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KARAGENAN

Adalah polysakarida penyususn utama dinding sel dari


algae merah (Rhodophyceae), terutama families
Gigartinaceae, Hypneaceae, Phyllophoraceae, and
Solieriaceae.
Manfaat Ekstrak :
- suspending
- emulsifying dlm minuman susus
- stabilizing
- gelling
- proses pembuata cheese
Yang mempunyai kepentingan ekonomi tinggi adalah :
Agara dan alginat.
Sumber utama carrageenan adalah Chondrus crispus
(Gigartinaceae) dari Maritime Provinces of Canada dan
beberapa species Eucheuma (Solieriaceae) dari
Philippines. Chondrus, dikenal dgn nama Irish moss,
dipanen naturally occurring intertidal stands, sedangkan
Eucheuma is successfully grown in mariculture.
Carrageenan yang dimurnikan 80% digunakan dlm food
processing; the dairy industry is the chief consumer. The
rest is used in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, printing, and
textile industries.
A polysaccharide extracted from red algae, especially
Chondrus crispus (Irish moss) and Gigartina stellata.
Gum dari tanaman dapat mengikat air to form a gel shg
increases viscosity, and reacts with proteins to form
emulsions.

Sifat-sifat :
- low-energy foods, etc
- telah digunakan food additives for hundreds of years.
- Sbg additive pangn yang aman.
- Molekul Carrageenans besar, highly flexible
molecules which curl forming helical structures. Shg
dpt membentuk variety of different gels at room
temperature.
Semua carrageenans adl polysakarida be BM tinggi
tersusun dari repeating galactose units and 3,6
anhydrogalactose (3,6-AG), both sulfated and nonsulfated.
The units are joined by alternating alpha 1-3 and beta 1-4
glycosidic linkages.
Carrageenan yang diperdagangkan 3 golongan :

Kappa: strong, rigid gels. Gels with potassium ions,


reacts with dairy proteins. Mainly from Eucheuma
cottonii.
Iota: soft gels. Gels with calcium ions. Produced
mainly from Eucheuma spinosum
Lambda: Does not gel, used to thicken dairy products.
The most common source is Gigartina from South
America.

Perbedaan utama dari kappa, iota dan lambda carrageenan


adalah :

- jumlah dan posisi ester sulfate pada galactose units.


- Higher levels of ester sulfate paling mudah larut dlm
temp rendah dan menghasilkan gel yang kekuatannya
paling lemah (lambda carrageenan).
Beberapa red algal menghasilkan tipe carrageenans yang
berbeda Genus Gigartina produces mainly Kappa
carrageenans during its gametophytic stage, and Lambda
carrageenans during its sporophytic stage.
Semuanya larut dlm hot water, but in cold water only the
Lambda form (and the sodium salts of the other two) are
soluble.
Yg digunakan dlm pangan adalah .: carrageenan EU
additive E-number E407 or E407a diproses dari eucheuma
seaweed, terutama sbg emulsifier.
When iota carrageenan is combined with Sodium stearoyl
lactylate (SSL) terbentuk synergistic effect, allowing for
stabilizing/emulsifying that is not obtained with any other
type of carrageenan (kappa/lambda) or with other
emulsifiers (monodiglycerides, etc). Sodium stearoyl
lactylate combined with iota carrageenan is capable of
producing emulsions under both hot and cold conditions
using either vegetable or animal fat.
Production
Carrageenans diperkenalkan sejak 1930s, pertama kali
digunakan in China (where Gigartina was used) and
Ireland around 400 AD.[citation needed] Tetapi produk terbesar is
the Philippines, produk seaweed about 80% di dunia.[citation

needed]

Produk utama adalah Cottonii (Kappaphycus


alvarezii, K.striatum) and Spinosum (Eucheuma
denticulatum), Keduanya menyumbang dari produk
dunia.
Tempat tumbuh Seaweed:
- Tumbuh di kedalaman about 2 metres. The seaweed
biasanya di tumbuhkan pada tali nylon antara bamboo
terapung.
- harvested after three months atau when each plant weighs
around 1 kg.
Varietas Cottonii telah diklasifikasi as Kappaphycus
cottonii by Maxwell Doty (1988), dikenal sbg genus
Kappaphycus. Produk phycocolloids (namely kappa
carrageenan).[citation needed]
Setelah harvest, the seaweed is dried, baled, and sent to the
carrageenan manufacturer. There the seaweed is ground,
sifted to remove impurities such as sand, and washed
thoroughly. After treatment with hot alkali solution (e.g. 58% potassium hydroxide), the cellulose is removed from
the carrageenan by centrifugation and filtration. The
resulting carrageenan solution is then concentrated by
evaporation. It is dried and ground to specification.
There are three types of processing:
Semi refined

Karagenan
"Keragenan adalah bahan alami pembentuk gel yang
dapat digunakan untuk mengenyalkan bakso dan mie
basah sebagai bahan alternatif yang aman pengganti
borax," Karagenan dihasilkan dari rumput laut
Euchema sp yang telah dibudidayakan di berbagai
perairan Indonesia.
Penggunaan
1. pada baso,Setiap 1 kilogram bakso membutuhkan
0,5 - 1,5 gram karagenan untuk mengenyalkannya. Di
pasaran 0,5 - 1,5 gram karagenan dijual dengan
harga Rp750 sampai Rp900.
2. dalam industri sering dijadikan bahan campuran
kosmetik, obat-obatan, es krim, susu, kue, roti dan
berbagai produk makanan.
Berbagai bahan obat dan suplemen (nutraceutical)
yang sedang dikembangkan adalah antimikroba
(pengawet), antipenuaan, antitumor/antikanker,
antikolesterol, dan bahan kosmetik (tabir surya,
pewarna alami).

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