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i) Effective aperture.
ii). Scattering aperture.
iii) Loss aperture.
iv) collecting aperture.
v). Physical aperture.
apertures.
Physical aperture. (Ap).
This aperture is a measure of the
physical size of the antenna.
8. Define Aperture efficiency?
The ratio of the effective aperture to
the physical aperture is the aperture efficiency. i.e
Aperture efficiency = hap = Ae / Ap
(dimensionless).
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31.Define End fire array.?
End fire array is defined as an arrangement in
which the principal direction of radiation is coincides with
the array axis. )RU HQG )LUH DUUD\ - G :KHUH $QG G GLVWDQFH
EHWZHHQ WKH HOHPHQWV
32. What is collinear array.?
In this array the antenna elements are arranged
coaxially by mounting the elements end to end in straight
line or stacking them one over the other with radiation
pattern circular symmetry. Eg. Omnidirectional antenna.
33. What is Parasitic array.?
In this array the elements are fed parasitically to
reduce the problem of feed line. The power is given to one
element from that other elements get by electro magnetic
coupling.
Eg. Yagi uda antenna.
34. What is the condition on phase for the end fire array
with increased directivity.?
:KHQ - G SURGXFHV PD[LPXP ILHOG LQ WKH GLUHFWLRQ
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same length.
BW = ((+/ - Q G 1/
2
reciprocal of the array
length.
BW = ((+/ - Q G
2.
39.What is the need for the Binomial array.?
The need for a binomial array is
i). In uniform linear array as the array length is
increased to increase the directivity, the secondary lobes
also occurs.
ii) For certain applications, it is highly desirable
that secondary lobes should be eliminated completely or
reduced to minimum desirable level compared to main
lobes.
40. Define power pattern.?
Graphical representation of the radial
component of the pointing vector Sr at a constant radius as
a function of angle is called power density pattern or
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power pattern.
41. What is meant by similar Point sources.?
Whenever the variation of the amplitude and the
phase of the field with respect to the absolute angle for any
two sources are same then they are called similar point
sources.
The maximum amplitudes of the individual
sources may be unequal.
42. What is meant by identical Point sources.?
Similar point sources with equal maximum
amplitudes are called identical point sources.
43. What is the principle of the pattern multiplication?
The total field pattern of an array of non
isotropic but similar sources is the product of the
i) individual source pattern and
ii) The array pattern of isotropic point sources each
located at the phase center of the individual
source having the same amplitude and phase.
While the total phase pattern is the sum of the phase
patterns of the individual source pattern and array pattern.0
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one or more
turns carrying radio frequency current.it may assume any shape (e.g.
rectangular,square,triangular and hexagonal)
67.Give an expression of radiation resistance of a small loop
Radiation resistance of a small loop is given by
Rr=31,200 (A/ 2)2
68.How to increase the radiation resistance of a loop antenna
The radiation resistance of a loop antenna can be increased by:
1. increasing the number of turns
2. inserting a ferrite core of very high permeability with loop antenna
s
circumference which will rise the magnetic field intensity called ferrite
loop.
69.What are the types of loop antennas?
Loop antennas are classified into:
1. (OHFWULFDOO\ 6PDOO &LUFXPIHUHQFH
2. (OHFWULFDOO\ /DUJH 'LPHQVLRQ FRPSDUDEOH WR
70.What are Electrically Small loop antennas?
Electrically Small loop antennas is one in which the overall length of
the loop is less
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1. Bandwidth
2. Gain
3. Impedance
4. Axial Ratio
74.What are the types of radiation modes of operation for an helical
antenna
The two types of radiation modes of operation possible for an helical
antenna are:
1. Normal mode of operation
2. Axial mode of operation
75.Which antenna will produce circularly polarized waves
Helical antenna radiates circularly polarized wave.
76.List the applications of helical antenna
The applications of helical antenna are:
It became thw workhouse of space communications for
telephone,television and
data,being employed both on satellites and at ground stations
Many satellites including weather satellites,data relay satellites all
have helical
antennas
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i. Curvature of earth.
ii. Earth s magnetic field.
iii. Frequency of the signal.
iv. Plane earth reflection.
92. Define gyro frequency.
Frequency whose period is equal to the
period of an electron in its orbit under the influence of the
earths magnetic flux density B.
93. Define critical frequency.
For any layer , the highest frequency that will
be reflected back for vertical incidence is
fcr = 91max
94. Define Magneto-Ions Splitting.
The phenomenon of splitting the wave into
two different components (ordinary and extra-ordinary) by
the earths magnetic field is called Magneto-Ions Splitting.
95.Define LUHF.
The lowest useful HF for a given distance
and transmitter power is defined as the lowest frequency
that will give satisfactory reception for that distance and
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power.
It depends on
i. The effective radiated power
ii. Absorption character of ionosphere for the
paths between transmitter and receiver.
iii. The required field strength which in turn
depends upon the radio noise at the
receiving location and type of service
involved .
96. Define Refractive index.
It is defined as n = c / vp
Velocity of light
in vacua
n=
Phase velocity in
the medium
n=r
97Define maximum Usable Frequency.
The maximum Frequency that can be
reflected back for a given distance of transmission is called
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Book,K.D.Prasad.
4.Gives notes on the antenna impedances. Find the
effective aperture and Directivity of a short dipole
antenna.
Self Impedance:
Defn:Self impedance of an antenna is defined as its
input impedance with all other antennas are
completely removed i.e away from it.
Write the formula required
Mutual Impedance:
Defn:The presence of near by antenna no.2
induces a current in the antenna no.1 indicates that
presence of antenna no.2 changes the impedance of the
antenna no.1.This effect is called mutual coupling and
results in mutual impedance.
State Reciprocity theorem
Formula required
Effective aperture and Directivity of a short dipole
antenna.
Consider a plane wave incident on a short
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Linear Polarisation:
A linearly polarized wave is one in which the
electric field remains in only one direction.For a linearly
polarized wave,the axial ratio is infinity.
Elliptical polarization
The electric field vector rotates and form a
ellipse called polarization ellipse. The ratio of the major to
the minor axes of the polarization ellipse is called the
Axial Ratio. (AR). AR is greater than 1 .
Circular polarization
The electric filed vector rotates and form a
circle and this wave is called circularly polarized
wave.AR is unity.
6.Explain in detail the different cases of the array
containing two isotropic sources
Case 1: Arrays of two isotropic sources fed with
currents of equal amplitude and in phase Case 2: Arrays of two
isotropic sources fed with
currents of equal amplitude and opposite phase Case 3: Arrays of
two isotropic sources fed with
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v. Skip distance.
Important formula for problems:
i Critical frequency,
fcr = 91max
ii. Relative Dielectric constant r = 1- Ne2 P 2 + v2 )
iii. Phase constant,
b = (2p/l) - (fc / f)
iv. Wave impedance. 0 / - (fc / f)
v. Wave velocity.
vp = c / - (fc / f)2
vi Group velocity,
vp vg = c2
vg = c2 / vp
vii. Incident angle .
sin i = - (fc / f)