,large,some
B)- A wide variety of small-scale models also became available for
home, farm and remote uses
*-sustantivos:models, home, farm,wide
*-verbos: became
*-adjetivos: small,remote,wide
*-articulos: a
*-preposicion:of
*-conectivos:for,and

9)-Teroria:
*-Diniciones:
*-Frases nominales: Es una frase formada por un conjunto de
palabras cuyo nucleo o palabra central es el nombre o sustantivo.Se
denomina nominal porque su nucleo es el nombre(comun o propio)
-Las oraciones se clasifican en:
*-Oraciones simples: es la que tiene un slo verbo o una perfrasis
verbal. En trminos de la gramtica generativa moderna son las
oraciones que estn formadas por un nico sintagma de tiempo. Las
oraciones simples se pueden clasificar ateniendo a tres criterios
diferentes: la estructura sintctica, la ditesis y la morfologa, la
modalidad y la naturaleza semntica del predicado.
*-Oracion compuesta o compleja: Se denomina oracin compuesta
o compleja a una oracin que tiene ms de un sintagma verbal o,
dicho de otro modo, tiene ms de un verbo conjugado. A una cualidad
sintctica formada por dos o ms oraciones simples que se han
combinado entre s mediante parataxis o hipotaxis (esto puede
involucrar diversos nexos o elementos de relacin, conjunciones,
locuciones conjuntivas, adverbios, pronombres relativos, etc.).
*- los tipos de oraciones se puden clasificar segn la actitud del
hablante:
*-Enunciativa:Afirma o niega algo,por lo cual se clasifican en
enunciativas,afirmativas y negativas.El verbo se encuentra conjugado
en modo indicativo
Ejemplo:
A)-postiva: she is my girlfriend
B)-negativa: she is not my girlfriend
*-Imperativas: Expresan una orden, ruego o mandato .El verbo se
encuentra conjugado e n modo imperativo.

Ejemplo:
A)- Everyone does silence
B)-shut your mouth
*-Desideratibas: Expresan un deseo.Muchas veces figuran
verbos(want,wish,wait) o expresiones(hopefully,god want, etc) que
expresan ese deseo. El verbo se encuentra conjugado en modo
subjuntivo.
Ejemplo:
A)-Hopefully it will be fun
B)- i want a new car
*-Dubitativas: Expresa una duda. Frecuentemente figura verbos, o
expresiones que manifiesten algun tipo de
duda(doubt,maybe,perhaps).El verbo se encuentra conjugado en
modo personal
Ejemplo:
A)-I doubt the clown is sad
B)- maybe i want a new job

*-Interrogatias:Expresan una pregunta puede ser de forma directa e

indirecta
*-Directas:Utilizan signos de interrogacion y estan en cabezadas por
palabras de sentido interrogativo(What,how,when,where, etc)
Ejemplo: What time is it?
*-Indirectas:Utilizan verbos interrogativos(ask,inquire) que ante ceden
a la pregunta y no utilizan signos de interrogacion
Ejemplo:I ask how much the house cost

*-Exclamativos:Expresan una idea con mas fuerza. Muestran

admiracion,sorpresa y gritos.Utilizan signos de exclamacion para
indicar el cambio de actitud del hablante.
Ejemplo:
A)-I hate you!
B)-that movie was amazing!