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Abstract
Area 1
Boundary
Interface Point
Reactive power
compensation and
harmonic mitigation
More turbines
Area 2
MV Offshore
collector bus
usually 33 kV
N/O
N/O
N/O
More strings
1 Introduction
It is expected that the capacity of wind farms in the UK will
reach 18 GW offshore and 10 GW onshore by 2020, while
offshore could potentially reach over 40GW by 2030[1]. The
ability to transfer this power through identified corridors to
high demand locations (far from the generation sources)
requires the application of new technologies, including
HVDC. The expected investment of 19 billion for the UK
alone is of pan-European significance nationally and
regionally. HVDC connections are being used for large scale
offshore and onshore wind farms to speed up connection and
resolve tight corridors to help deliver this programme[2].
V 'bg
M u Vbg
(1)
1.
Vdist
n Nsvc
(2)
3 Conclusion
The paper has set out the modelling differences in wind farms
and HVDC converter stations required in studies to determine
harmonic limits at interface points for these connections. In
the future world where many developers, transmission owners
and system operators will interact closely, these studies will
be required by different parties and will present many
technical challenges. The foreseeable challenges are
maintaining a consistent approach to these activities and
coordinating these activities to allow an optimised design
which avoids inadequate system performance and wastage.
WF1
WF2
WF3
Offshore AC
substation
WF4
OFTO1 HVDC2
AC
HVDC1
OSTO3
(Europe)
OSTO1
(UK)
WF5
OSTO2
(Europe)
HVDC3
UK shoreline
Acknowledgements
The author would like to express his gratitude to Parsons
Brinckerhoff for its technical and financial support for the
preparation and presentation of this paper.
References
[1] Department of Energy and Climate Change. UK
Renewable Energy Roadmap, July 2011.
[2] ENTSO, ENTSO-E 10-Year Network Development
Plan 2012 Project For Consultation, Draft Version for
Public Consultation, 1 March 26April 2012.
[3] Kah Leong Koo, Harmonic assessments for filter
design specifications at U.K. National Grid Electricity
Transmission System for large wind farms, 45th
International Universities Power Conference, Cardiff,
Wales, 31st Aug 3rd Sept 2010.
[4] Foroozan Ghassemi, Kah-Leong Koo. Equivalent
Network for Wind Farm Harmonic Assessments, IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, VOL. 25, NO.3 July
2010.
[5] Z.Emin, F.Ghassemi, J.J.Price, Harmonic Performance
Requirements of an HVDC Connection; Network Owner
Perspective, ACDC 2010, 9th International Conference
on AC and DC Power Transmission, London, United
Kingdom, Paper 0061, 20-21 October 2010.
[6] K.L.Koo, Z.Emin, F.Ghassemi and J.J.Price, Harmonic
performance specification of a VSC type HVDC, Cigre
International Symposium, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil,
Paper 73, April 3-6, 2011.
EON London Array Stage 1 635MW offshore wind farm at Cleve Hill new 400kV
substation (currently being commissioned)
Western HVDC CSC 2.2 GW link between England (new Connahs Quay 400kV
substation) and Hunterston in Scotland (contract being awarded to Siemens
expected commissioning in 2015)
EH V G ri d co n n e ct io n
u su al ly 4 0 0 o r 2 7 5
k V , TO a sse t
A re a 1
B o u n d ar y
In te r fa c e Po in t
R e a ct iv e po w e r
co m pe nsa t io n a nd
ha r mo n ic mit ig a t io n
Ar e a 2
M V O f fs h o re
c o lle c to r b u s
u su all y 3 3 k V
N /O : n o r m a lly o p en
N/ O
M o re tu r b in es
N /O
N /O
M o re str in g s
Transformers
Harmonic injections
WTG transformer normally
at 0.69/33kV
Single tuned filters
V 'harm bg
M u Vharm bg
Where:
Vharmbg is the background harmonic level after wind farm is
connected.
Vharmbg is the background harmonic level before wind farm
is connected.
M is the magnification or attenuation of the harmonic level.
10
Vdist
n 1
R.H.S. 1
n Nsvc
V Fn(V
svc
n 1
R.H.S. 2
Where:
R.H.S. 1 represents all wind turbine emissions accounting for all MV circuit elements
R.H.S. 2 represents all active compensation equipments accounting for all MV circuit
elements
11
VHVDC@IP
VPL@R VBKG@R
G IP-R
Where:
VHVDC@IP is the permissible incremental distortion at interface point,
VPL@R is the planning level as per ER G5-4 at remote node,
VBKG@R is the background distortion at remote node,
GIP-R is the harmonic voltage gain from the interface point to remote node
12
Interface Point
Load
Load
New Load
Load
Load
13
WF 1
WF 2
WF 3
O f f sho r e A C
s ubs ta t io n
W F4
O ST O 1
(U K )
W F5
O F TO 1
HV D C 2
O S TO 2
(E u r o p e)
AC
H V D C1
O ST O 3
( E u r o p e)
H VD C 3
UK sho r el ine
14
Conclusions
Modelling differences for limit assessments when dealing with wind farms and
HVDCs.
Looking forward HVDC and Wind farm owners/developers, transmission owners
and system operators have different roles in meeting many power quality challenges.
Foreseeable challenges and certainly not by any measure exhausted include:
All parties maintaining consistent approach to assessment activities.
Coordinating these activities to optimise design of these connections.
Timely delivery of these assessments to avoid unnecessary delays in these
connections.
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References
Kah Leong Koo, Harmonic assessments for filter design specifications at U.K.
National Grid Electricity Transmission System for large wind farms, 45th International
Universities Power Conference, Cardiff, Wales, 31st Aug 3rd Sept 2010.
Foroozan Ghassemi, Kah-Leong Koo. Equivalent Network for Wind Farm Harmonic
Assessments, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, VOL. 25, NO.3 July 2010.
Z.Emin, F.Ghassemi, J.J.Price, Harmonic Performance Requirements of an HVDC
Connection; Network Owner Perspective, ACDC 2010, 9th International Conference
on AC and DC Power Transmission, London, United Kingdom, Paper 0061, 20-21
October 2010.
K.L.Koo, Z.Emin, F.Ghassemi and J.J.Price, Harmonic performance specification of
a VSC type HVDC, Cigre International Symposium, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil,
Paper 73, April 3-6, 2011.
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Questions??
17
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