Additional

Mathematics
Form 4
Topic 5:

DELIGHT
(Version 2007)

by
NgKL
(M.Ed.,B.Sc.Hons.,Dip.Ed.,Dip.Edu.Mgt.,Cert.NPQH)

5.1

INDICES AND LAWS OF INDICES

2.

IMPORTANT NOTES:
1.

For an index number an, (read as a raise to the power of n), where a is the
base and n is the index.

2.

ao = 1

3.

4.

1
= a n , where a 0
an
1

an =
m

a , where a 0, (read as a raise to the nth root).

5.

an

6.

Laws of Indices

am

6.1 am x an = am + n
6.2 a a = a
m

m n

6.4

(ab)m = am bm

6.5

a
bm

(or)

a
n
a

mn
= a

6.3 (am)n = am x n
7.

Equation Involving Indices

Can be solve by;
7.1 Comparing the indices or bases on both sides of the equation;
7.1.1
If am = an, then m = n.
7.1.2
If am = bm, then a = b.
7.2 Applying logarithms on both sides of the equation;
ax = bm
log ax = log bm
x log a = m log b

x=

m log b
log a

Exercise 5.1:
1.

Evaluate each of the following without using a calculator.

(b) 24

(a) 43

3
(d)
4

2.

3.

(c)

(e) 0.50

33

(e) 8 3

Simplify and then evaluate each of the following.

(a) 32 x 35

(b) 32 34

(d) 4-3 x 45

(e)

4
83

(c) (52)3

(f) 43 x 24 162

(g) 27 3 x (-9)

3.

1
2

(h) (

2
3

(i) (18 x 32)

Simplify each of the following expressions.

(a) 2

n+3

x 4 32
n

(c) 92n 3n + 1 x 27 n

(e) 20a3 5a-5

4.

2 2
) (125)
5

n+2

(b) 3

4.

n-1

(d) 25n x 42n x 63n

(f)

3
2

3m 2 81x 1
9 2( x 1 )

Solve each of the following.

(a) Show that 7p + 1 + 7p +2 is a multiple of 8.

(b) Show that 5n + 1 + 5n 3(5n 1) is divisible by 3 or 9.

(c) Show that 22x + 3 (9x + 1 32x) = (

2 2x
)
3

5.2 LOGARITHMS AND LAWS OF LOGARITHMS

IMPORTANT NOTES:
1.

To convert an equation in index form to logarithm form and vice versa.

If N = ax , then loga N = x.

2.

loga 1 = 0, and loga a = 1.

3.

loga (negative number) = undefined.

Similarly, loga 0 = undefined.

4.

Law of Logarithms:

4.1 loga xy = loga x + loga y

4.2 loga

x
y = log x log y
a
a

(or) loga (x y) = loga x loga y

4.2 loga xm = m loga x

5.

Change of Bases of Logarithms:

5.1 loga b =

5.2 loga b =
6.

log c b
log c a
log b b
log b a

1
log b a

Equations Involving Logarithms:

5.

6.1 Converting the equation of logarithm to index form, i.e.

loga N = x, then N = ax
6.2 Express the left hand side, LHS and the right hand side, RHS, as single
logarithm of the same base.
Then make the comparison, i.e;
(i) loga b = loga c, then b = c.
(ii) loga m = logb m, then a = b.

Exercise 5.2:
1.

6.

Express the following equations to logarithm form or index form.

(a) 32 = 25

(b) 4 =

83

(c) 1 = 100

(d) px = 5

(e) log6 36 = 2

(f) log3 243 = 5

(f) 3 = log3

2.

1
27

(g) logx q = p

Determine the value of x in each of the following equations.

(a) log3 81 = x

(b) log4 x =

1
2

(d) log2 x = 2

(c) log x 125 = 3

(e)

log 1

3.

Find the value of each of the following.

64

x =

1
3

(a) log10 100 =

(c) log10

1
35

(d) antilog 1.498 =

=
(e) antilog ( 0.401) =

Find the value of each of the following without using a calculator.

(a) log2 32

(b) log5 0.2

5.

7.

(b) log10 39.94 =

(d) antilog 0.3185 =

4.

1
= 3
216

(e) log x

(b) log3

1
243

(d) log9

Given that log2 3 = 1.585 and log2 5 = 2.32, find the values of the following
logarithms.

(a) log2 45

(b) log2 6

(c) log2 1.5

6.

(d) log2 (

125
)
3

Simplify each of the following expression to the simplest form.

(a) 2 log2 x log2 3x + log2 y

(b) loga 5x + 3 loga 2y

(c) logb x + 3 logb x + logb (y + 1)

(d) log2 4x log2 3y 2

7.

Determine the values of the following logarithms.

(a) log2 7

(b) log3 23

8.

(c) log3

8.

Given that log2 w = p, express the following in terms of p.

(a) log w 4 =

(c) log4

9.

(d) log0.5 8.21

w
32

(b) log8 16w2 =

(d) log

Given that log m 3 = x and log m 4 = y.

Express the following in terms of x and/or y.

(a) log 36 m =

(b) log3m 12

64

9.

(c) log3

16m

(d) log3

m
4

Exercise 5.3:
1.

Solve each of the following equations.

(a) 3x + 2 = 81x

(c) 3x . 4x = 125x + 2

2.

10.

(b) 22x + 3 = 32

(d) 52x =

Solve each of the following equations.

(a) log10 (2x + 7) = log10 21

125
25 x

(b) log5 (x 5) =

1
log5 125
3

11.

(c) log2 (x 3) log2 (x2 9) = 0

(d) 2 log3 2 + log3 (4x 1) = 1 + log3 (x + 8)

(e) logx 18 logx 2 = 2

(f)

log2 8 + log4 M = 5

Exercise 5.4 SPM QUESTIONS (2003 2007)

1. Solve the equation 82x 3 =

1
4

x2

12.

[3

marks]
SPM2006/Paper1

2. Given that log2 xy = 2 + 3 log2 x log2 y, express y in terms of x. [4 marks]

SPM2006/Paper1

3. Solve the equation 2 + log3 (x 1) = log3 x.

[3 marks]
SPM2006/Paper1

4. Solve the equation 2x + 4 2x + 3 = 1.

[3 marks]
SPM2005/Paper1

5. Solve the equation log3 4x log3 (2x 1) = 1

[3 marks]
SPM2005/Paper1

13.

6. Given that logm 2 = p and logm 3 = r, express

terms of
p and r.

log m

27m
) in
4

[4 marks]
SPM2005/Paper1

14.

7. Solve the equation 324x = 48x + 6.

[3 marks]
SPM2004/Paper1

8. Given that log5 2 = m and log5 7 = p, express log5 4.9 in terms of m

and p.
[4 marks]
SPM2004/Paper1

9. Solve the equation 42x -1 = 7x.

[4 marks]
SPM2003/Paper1

15.

10. Given that log2 b = x and log2 c = y, express log4

8b

in terms of x and y.
(4

marks)
(SPM2007/Paper 1)

11. Given that 9(3n1) = 27n, find the value of n.

(3 marks)
(SPM2007/Paper 1)