PRODUCCIONES MAELEC 8.

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

PROYECTO OPTAO OA-1

Author:
Quilqax Arawiyq

MAIL: majoro19@hotmail.com
WEB: http://maelec89.blogspot.com
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Presented to:
Public in general

San Juan de Pasto 16 of February of 2015

INTRODUCTION

The importance of this project, is not other, if not the one of giving a learning through the
observation, enriching acquired knowledge previously.
In the following document it is presented the design, analysis and assembly of an electronic
circuit. Using a well-known electronic device as operational amplifier. Keeping in mind their
parameters and measures, it is possible to give result to a design that allows; to understand
and to learn the form like it behaves a device like these.
An explanation will be given of how is development this project, to which Producciones
Maelec 8.9 to call PROYECTO OPTAO (Optocoplador with operational Amplifier).

OBJECTIVES

With the following document, a simple explanation of the operation of an operational

amplifier will be given in a circuit.

Through the observation and practice is sought a bigger learning absorption.

With the association and adaptation of other elements is sought the reader to know all
the variants that it can be given to an electronic device.

THEORETICAL FRAME

The operational amplifier in terms simple of understanding it is a device that allows an

increase in the exit, this device it is employee in most of projects and circuits.
The operational amplifier, in associate with an optocoupler it allows the assembly of projects
in those which, they can be used two securities with ranges very different point of Tension
like of intensity; where a discharge load of tension can cause a negative effect in the
operational amplifier.
Giving a short explanation of the function that completes an optocoupler, inside this device is
a LED (light emitting diode) that provides photo-electrons to a photo-receiver like in this case
a TRIAC, which is only activated when this receives a sign coming from the LED. Allowing
the circuit so with less electric tension doesn't suffer some damage.

Taken of (Lpez Rendn Alfredo. Amplificadores.)

Recovered of http://proyectoselectronicos/optocoplador.com

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
MATERIALS
Resisters:
R1: 1K
R2: 200K
R3: 330
R4: 100
RV1: 10k
LDR1: ---

Semiconductors:
D1; D2: (LED): RED; BLUE (optional)
OA1: LM 741
OPTO1: (OPTOCOUPLER): MOC 3021
TR1: (TRIAC) BT136

Others:
BAT1: SOURCE DC 9V A 1 A
ALT: (Alternator) VARIABLE SOURCE AC 120 o 220 V
L1: LAMP OR BULB 110V

(Note: the cost of the aforementioned elements previously and value of others used
elements they are in the appendix A)

Scheme recovered of http://www.electronica2000.com

Be proceeds to design this circuit in three stages:

1. First stage Operational Amplifier
In this supporting stage be takes the Operational Amplifier, using it as a circuit regulator and
activator of light. The potentiometer (RV1) it regulates the intensity of light; together with the
use of the photo-resistance (LDR1) be can activate the bulb (LED). Both of day and night.
The photo-resistance (LDR 1) that is use in this project has a range of load limit; therefore,
with a photo-electrons excess this element is saturated. To avoid this, alone coarse with
getting a photo-resistance of more capacity.

2. Second stage optocoplador

Keeping in mind that it doesn't find the TRIAC bt-136 be proceeded to place an ideal TRIAC,
in the simulation. A source is shown (BAT 1) connected to the optocoplador (OPT 1) the one
which alone this, to give feeding to the circuit, that is to say, doesn't have anything to do with
the project

3. Third stage total joining of the circuit

In this stage be integrated the two aforementioned circuits previously. The outline and
simulation of the aforementioned circuits previously can be in the video that makes part of
this report.

Simulator electrnic (Proteus. Versin 7.4 SP3. [Computer file])

Result and analysis

Be proceeds to carry out this project in a physical way
1.

First stage Operational Amplifier

It is necessary to clarify that the first stage you only elaborates in a protoboard.
They were shown some images and their respective results next.
Measuring the source DC and the exit of the Operational Amplifier

Figures 1. Obtained Voltage of the exit of

Figures 2. Obtained Voltage of the exit of

the source DC without the lit LED,

the source DC with the lit LED,

approximately 2.4 Volt.

approximately 2.5 volt.

With that seen in the figures (1) and (2) it can be proven that the voltage is amplified to
reason of 120 mV (milivolts). Regarding the exit that provides the source DC. Then one can
say that:

Where: "e" (voltage of entrance of the source DC) it is a derivative of the voltages obtained in
the two states of the circuit; that is to say, when the circuit this with the lit LED (e1) and when
the LED is out (e2).

Figures 3. Obtained Voltage of the exit of

Figures 4. Obtained Voltage of the exit of

the Operational Amplifier, without the lit

the Operational Amplifier, with the lit

LED, approximately 1.36 Volt.

LED, approximately 1.76 Volt.

With that seen in the figures (3) and (4) it can be proven that the voltage is amplified to
reason of 400 mV (milivolts). In the exit of the Operational Amplifier. It can apply then:

Where: "s" (voltage of exit of the OA) it is a derivative of the voltages obtained in the two
states of the circuit; that is to say, when the circuit this with the lit LED (s1) and when the
LED is out (s2).
To understand that better that previously mention be, it is said that, the coefficients of the
securities mentioned in the equations will give as a result:

Where V1 (obtained voltages when the LED is lit) it corresponds the highest securities and
V2 (obtained voltages when the LED is out) it corresponds to the lowest securities.
Applying the equations that were mentioned, an example will be given with the results seen in
the Figures (1), (2), (3), (4) described in the report.

Be escrow the derivative ones in both results figures (1), (2) and in the figures (3), (4), giving
as a result:

Based on the results one can say that, a difference of 0.12 volts exists among the voltages of
the figures (1) and (2); there is also a difference of 0.4 volts among the voltages of the figures
(3) and (4).
Be proceeds now to look for their coefficients, which will give solution to find a voltage are
DC this of entrance of the source DC (Ve); or of exit of the OA (vs).

Understand each other that the obtained securities V2 corresponds to securities voltage
(values when the LED is out; and the securities V1 corresponds to high securities of voltage
(values when the LED is lit).
Now then one can deduce an equation to either find any voltage in this circuit this Ve (voltage
of the source DC) or Vs (voltage in the exit of the OA).

Where Vs1 and Vs2 are the voltages of the exit of the OA. If one wants to know the one Ve
(voltage of the source DC) alone coarse with clearing this value in the equations (9 or 10).

Equation editor (Geogebra. Versin 5.0.18.0 -3D. [Computer file])

2. Second stage optocoupler

In this stage besides proving it in a protoboard, is has also decided to design and to
mount it in a printed.
The analysis and result of this process are the same one that is in the report: "proyecto
Temci". For this reason it was not shown their results.
Nevertheless it will be given obtained securities of the Operational Amplifier, and that
they make part of this project.

Value of current

Figures 5. Obtained Amperage of

Figures 6. Obtained Amperage of

the entrance of the source DC,

the entrance of the source DC, with

without the lit LED, approximately

the lit LED, approximately 1.37

2.5 mA.

mA.

With the opposing securities be can apply the equation of the law ohm to find the resistance
generated by the circuit.

Of the above-mentioned one has that for a voltage of 2.4 (V2) with a current of 2.5mA (I2)
their resistance is of 960 ohms; for a voltage of 2.5 volts (V1) with a current of 1 mA. (I1)
will their resistance be that is to say of 2500 ohms, 2.5 K.

3. Third stage total joining of the circuit

The end of this stage is the sum of the results obtained in each previously
aforementioned stage. It could conclude then that the approximate voltage of the
source DC is among:

As it can appreciate in the equations (15), (16) and (17) it is the aggregate values of
each mensuration made to the project (the voltage of exit of the operational amplifier
is rejected).
In conclusion one has that: the circuit works with a tension of 2.46 volts, it has an
intensity of 1.75 mA. And is their resistance of 1.73K.

Equation editor (Geogebra. Versin 5.0.18.0 -3D. [Computer file])

CONCLUISIONS

In the previous work one observes the behavior of an operational amplifier, their
characteristics and functions.
All the data corresponding facts in the laboratory were gathered in the previous work, this
way it is possible to assimilate and to understand their correct operation when mounting it in
an electronic circuit.
The use of new devices that this is integrated to the operational amplifier, gives the
reinforcement and dexterity for the solution and creation of new projects.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES

AMPLIFIERS
Lpez Rendn Alfredo. (2007). Amplificadores. (UNAD). Colombia.

OPTOCOUPLER
(n.d). Recovered of http://www.proyectoselectronicos/optocoplador.com

ELECTRONICA 2000
(n.d). Recovered of http://www.electronica2000.com

ML 741 CHARACTERISTIC
LM 741 Operational Amplifiers. (Texas Instruments).(n.d.)

BT136 CHARACTERISTIC
BT 136 Triancs. (Philips Semiconductors). (n.d)

MOC 3021 CHARACTERISTIC

MOC 3021 Optocouplers/Optoisolators (Texas Instruments). (n.d)

STYLE MANUAL APA

(2010). Manual Estilo APA. 3 edicin al espaol. (CEUNI). Recovered of
http://biblioinstruccion.blogspot.com

Geo Gebra. Versin 5.0.18.0 -3D. [computer file].

Proteus. Versin 7.4 SP3. [computer file]

APPENDIX
Appendix A: Cost of the circuit
Materials

each one (Colombian pesos)

quantity

Colombian Pesos

American Dllar

R1 a R4

20

80

4 penny

RV 1

500

500

1 quarter

LDR 1

50

50

2.5 penny

D1; D2

100

200

1 dime

OA 1

700

700

3.5 dime

OPTO 1

1,000

1000

1 half dollar

TR 1

1,000

1000

1 half dollar

BAT 1

9,000

9000

4.5 dollars

ALT

----

---

----

----

L1

700

700

3.5 dime

DESIGN

8,100

16,200

8.10 dollars

TOTAL

21,200

15

29,500

14.75 dollars

The word "Design" in the chart, it is the cost that has this circuit made by Maelec 8.9
laboratories, excluding the materials.
For the realization of this Project it is has worn out a minimum of four and a half hours that
this corresponds:
Analysis (observation of the outline or diagram), it proves (realization in the protoboard),
design (simulation in a software), assembly (elaboration of the board and setting of the
elements), fix (verification or retouch of the circuit).
For the conversion of the Colombian pesos to the cents and/or American dollars, it has taken
as reference a value of 2000 Colombian pesos, omitting the securities that this govern at the
present time.