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The time elapsed from start to end of the rainfall event is the
rainfall duration.
For small catchment rainfall duration is measured in minutes,
while for very large catchments it may be measured in days.
Rainfall durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, 12 and 14 h are common in
hydrologic analysis and design.
Rainfall depth is measured in mm, cm, or in and considered to
be uniformly distributed over the catchment area. For instance, a
60-mm, 6-h rainfall event produces 60 mm of depth over a 6-h
period.
2
Rainfall Frequency
Rainfall Frequency refers to the average time elapsed between
occurrences of two rainfall events of same depth and duration.
The actual elapsed time varies widely and can therefore be
interpreted only in a statistical sense.
For instance, if at a certain location a 100-mm rainfall event
lasting 6-h occurs on the average once every 50 y, the 100-mm,
6-h rainfall frequency for this location would be 1 in 50 years,
1/50, or 0.02.
The reciprocal of rainfall frequency is referred to as return
period or recurrence interval. In the case of the previous
example, the return period corresponding to a frequency of
0.02 is 50 y.
4
Rainfall Frequency
Generally, larger rainfall depths tend to be associated with longer
return period.
The longer the return period, the longer the historical record needed
to find out the statistical properties of the distribution of annual
maximum rainfall.
Depth (%)
depth or intensity
Hyetograph
Time
Time (%)
4
5
4
Isohyets
Depth-Area Analysis
Generally, the greater the catchment area, the smaller the averaged
storm depth i.e. P 1/A
Depth
Depth
Lin-Lin
Time
Time
Typically n varies between 0.2 and 0.5, indicating that storm depth increases at a
lesser rate than storm duration.
The applicability of such an equation, however, is limited to the regional or local
conditions for which it is derived.
9
10
dh
dt
d (ct n )
dt
c n t n 1
a
tm
(2)
where a = cn, and m = 1-n. Since n is less than 1, it follows that m is also less than 1.
Equation 2 is used for durations exceeding two hours.
a
i
t b
(3)
Y - b X
a=
n
b=
n XY - X Y
n X 2 - ( X)2
11
Taking log
t bm
(4)
Intensit
y
Time
12
Example
Determine the equation relating rainfall intensity and duration for the
following 10-y frequency rainfall data.
Duration (min)
10
15
30
60
120
180
5.0
4.0
2.5
1.5
1.0
0.8
Solution
The data suggest that the relation is of hyperbolic type, with greater
intensities associated with shorter durations. Therefore, an equation of the
following type is applicable:
a
t b
y = 1/i
1
i
b t
a a
cd t
c = b/a
d = 1/a
13
Calculations
t
(min)
5
10
15
30
60
120
180
Model
X
(cm/hr) t
8.0
5.0
4.0
2.5
1.5
1.0
0.8
5
10
15
30
60
120
180
Total = 420
c = 0.006422495
d = 0.170602665
Y
1/i
X2
t2
XY
t (1/i)
i = a/(t+b)
0.1250
0.2000
0.2500
0.4000
0.6667
1.0000
1.2500
25
100
225
900
3600
14400
32400
0.625
2
3.75
12
40
120
225
4.9330
4.2584
3.7462
2.7527
1.7987
1.0624
0.7538
51650 403
(cm/hr)
a = 1/d = 155.70
b = a c = 26.56
14
9
Data
Model
i = 155.7 / (26.56 + t)
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Calculations
t
x = log(t)
y = log(i)
x2
xy
0.6990
0.9031
0.48856
0.63123
10
1.0000
0.6990
1.00000
0.69897
15
1.1761
0.6021
1.38319
0.70808
30
2.5
1.4771
0.3979
2.18189
0.58781
60
1.5
1.7782
0.1761
3.16182
0.31312
120
2.0792
0.0000
4.32299
0.00000
180
0.8
2.2553
-0.0969
5.08625
-0.21856
Total
10.4648
2.6812
17.6247
2.7206
a' =
Model
a
tm
a = 10^a'
b=
m=-b
22.6586
t 0.6503
1.3552
22.6586
-0.6503
0.6503
16
KTx
t b m
18