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solutions
PE90085
Medium Voltage
Catalogue
2010
Power Factor
Correction and
harmonic filtering
Energy quality
with Power Factor
Correction and
harmonic filtering
Most utilities have specific policies
for billing reactive energy. Price
penalties are applied if the active
power / apparent power ratio is not
within the guidelines.
Power Factor Correction solutions
modify and control the reactive power
to avoid utility penalties,
and reduce overall kVA demand.
These solutions result in lowering
utility power bills by 5 to 10%.
Harmonics stress the electrical
network and potentially damage
equipment.
Harmonic Filtering solutions are
a means to mitigate the harmonics.
They increase the service life of
equipment up to 32% for single
phase machines, up to 18% for three
phase machines and up to 5% for
transformers.
Solutions
Power Factor Correction
Every electric machine needs active and reactive power to operate.
Power factor is used to identify the level of reactive energy.
If the power factor drops below the limit set by the utility, then
power factor correction equipment can be installed in order to avoid
penalties. By correcting a poor power factor, these solutions also
reduce kVA demand. The results are a 5 to 10% lower electricity bill,
cooler equipment operation and longer equipment life. In addition
proper power factor correction helps optimize electrical network
loading and improves reliability.
1 month
payback.
We installed a 5Mvar
capacitor banks.
Annual cost savings
will reach 12m &
implementation costs
1m
Portucel Paper Mill
in Portugal
9%
Harmonic filtering
Equipment such as drives, inverters, UPS, arc furnaces,
transformers during energization and discharge lamps generate
harmonic currents and voltage distortion.
These harmonics stress the network, overload cables and
transformers, cause outages and disturb many types of equipment
such as computers, telephones, and rotating machines.
The life of equipment can be greatly reduced.
reduction in our
energy consumption
after we installed
10 capacitor banks.
Electricity bill
optimized
by 8% and payback
in 2 years
Testifies Michelin
Automotive
in France
9m
MV Capacitor banks
installed, cost saving
of 9m,
payback in
just 2 months.
RFF Railways France
1 year
DE90070
70 capacitor banks
installed, energy
consumption reduced
by 10%,
electricity bill optimised
by 18%, payback in
just 1 year.
Madrid Barrajas
airport Spain
5%
Before
After
LV capacitor bank
and active filter
installed, energy
consumption
reduced by 5%.
POMA OTIS
transportation
systems Switzerland
1
Power Factor
Correction and
harmonic filtering
PE90086
Harmonic filtering
PE90087
E003435
Power Factor
Correction and
harmonic filtering
Energy - Production
Wind-power farms
MV capacitor banks
MV dynamic compensation
Blocking circuits
Energy - Transmission
EHV/HV substation
HV capacitor banks
HV passive lters
Industry
MV/MV substations
MV capacitor banks
MV passive lters
MV dynamic compensation
Surge suppressors
Energy - Production
Solar power farms
MV dynamic compensation
Blocking circuits
Energy - Distribution
MV/MV substation
Infrastructure
MV/LV substation
MV capacitor banks
MV passive lters
MV capacitor banks
Power Factor
Correction and
harmonic filtering
PE90079
PE90080
PE90081
PE90075
PE90076
PE90077
PE90078
Energy
Transmission
Distribution
Wind-power
Solar power
Infrastructure
Water
Tunnels
Airports
Industry
Paper
Chemicals
Plastics
Glass-ceramics
Iron and steel
Mtallurgy
Automotive industry
Cement
Mines-quarries
Refineries
Fixed
banks
Automatic
banks
Dynamic
compensation
Passive
filters
Surge
suppressors
Blocking
circuits
PE56733
A major strength
In each of its units, Schneider Electric has an operating organization
whose main role is to verify quality and ensure compliance with
standards. This procedure is:
uniform for all departments;
recognized by numerous customers and official organizations.
But, above all, its strict application has made it possible to obtain
the recognition of an independent organization: French QA
management organization AFAQ ("Association Franaise pour
lAssurance Qualit").
The quality system for design and manufacturing is certified
in compliance with the requirements of the ISO 9001 Quality
Assurance model.
ISO 900 1
ISO 9002
ISO 14001
Schneider Electric
undertakes
to reduce
the energy bill and
CO2 emissions of
its customers by
proposing products,
solutions and
services which fit in
with all levels of
the energy value
chain.
The power factor
correction and
harmonic filtering
offer form part of
the energy efficiency
approach.
10 %
Up to
savings on your
energy bill.
10%
Jarylec*
31%
Steel
Zinc
Epoxy resin
24%
Brass
Paper, wood, cardboard
Tin-plated copper
2%
19%
7%
Aluminium (film)
5%
1%
Polypropylene (film)
1%
* Jarylec: dielectric
liquid with no PCB
or chlorine, compatible
with the environment
PE90088
Power Factor
Correction and
harmonic filtering
A comprehensive offer
The power factor correction and harmonic filtering offer form part of
a comprehensive offering of products perfectly coordinated
to meet all medium- and low-voltage power distribution needs.
All these products have been designed to operate together:
electrical, mechanical and communications consistency.
The electrical installation is accordingly both optimized and more
efficient:
improved continuity of service;
losses cut;
guarantee of scalability;
efficient monitoring and management.
You thus have all the trumps in hand in terms of expertise
and creativity for optimized, reliable, expandable and compliant
installations.
Schneider Electric
joins forces with
your expertise
and your creativity
for optimized,
reliable, expandable
and compliant
installations.
Because each
electrical installation
is a specific case,
there is no universal
solution. The variety
of combinations
available to you
allows you to
achieve genuine
customization of
technical solutions.
You can express
your creativity
and highlight your
expertise in the
design, development
and operation of an
electrical installation.
Power Factor
Correction and
harmonic filtering
Main Contents
Overview
1-8
MV capacitor banks
11
Protection systems
39
Components
45
Special equipment
57
65
Services
69
Design guide
73
Technical guide
79
Power Factor
Correction and
harmonic filtering
MV capacitor banks
Contents
12
13
14
15
16
18
20
22
22
24
26
26
28
30
30
32
32
34
34
36
36
11
MV capacitor
banks
DE90071
Power
generation
Active energy
Transmission
network
Reactive energy
Active energy
Motor
Reactive energy
DE90071
Power
generation
Active energy
Transmission
network
Active energy
Motor
Reactive energy
Capacitors
12
MV capacitor
banks
13
MV capacitor
banks
DE90072
Individual
Individual compensation is recommended especially when a load
of power greater than 300 kW is present, and if it remains energized
during most working hours. This is especially the case of motors driving
machines with great inertia: centrifuges, compressors and fans,
for example.
Operation of the switch specific to the load in this case automatically
causes capacitor switching on or off. The production of reactive energy
takes place directly at the place where it is consumed.
Individual compensation
For the whole length of the power cable this results in a reduction
in the reactive current load. Individual compensation therefore makes
a major contribution to the reduction in apparent power, losses
and voltage drops in conductors.
Partial/by sector
DE90072
Partial compensation /
by sector
Global
DE90072
Total compensation
14
The capacitors have a good duty factor; the layout is clear; supervision
of the installation and its various parts is easier than in the case of
compensation by sector. Finally, if stepped automatic adjustment
is adopted, there will in this case be good follow-up of the plants load
curve, which avoids operations by personnel (manual switching on/off).
This solution is economically worthwhile if the load variations are not
attributable to specific loads.
MV capacitor
banks
Internal fuses
Each capacitance element of the capacitor is protected by a fuse.
Any fault in this element will result in fuse blowing. The defective element
will thus be eliminated. The result will be a slight capacitance variation
and the voltage will be distributed over the sound elements in series.
Protection by internal fuses increases the availability of capacitor banks,
because the loss of one element no longer systematically results
in tripping of the bank (see details in PROPIVAR technical description).
Unbalance protection
The bank is divided into two star connections (see diagram on page 16).
When there is a capacitance unbalance (variation in capacitance
of a capacitor), a current flowing between the 2 neutrals appears.
This current is detected by a current transformer and an unbalance relay.
PE90089
15
MV capacitor
banks
To form banks of great power, there are several possibilities for cabling
or connection by combination of capacitor units, namely:
delta connection: three-phase capacitors (without internal fuse)
coupled in parallel;
double star connection of single-phase capacitors (with or without
internal fuse);
H connection.
16
DE90073
DE90073
DE90099
Example of delta
connection
Example of H connection
(by phase)
Recommended configuration
2 000
2 400
3 000
3 500
YY connection
6 single-phase
capacitors
4 000
6 000
YY connection
9 or 12 capacitors
PE90091
PE90090
Q (kvar) /
600
900
1 200
U network (kV)
3,3
4,16
Delta connection
5,5
1 or 2 three-phase
6,6
capacitors
10
11
13,2
13,8
15
20
22
30
33
17
MV capacitor
banks
Overview of offer
Industrial application
Applications
Motor compensation
Fixed bank
Reference
CP214
Industrial compensation
Automatic bank
CP214SAH*
CP253
DE90082
DE90082
DE90082
Three-lines diagrams
Maximum voltage
Up to 12 kV
Up to 12kV
Connection mode
Three-phase capacitors
up to 900 kvar,
single-phase capacitors
with double star
connection above
Type of protection
HRC fuses
Maximum power****
Up to 4500 kvar
Comments
18
PB102001_SE
CP 227SAH
PB102003_SE
CP 214
PB101996_SE
PE90107
CP 253
CP 254
Energy application
All applications
CP253SAH*
CP227
CP254
CP229
CP230
Up to 36kV
HRC fuses
Unbalance by CT***
and relay
Up to 4000 kvar
Please contact us
Please contact us
SAH* on request
SAH* on request
SAH* on request
SAH* on request
PE90084
Up to 12 kV
Three-phase capacitors
up to 900 kvar,
single-phase capacitors
with double star
connection above
PE90108
From 12 to 36 kV
DE90082
Distribution
and Transport system
Fixed bank
DE90082
Distribution system
Fixed bank
DE90082
Distribution system
Large sites
Automatic bank
DE90082
Global compensation
Fixed bank
DE90082
Industrial compensation
Automatic bank
CP 229
CP 230
Up to 36 kV
Above 36 kV
Single-phase capacitors
with double star
or H connection
19
MV capacitor
banks
7.2 kV
12 kV
24 kV
36 kV
52 kV
Compensation and Filtering
Bank power*
kvar
Steps
quantity
type
Capacitor connection
delta
double star
H
Detuning reactor
Capacitor protection
Inrush reactors (N/A with DR)
Fuse protection
Blown fuse indicator
Unbalance protection
Quick discharge reactor (< 24 kV)
Switch
Measuring
Current transformer
Voltage transformer
People safety
Earthing switch
3-pole
5-pole
Line disconnector
with earthing switch
Interlock
Control and regulation
Control and
mounted on door
monitoring unit
separated
Automatic controller
standard
communication
Auto/local selector switch
Ingress protection
IP
IP00
IP23
IP54
Double roof
Connection
Cable entry
bottom
top
Access
with door
Mains voltage
CP 214
900
1
fixed
20
CP 253
4 500
5*
auto
CP 227
CP 254
CP 229
CP 230
7 200
1
fixed
5 760
5*
auto
1
fixed
1
fixed
Service conditions
Ambient air temperature
40C.
30 C average per 24h.
-25C.
Altitude
1000m.
Atmosphere
Clean industrial air (no dust, fumes, gases or corrosive or flammable vapours, and no salt).
Humidity
Mean relative humidity value over 24h < 95%.
Storage conditions
To conserve all the qualities of the functional unit in the event of extended storage,
we recommend storing the equipment in its original packaging, in a dry location,
sheltered from rain and sun and at a temperature ranging between -25C and +55C.
Standards
The equipment proposed in this offer has been designed, manufactured and tested
in accordance with the requirements of the following standards and recommendations:
High-voltage capacitors: CEI 60871-1&2, BS 1650, VDE 0560, C22-2 N190-M1985, NEMA CP1.
High-voltage circuit breakers: IEC 56.
Current transformers: IEC 60044.
Earthing switch: IEC 129C.
Relays, Power factor controller: IEC 60010.
Quick discharge reactors, Damping reactors: IEC 60076-6.
Insulators: IEC 168 - 273 - 815.
High-voltage contactors: IEC 420 / IEC 470.
High-voltage fuses: IEC 282.1 / IEC 787.
Insulation coordination
Highest voltage for the equipment
UM (kV)
7.2
12
17.5
24
36
Power-frequency withstand
voltage (kV rms, 50 Hz - 1 mn)
20
28
38
50
70
Impulse withstand
voltage (kV peak, 1.2 / 50 s)
60
75
95
125
170
21
MV capacitor
banks
Application
DE90066
The CP214 banks are used for reactive energy compensation in medium-voltage networks.
This solution is especially suitable for individual motor compensation. The banks are designed
for use in electrical networks up to 12 kV.
5
3
4
2
6
1
1: Frame
2: Insulators
3: Quick discharge reactors
4: Fuses
5: Inrushj reactors
6: Capacitors
The banks are delta-connected (three-phase capacitors). HRC fuses provide protection against
internal faults. The proposed CP214 compensation banks can be installed indoors or outdoors,
mounted in aluminium or steel enclosures.
Small size
Specially designed for motor compensation
22
Power (kvar)
DE90058
Electrical characteristics
Power (kvar)
DE90059
Composition
Each CP214 bank comprises the following components:
A frame in painted aluminium and steel panels (RAL 9002), IP 23 for indoor installation.
PROPIVAR single-phase capacitors (1 or 2 elements depending on the power of the bank).
Three inrush current limiting reactors.
Three HRC fuses (with striker).
Options
Outdoor type enclosure
(panels in unpainted aluminium).
Double roof for outdoor type enclosure.
MT20135
DE90100
MV capacitor
banks
Application
DE90106
The CP 214 SAH medium-voltage capacitor banks are designed for use in electrical networks
up to 12 kV. The CP214 SAH banks are used for reactive energy compensation
in medium-voltage networks containing harmonics.
This range is especially suitable for individual MV motor compensation.
2
5
4
1: Frame
2: Insulators
3: Quick discharge reactors
4: Fuses
5: Detuning reactors
6: Capacitors
3
6
The banks are delta-connected (three-phase capacitors). HRC fuses provide protection against internal
faults. The proposed CP214SAH compensation banks can be installed indoors or outdoors, mounted
in aluminium or steel enclosures.
Small size
Specially designed for motor compensation
Suitable for networks with high harmonic levels
24
Power (kvar)
DE90060
Electrical characteristics
Power (kvar)
DE90061
Composition
Each CP214SAH bank comprises the following elements:
A frame in painted aluminium and steel panels (RAL 9002), IP 23 for indoor installation.
PROPIVAR single-phase capacitors (1 or 2 elements depending on the power of the bank).
Three HRC fuses (with striker).
A three-phase detuning reactor (dry type with magnetic core and natural convection cooling).
DE90100b
Options
DE90062
80
MV capacitor
banks
Application
DE90107
The CP253 medium-voltage capacitor banks are designed for use in electrical networks up to 12 kV.
They are used for total installation compensation, when the load level is fluctuating.
The 1 step CP253 model is mainly designed for individual compensation of MV motors to avoid
the risk of self-excitation.
1
5
7
4
3
6
1: Frame
2: Insulators
3: Quick discharge reactors
4: Fuses
5: Contactors
6: Capacitors
7: Inrush reactors
These banks are delta-connected (three-phase capacitors) and the HRC fuses provide protection
against internal faults. An optional cubicle containing a power factor controller can be used to control
the steps, thus forming an automatic compensation bank. For steps power values greater than 900
kvar, single-phase capacitors connected in double star will be used (maximum of 12 capacitors,
maximum power 4500 kvar).
26
Electrical characteristics
Mains
voltage (kV)
3.3
5. 5
6.3
6.6
10
11
Steps
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
kvar - 50 Hz
Min.
30
60
120
210
1 500
35
70
140
245
1 750
40
80
160
280
2 000
45
90
180
315
2 250
50
100
200
350
2 500
105
210
420
840
1 575
125
250
500
1 000
1 890
Mains
voltage (kV)
2.4
Max.
360
720
1 080
1 440
1 800
420
840
1 260
1 680
2 100
480
960
1 440
1 920
2 400
540
1 080
1 620
2 160
2 700
600
1 200
1 800
2 400
3 000
630
1 260
1 890
2 520
3 150
760
1 520
2 280
3 040
3 800
4.16
6.6
10
Steps
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
kvar - 60 Hz
Min.
20
40
80
140
1 000
60
120
240
420
3 000
60
120
240
420
3 000
125
250
500
1 000
1 890
Max.
240
480
720
960
1 200
720
1 440
2 160
2 880
3 600
720
1 440
2 160
2 880
3 600
750
1 500
2 250
3 000
3 750
Composition
Each CP253 bank comprises the following
elements:
An enclosure in unpainted aluminium or
galvanized steel, IP 23 for indoor installation.
PROPIVAR three-phase capacitors
(1 or 2 elements per step).
One ROLLARC SF6 contactor per step.
Three inrush current limiting reactors per step.
Three HRC fuses (with striker) per step.
Options
Outdoor type enclosure.
Double roof for outdoor type enclosure.
Door with lock.
Control and monitoring cubicle
for "n" steps.
DE90074
DE90102
80
1 stepp
2 steps
p
3 steps
4 steps
p
5 steps
p
H
2 000
2 000
2 000
2 000
2 000
L
1 500
2 600
3 700
00
4 800
5 900
D
D
1 600
1 600
1 600
1 600
1 600
27
MV capacitor
banks
Application
DE90108
The CP253 SAH medium-voltage capacitor banks are designed for use in electrical networks
up to 12 kV. The CP253 SAH banks are used for automatic reactive energy compensation in
medium-voltage networks with a high harmonic level. This solution is particularly suitable
for total installation compensation where the load level is fluctuating.
2
3
6
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
Frame
Insulators
Fuses
Contactors
Capacitors
Detuning reactors
These banks are delta-connected (three-phase capacitors) and the HRC fuses provide protection
against internal faults. An optional cubicle containing a power factor controller can be used to control
the steps, thus forming an automatic compensation bank. For steps power values greater than
900 kvar, single-phase capacitors connected in double star will be used (maximum of 12 capacitors,
maximum power 4500 kvar).
28
Electrical characteristics
Mains
voltage (kV)
3.3
5.5
6.3
6.6
10
11
Steps
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
kvar - 50 Hz
Min.
32,5
65
130
230
1 650
37,5
75
150
265
1 850
42,5
85
170
300
2 100
47,5
95
190
335
2 400
52,5
105
210
370
2 650
110
220
440
880
1 665
135
270
540
1 080
2 020
Mains
voltage (kV)
2.4
Max.
400
800
1 200
1 600
2 000
450
900
1 350
1 800
2 250
510
1 020
1 530
2 040
2 550
580
1 160
1 740
2 320
2 900
640
1 280
1 920
2 560
3 200
670
1 340
2 010
2 680
3 350
810
1 620
2 430
3 240
4 050
4.16
6.6
10
Steps
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
kvar - 60 Hz
Min.
20
40
80
140
1 050
65
130
260
455
3 250
65
130
260
455
3 200
125
250
500
1 000
1 890
Max.
260
520
780
1 040
1 300
780
1 560
2 340
3 120
3 900
770
1 540
2 310
3 080
3 850
750
1 500
2 250
3 000
3 750
Composition
Each CP253SAH bank comprises the following
elements:
An enclosure in unpainted aluminium or
galvanized steel, IP 23 for indoor installation.
PROPIVAR three-phase capacitors
(1 or 2 elements per step).
One ROLLARC SF6 contactor per step.
A detuning reactor (dry type, with magnetic
core, air cooling) per step.
Three HRC fuses (with striker) per step.
Options
Step auto/manual selector switch.
Sets of two quick discharge reactors:
7.2 - 12 kV.
Blown fuse indicator.
Earthing switch.
1 stepp
2 steps
p
3 steps
p
4 steps
p
5 steps
p
H
2 000
2 000
2 000
2 000
2 000
DE90102b
DE90075
80
D
L
1 500
2 600
3 700
4 800
5 900
D
2 400
2 400
2 400
2 400
2 400
29
MV capacitor
banks
Application
DE90067
The CP227 medium-voltage capacitor banks are designed for use in electrical networks
up to 36 kV. This range is mainly used for total installation compensation.
4
2
5
1
1: Frame
2: Quick discharge reactors
3: Unbalance CT
4: Inrush reactors
5: Capacitors
These banks are connected in double star and the unbalance current detection system
provides protection against internal faults. The proposed CP227 compensation banks
can be installed outdoors or indoors, mounted in aluminium or steel enclosures.
NB: CP 227 SAH fixed banks with detuning reactor are designed and proposed on request.
30
Power (kvar)
Power (kvar)
DE90063
Electrical characteristics
Composition
Each CP227 bank comprises the following elements:
An enclosure in unpainted aluminium or galvanized steel, IP 23 for indoor installation.
PROPIVAR capacitors (6, 9 or 12 elements depending on the power of the bank).
Three inrush current limiting reactors.
A current transformer for unbalance protection.
Options
Outdoor type enclosure (panels in
unpainted aluminium).
Double roof for outdoor type enclosure.
Door with lock.
DE90064
DE90101
80
D
31
MV capacitor
banks
DE90109
The CP254 medium-voltage capacitor banks are designed for use in electrical networks up to
36 kV. They are used for total installation compensation, when the load level is fluctuating.
4
3
1
2
1: Frame
2: Insulators of earthing switch
3: Quick discharge reactors
4: Detuning reactors
5: Unbalance CT
6: Capacitors
7: SF6 switch
These banks are connected in double star and the unbalance current detection system provides
protection against internal faults. Several banks (in that case called steps) can be controlled
by a power factor controller to form an automatic capacitor bank. The steps are connected in
parallel with power cables (outside our scope of supply).
NB: CP 254 SAH fixed banks with detuning reactor are designed and proposed on request.
32
Electrical characteristics
Mains voltage (kV)
15
20
22
30
33
kvar - 50 Hz
Min.
600
600
720
1 200
1 440
Max.
4 200
4 800
5 760
4 800
5 760
13.8
33
kvar - 60 Hz
Min.
Max.
600
4 200
1 740
6 960
Composition
Each CP254 bank comprises the following elements:
An enclosure in unpainted aluminium or galvanized steel, IP 23 for indoor installation.
PROPIVAR capacitors (6, 9 or 12 elements per step depending on the power of the bank).
An SF6 switch.
Three inrush current limiting reactors.
A current transformer for unbalance protection.
Options
* 2 relays are used for banks having capacitors with internal fuses; a single relay is required when there are no internal
fuses. If the monitoring and protection cubicle option is selected, the relays are installed in the cubicle.
DE90103
DE90076
80
Insulation up to 24 kV
H: 2000 mm, L: 2600 mm, D: 1400 mm.
36 kV insulation
H: 2100 mm, L: 3000 mm, D: 2100 mm.
Approximate weight: 450 to 1550 kg.
33
MV capacitor
banks
Application
DE90068
5
1
2
6
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
Frame
Insulators
Unbalance CT
Supporting stands
Capacitors
Copper busbar
Connection pad
These banks are connected in double star (up to 36 capacitors) and the unbalance current
detection system provides protection against internal faults.
NB: CP 229 SAH fixed banks with detuning reactor are designed and proposed on request.
34
Electrical characteristics
Options
Inrush reactors (supplied separately).
DE90104
DE90065
35
MV capacitor
banks
DE90069
These capacitor banks are custom designed, in accordance with customer specifications.
Generally, they are used on high-voltage networks to increase the lines transmission capacity
and reduce voltage drops.
7
6
3
10
2
9
8
1
11
4
5
1: Frame
2, 3 & 4: Insulators
5: Supports
6: Lifting rings
7: Connection pad
8: Capacitors
9: Inrush reactors
10: Neutral busbar
11: Unbalance CT
The banks of the CP230 range are mounted in aluminium or galvanised steel frames. Schneider
Electric can propose capacitor banks for networks up to 230 kV.
36
Electrical characteristics
Rated frequency: 50 Hz or 60 Hz.
Insulation: up to 245 kV.
Maximum reactive power: 100 Mvar, for higher values, please contact us.
Tolerance on capacitance value: 0, +5%.
Inrush current limiting reactors: single-phase reactors, dry type
air core.
DE90105
DE90077
37
Power Factor
Correction and
harmonic filtering
Protection systems
Contents
40
41
42
39
Protection
systems
DE90057
1.33 IN
1.33 UNE
If=1.33 IN
1.33 UNE
1.33 UNE
Overload
Overload is due to a permanent or temporary overcurrent:
permanent overcurrent due to:
- a rise in the supply voltage;
- the circulation of a harmonic current due to the presence of nonlinear
loads such as static converters (rectifiers, variable speed drives),
arc furnaces, etc.;
temporary overcurrent due to energizing of steps of a bank.
An overload results in overheating which is harmful to dielectric
strength, and causes premature capacitor ageing.
DE90056
0.978 IN
0.978 UNE
0.978 UNE
1.067 UNE
0.978 UNE
40
Phase-to-earth fault
The earth fault consists either of an internal fault between a live part of
the capacitor and the frame consisting of the metal enclosure which is
earthed (for protection of human life), or an external fault between live
conductors and the frame.
The effects of the short circuit depend on the sum of the fault impedance
and the loop impedance (which depends on the networks earthing system).
The resulting current may be very low and inadequate to cause blowing
of external fuses, which may result in a gradual overpressure (accumulation
of gases) and heavy stresses on the enclosure.
Protection
systems
People safety
Earthing switch
This is a safety-critical component, designed to ground and discharge
capacitors prior to maintenance to allow human intervention
on the installation in complete safety.
The capacitor terminals must be earthed and kept earthed while
the servicing operation is in progress.
Line disconnector
PE90101
Earthing switch
41
Protection
systems
Protection of capacitors
Internal fuses
Propivar capacitors (single-phase capacitors) can be supplied with
protection by an internal fuse combined with each element.
In the event of failure of one element, it will be disconnected and
isolated. Failure of an element can occur:
when the capacitors voltage is close to maximum magnitude. In this
case, power stored in the capacitances of the parallel elements causes
blowing of the internal fuse (Fig. 1);
when the capacitors voltage is close to zero. Circulation of total
capacitor current causes blowing of the internal fuse (Fig. 2).
DE90078
DE90079
42
PE90092
External fuses
PE90103
HRC fuses
Inrush reactors
PE90104
Inrush reactors
Inrush reactors are connected in series to each step and serves to limit
the current peak which occurs during switch-on operations.
The inductance value is chosen to ensure that the peak current
occurring during operations always remain less than 100 times
the current rating of the bank.
Main characteristics:
Air-core reactors, dry type.
Single-phase configuration.
Indoor or outdoor installation.
In compliance with IEC or equivalent standards.
Unbalance protection
43
Power Factor
Correction and
harmonic filtering
Components
Contents
MV Propivar capacitor
Varlogic power factor controller
Current Transformer
Potential Transformer
Detuning or filtering reactor
Rollarc contactor SF1& SF2 circuit breakers
SF1& SF2 circuit breakers
Control and monitoring unit
Digital protection relay: Sepam
46
48
49
49
50
51
52
53
54
45
Components
MV Propivar capacitor
052312_SE
Description
A medium-voltage Propivar capacitor takes the form of a metal
enclosure with terminals on top.
This enclosure contains a set of capacitor elements. Wired in seriesparallel groups, they can form unit elements of high power
for high network voltages. Two types are proposed:
with internal fuses (single-phase capacitor), available with Q > 150 kvar;
without internal fuse (three-phase or single-phase capacitor).
These capacitors are provided with discharge resistors to reduce
the residual voltage to 75 V, 10 minutes after their switching off.
On request, the capacitors can be supplied with resistors to reduce
the residual voltage to 50 V in 5 minutes, or without discharge resistor.
Composition
The capacitor elements forming the Propivar capacitor are made of:
aluminium sheet armatures;
polypropylene films;
a PCB chlorine free dielectric fluid.
Main characteristics
Propivar capacitors have a long service life increased by their thermal
resistance and their low losses, their chemical stability and
their resistance to overvoltages and overcurrents.
Single-phase Propivar
Thermal resistance
At low temperature, these capacitors start up without any special
precautions.
At higher ambient temperatures, they sustain very slight heating,
so that there is no risk of modification of the dielectric insulation
properties.
DB108807
Chemical stability
Transient surges in networks and partial discharge levels in enclosures
cause accelerated ageing of capacitor elements. The exceptionally long
service life of Propivar capacitors is due to the intrinsic properties
of the dielectric fluid, namely:
very high chemical stability;
high power of absorption of gases generated during partial
discharges;
very high dielectric strength
Overvoltage and overcurrent resistance
Capacitors can accept:
an overvoltage of 1.10 UN, 12 h per day;
an overvoltage at power frequency of 1.15 UN, 30 minutes per day;
a permanent overcurrent of 1.3 IN.
Their resistance is verified (EDF certification) by:
1000 non-consecutive cycles at an overvoltage level of 2.25 UN
(cycle duration 12 periods);
ageing tests at 1.4 UN (3,000 hours).
Propivar capacitor with internal fuse, built with
4 series group of 12, parallel elements complete
with discharge resistors
46
Insulation voltage
In accordance with Standard IEC 60871-1 and 2.
Highest voltage for the equipment Um
kV
7.2
12
17.5
24
36
Insulation level
kV rms, 50 Hz-1 mn
kV impulse, 1,2/50 s
38
95
50
125
70
170
20
60
28
75
19.8
27.5
38
Insulation level
kV rms, 50 Hz-1 mn
kV impulse, 1,2/50 s
36
125
50
150
70
200
24
75
30
95
Environmental protection
The Propivar capacitor contains a dielectric liquid with no PCB
or chlorine, compatible with the environment.
Other characteristics
Operating frequency
Temperature range(1)
Average loss factor
at 20C after stabilization
Maximum
nominal
reactive power(2)
50 Hz or 60 Hz
-40 to +50C
0.16 W/kvar with internal fuses
0.12 W/kvar without internal fuse
450 kvar
Three-phase
capacitor
Single-phase
capacitor
600 kvar
Tolerance
-5 % to +15 %
on capacitance value
Relative capacitance
-3.5 . 10-4/C
variation C/C per C
Connection
on resin terminals for cables of cross section 50 mm2
Sealed welded enclosure Thickness
1.5 mm
Material: stainless steel 304L
Colour
RAL 7038 grey
Corrosion protection treatment
Fastening
by 2 pierced lugs for M10 screws
DB113001
DB113002
Single-phase Propivar
Three-phase Propivar
47
Components
PB10032_SE
PB10033_SE
Varlogic NRC12
Output relay
Screen
Degree of protection
Target pf (cos ) range
Response current C/K
Reconnection time
Response time
Values displayed
Type of installation
Enclosure
Operating temperature
Alarm history
Stepped meter
Fan control
by dedicated relay
Alarm contact
TC range
Detection
of voltage dips
Communication
12
155 x 158 x 80 mm
50 Hz nominal (range 48...52 Hz)
60 Hz nominal (range 58...62 Hz)
01 A or 0...5 A
80690 V (nominal, max. 115%)
100 000 kVA
13 VA
110 V nominal, (range 88...130 V)
230 V nominal, (range 185...265 V)
400 V nominal, (range 320...460 V)
250 V, 2 A
Graphic display, resolution 64x128 pixels, backlit
IP41 front panel, IP20 rear panel
48
Components
Current Transformer
Potential Transformer
Current Transformer
Composition and types
Current Transformers are designed to perform protection and
monitoring functions.
Detection of overcurrents in capacitor banks and supply of a signal
to the protection relay.
Supply of a signal to the power factor controller.
They are of the following types:
wound (most common type): when the primary and secondary include
a coil wound on the magnetic circuit;
bushing type: primary formed by a conductor not isolated from
the installation;
toroidal: primary formed by an isolated cable.
DE52359
DE52344
Magnetic core
The double star arrangement and unbalance protection require the use
of special current transformers (class X).
Magnetic core
Closed core type current
transformer
PE56030
Current Transformer
Potential Transformer
Composition and types
Potential Transformers are designed to perform protection and
monitoring functions.
Detection of over-/under-voltages in capacitor banks and supply
of a signal to the protection relay.
Supply of a signal to the power factor controller.
PE56700
Phase-earth Potential
Transformer
49
Components
PE90094
Indoor installation.
Three-phase type.
Max. voltage 12 kV.
Connection to copper pad.
Weight up to 2000 kg.
PE90093
PE90096
Indoor installation.
Three-phase type.
Max. voltage 24 kV.
IEC 60076-6 standard.
Fire resistance.
Temperature class F.
Connection to copper pad.
Weight up to 2000 kg.
PE90095
50
Components
Rollarc contactor
Applications
Reference standards
IEC 60470 standard: High-Voltage Alternating Current Contactors
and Contactor-Based Motor-Starters.
IEC 62271-105 standard: High-voltage switchgear and controlgear,
Alternating current switch-fuse combinations.
Electrical characteristics
Rated
voltage
UR (kV)
50/60Hz
kV
7,2
Insulation level
Breaking capacity
Inpulse
1,2/50s
kV peak
60
1 mn
50/60Hz
kV rms
20
kA
10
with
fuses
kA
50
12
60
28
40
Rated
current
IR
A
400
400
PE56761
PE90105
Without fuse
Power (kvar)
1255
1585
2510
3810
4570
1: MV connections
2: LV connections
3: Auxiliary contacts
4: Pressure switch
5: Electromagnetic control
mechanism
6: Mechanical latching
device (R400D)
7: Opening release
8: Mounting points
9: Insulating enclosure
10: Rating plate
Rollarc contactor (connections)
51
Components
PE56501
Description
The SF circuit breaker, in its basic fixed version, consists of:
3 main poles, linked mechanically and each comprising an insulating
enclosure of the sealed pressure system type. The sealed enclosure
is filled with SF6 at low pressure.
A spring type energy storage manual control (electrical on option).
This means the devices making speed and breaking speed
are independent of the operator. When it is provided with electric
control, the circuit breaker can be remotely controlled and resetting
cycles can be performed.
Front panel with the manual control and status indicators.
Downstream and upstream terminals for power circuit connection.
A terminal block for connection of external auxiliary circuits.
Depending on these characteristics, the SF circuit breaker is available
with a front or side control mechanism.
Options
PE56503
SF1 circuit-breaker
Electric control
Supporting frame fitted with rollers and floor mounting brackets
for a fixed installation.
Circuit breaker locking in open position by lock installed
on the control front plate.
SF6 pressure switch for highest performance.
Applications
The SF devices are three-pole MV circuit breakers for indoor use.
They are chiefly used for switching and protection of networks
from 12 to 36 kV in the distribution of primary and secondary power.
With self-compression of the SF6 gas, which is the switch-off technique
used in these circuit breakers, the establishment or interruption
of any type of capacitive or inductive current is performed without
any dangerous overvoltage for the equipment connected to
the network.
The SF circuit breaker is therefore highly appropriate for the switching
of capacitor banks.
SF2 circuit-breaker
SF1 fixed
Side or front operating mechanism
Rated voltage Ur (kV, 50/60 Hz)
SF2 fixed
Front operating mechanism
40.5 kV
36 kV
24 kV
36 kV
24 kV
17.5 kV
12 kV
Rated short-circuit breaking current (Isc )
25 kA
from 12.5 to 25 kA
from 12.5
to 40 kA
Rated current (Ir )
630 A
from 400 to 1 250 A
52
from 25
to 40 kA
31.5 kA
2 500 A
1 750 A
Components
Description
These enclosures are designed for indoor installation.
They comprise the following elements:
A Varlogic power factor controller;
A Sepam digital protection relay:
Unbalance protection relays;
Indicator lamps
- ON
- for each step, Step ON, Step OFF, Unbalance alarm,
Unbalance trip.
Option
PE90106
53
Components
PA40431
Communicate openly
In addition to the DNP3, IEC 60870-5-103 and Modbus standards,
Sepam complies with IEC 61850 and uses the communication
protocol that is todays market standard to interface with all brands
of electrical-distribution devices.
S20
S24
Protection of a capacitor
bank (delta connection)
without voltage monitoring
capacitor bank shortcircuit protection
54
S40
C86
Protection of a capacitor
bank (delta connection)
without voltage monitoring
capacitor bank sc
protection
U et f monitoring
overload protection:
(Sepam C86)
C86
Technical specifications
: standard
: option
* Figures indicate
the number of protection
functions available
Protections*
Phase overcurrent
Earth fault
Sensitive earth fault
Breaker failure
Negative sequence / unbalance
Thermal overload for capacitors
Capacitor-bank unbalance
Positive sequence undervoltage
Remanent undervoltage
Undervoltage (L-L or L-N)
Overvoltage (L-L or L-N)
Neutral voltage displacement
Negative sequence overvoltage
Overfrequency
Underfrequency
Temperature monitoring (16RTDs)
Measures
Phase current RMS I1, I2, I3
Measured residual current I0
Demand current I1, I2, I3
Peak demand current IM1, IM2, IM3
Measured residual curent I0, I0
Voltage U21, U32, U13, V1, V2, V3
Residual voltage V0
Frquency
Active power P, P1, P2, P3
Reactive power Q, Q1, Q2, Q3
Apparent power S, S1, S2, S3
Peak demand power PM, QM
Power factor
Active and reactive energy
Network, switchgear and capacitors
Tripping current
tripI1, tripI2, tripI3, tripI0
Harmonic distortion (THD) current
and voltage THDi, THDu
Phase displacement 0, '0, 0
Phase displacement 1, 2, 3
Disturbance recording
Thermal capacity used
Capacitor unbalance
current and capacitance
CT/PT supervision
Trip circuit supervision
Auxiliary power supply monitoring
Cumulative breaking current
Number of operations
Control and monitoring
Circuit breaker/contactor control
Logic discrimination
Latching/acknowledgement
Annunciation
Communication protocols S-LAN
Modbus RTU
Modbus TCP/IP
DNP3
CEI 60870-5-103
CEI 61850
S10B
S20
S24
S40
C86
50/51
50N/51N
50G/51G
50BF
46
49RMS
51C
27D
27R
27
59
59N
47
81H
81L
38/49T
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
4
4
4
1
2
8
8
8
1
2
1
8
2
2
4
4
2
2
2
4
2
2
2
1
2
4
diagnosis
60/60FL
74
94/69
68
86
30
55
Power Factor
Correction and
harmonic filtering
Specific equipments
Contents
58
60
61
62
57
Specific
equipments
DE90083
25 / 4.16 kV
25 / 4.16 kV
2000 A
2000 A
CT (3) 1000/5
CT (3) 1000/5
1200A
4.16kV
4.16kV
CT (3) 1000:5
2000A
6 x 250kvar
Accusine
Example of implementation
58
PE90082
PE90046
4.16 / 0.48 kV
1225 kvar
MV bank
with detuning
reactors
DE90084
Operation
The fixed capacitor bank constantly injects a capacitive reactive current
into the network. The electronic device injects a reactive, capacitive
or inductive current, continually and in less than one period (20 ms 50 Hz), to compensate the major rapid fluctuations in reactive power
consumption due to the load.
Characteristics
fixed kvar
load
AccuSine
result kvar
Applications
PE90074
Energy
- Connection of wind-power or solar farms.
Industry
- Arc furnaces: voltage regulation and flicker attenuation.
- Welding machines: voltage regulation and flicker attenuation.
- Crushers: flicker attenuation.
- Pumping stations: starting assistance for high-powered MV motors.
- Cold/hot rolling mills: attenuation of harmonics and improvement of
the power factor of rapidly fluctuating loads.
AccuSine range
59
Specific
equipments
PE90097
60
Specific
equipments
Blocking circuits
Principle
DE90054
400
Reactor
Reactor
1640
DE90054
Insulator 24kV
Path AL
6060
900
900
Capacitor
20
300
413
1100
20
Superimposed mounting
Juxtaposed mounting
Technical characteristics
(passive blocking circuit for 15 and 20 kV networks )
PE90083
Tuning frequency
Insulation level
Available ratings
Characteristics of components
of 175 Hz blocking circuits
Single-phase capacitors
Single-phase reactors
Characteristics of components
of 188 Hz blocking circuits
Single-phase capacitors
Single-phase reactors
Maximum ambient temperature
Altitude
Mounting
IP
1200
1100
1000
1100
Phase 1
In-line arrangement
Phase 2
Phase 3
Phase 2
4150 min.
Phase 1
600
1100 1100
1155
1100
Phase 3
1200
1100
2400
1200
1100
1150
6600 min
min.
1200
DE90055
DE90055
Blocking circuit
175 or 188 Hz
(other frequencies on request)
Up to 24 kV
200, 300 ou 400 A per phase
Delta arrangement
61
Specific
equipments
Principle
The characteristics of overvoltages of atmospheric origin serve as
a basis for the definition of surge protection devices.
The phenomenon of attenuation of transient overvoltages by surge
arresters and surge protection capacitors is described by means
of the figure below.
PE90098
DE90085
62
PE9099
Technical characteristics
Rated frequency
Insulation levels
Maximum voltage
Power-frequency withstand voltage
- 1 minute
Impulse withstand voltage
Tolerance on capacitance
Capacitance variation
Temperature class
Max. installation altitude
Enclosure
Connection
Coating
Mounting
Compliance - Standard
17.5 kV
38 kV rms
24 kV
50 kV rms
36 kV
70 kV rms
95 kV peak
125 kV peak 170 kV peak
-5, +15 %
C/C = -3.5 10-4 / C
-25, +55 C
< 1000 m
Stainless steel
Terminals for connection of cables of max.
cross section 50 mm2
Acrylic paint - RAL 7038 Thickness 50 m
2 pierced lugs for M10 bolts
IEC 60271
DE90080
DE90081
Surge protection
capacitor
50 Hz / 60 Hz
DE90080
Installation
DE90080
Chemical stability
63
Power Factor
Correction and
harmonic filtering
66
67
65
Installation
( drawings,
dimensions)
Drawing
80
MT20135
CP 214
Drawing
CP 214 SAH
Dimensions and weight
80
DE90062
Drawing
CP 227
Dimensions and weight
80
DE90064
Isolement 24 kV
H : 2000 mm, L : 1400 mm, D : 1400 mm.
36 kV insulation
H : 2000 mm, L : 3000 mm, D : 2100 mm.
Approximate weight: 450 to 1550 kg.
Drawing
CP 254
Dimensions and weight
80
DE90076
Insulation up to 24 kV
H : 2000 mm, L : 2600 mm, D : 1400 mm.
36 kV insulation
H : 2100 mm, L : 3000 mm, D : 2100 mm.
Approximate weight: 450 to 1550 kg.
66
CP 253
Dimensions
Number of steps
1
H : 2 000, L
2
H : 2 000, L
3
H : 2 000, L
4
H : 2 000, L
5
H : 2 000, L
:
:
:
:
:
1 500,
2 600,
3 700,
4 800,
5 900,
D
D
D
D
D
:
:
:
:
:
Drawing
1 600
1 600
1 600
1 600
1 600
DE90074
80
CP 253 SAH
Dimensions
Number of steps
1
H : 2 000, L
2
H : 2 000, L
3
H : 2 000, L
4
H : 2 000, L
5
H : 2 000, L
:
:
:
:
:
1 500,
2 600,
3 700,
4 800,
5 900,
Drawing
D
D
D
D
D
:
:
:
:
:
2 400
2 400
2 400
2 400
2 400
DE90075
80
CP 230
DE90077
DE90065
CP 229
67
Power Factor
Correction and
harmonic filtering
Services
Contents
70
71
69
Services
PE90100
Installation diagnosis
Solution definition
70
PE90090
Maintenance
Routine checks
Check and, if necessary, clean the ventilation systems (frequency
depends on local conditions).
Annual checks
Check connection clamping.
Check insulator cleanliness.
Check bank U, I, C and capacitance C values.
Measure ambient temperature for the capacitor bank.
Check operation of the safety features.
PE90091
71
Power Factor
Correction and
harmonic filtering
Design guide
Contents
74
75
76
73
Design guide
Installation conditions
General characteristics
This form specifies all the data to be provided to Schneider Electric from the price quote phase
to the order execution phase.
Site conditions
Country
Altitude
Atmosphere
Pollution / Creepage
distance, insulators
and bushings
Short-circuit
current power (kA)
Temperature (C)
1000 m
> 1000 m
Normal
Saline
SO2
Other
Low I (16 mm/kV)
Moderate II (20 mm/kV)
High III (25 mm/kV)
Very high IV (31 mm/kV)
> -25C
40 C
45 C
50 C
55 C
Standards
IEC
Others
General characteristics
Type of bank (STD, DR or filter)
Rated voltage (kV)
Power (kvar)
Rated frequency (Hz)
Insulation level
Max. voltage for the equipment
Power-frequency test voltage (50Hz - 1 mn)
Impulse test voltage (1.2 / 50 s)
Connection
74
DR
50
60
Filter
kV
kV rms
kV peak
Double star
Delta
H single-phase
Single-phase
Other
Depending on site conditions
Auxiliary voltages
STD
kA
sec
VDC
VAC
1
24
110
3
48
127
60
110
220-230
Other
125
220
Design guide
Frame/enclosure
Propivar capacitors
Frame/enclosure
Type
Indoor
Outdoor
IP 00
IP 54
Steel
Aluminium
Steel
Aluminium
Bare
Bare
Yes
Supplier standard
IP 23
Other:
Galvanised steel
Stainless steel
Galvanised steel
Stainless steel
Painted
Painted
No
Other
Door
Supplier standard
Other
Lock (type)
Supplier standard
Other
Degree of protection
Frame material
Panel material
Frame coating
Panel coating
Double roof
Colour
RAL
Propivar capacitors
Type
Design voltage (V)
Rated frequency (Hz)
Specification of steps
Insulation level
Max. voltage for the equipment
Power-frequency test voltage (50Hz - 1 mn)
Impulse test voltage (1.2 / 50 s)
Internal fuses
Terminal creepage distance
Three-phase
50
N
kvar
sequence
1
1
2
2
Single-phase
60
3
3
4
4
5
5
kV
kV rms
kV peak
Yes
No
Supplier standard
mm
mm/kV
V/min
Max. (C)
Min. (C)
Gradient
16
20
75/10
50/5
40
45
-25
Other
Supplier standard
Other
25
31
50
55
Other
V/m
75
Design guide
Additional equipment
Unbalance relays
Relays
Supplier standard
Other
Type
Thresholds
Mounting
Detuning reactors
Type
Installation
Trip
Alarm and trip
Supplied separately
In bank
In enclosure or cabinet with the control
and monitoring components
Resin-impregnated
Resin-encapsulated
Oil-immersed
Air core
1-phase
3-phase
Indoor
Outdoor
In enclosure
Outside the enclosure
Harmonic order
Measuring PT
Rated voltage (V/V) (primary/secondary)
Discharge function
Quantity
Yes
2
No
3
Protection CT
Power (VA)
Precision class
Number of protected phases
5P
1
3P
2
Switching device
Type
Breaking technology
Circuit breaker
SF6
Fuses
Inrush reactors
76
Contactor
Vacuum
Design guide
Additional equipment
Line disconnector
Earthing switch
Type
Earthing switch connection
Quantity
3-pole
Line side
1 per step
5-pole
Load side
1 per bank
Line side
Load side
Interlocking system
Supplier
pp
standard scheme
Other, to be defined
Monitoring/Control
g
Number of steps
p to be controlled
Installation
Controller
Protection relay
Type
yp
Sequence
q
Modbus com.
U
U (V) measurement
measurement
II (A) measurement
measurement
Functions
Byy default
No
NRC12
Yes
No
1 A secondary
y
Unbalance
Over current
O
Over
e voltage
o age
Other:
Type
yp
Quantity
Q
y
Auto
u o / 0 / Manual
a ua function
u c o
Indicator lamps
Cabinet
Cubicle
In ba
bank
Yes
NR6/NR12
Per step
p
Yes
es
5 A secondary
y
Overall
No
o
Aux. voltage
g presence
p
ON
O // step
step
s ep
OFF / step
p
Alarm-Unbalance-Blown
Alarm-Unbalance-Blown
Alarm
Unbalance Blown fuse
fuse
Other
Accessories
Ventilation
Supplier
S
pp
standard
Other
O
Yes
No
Type
yp
Lighting in bank
77
Power Factor
Correction and
harmonic filtering
Technical guide
Contents
80
Reactive energy
Reactive energy compensation
Reactive energy and network components
Power factors of typical equipment
Why compensate?
82
Economic benefits
Technical benefits
Reduction in transmission losses according to the power factor improvement
Economic evaluation of compensation
84
88
91
Capacitors
Delta-connected bank
Bank connected in double star
92
94
79
Reactive energy
In an electric circuit, the active power P is
the real power transmitted to loads such as motors,
lamps, furnaces, radiators, computers, etc.
The active electric power is converted into
mechanical power, heat or light. The physical unit
is the watt (W), the multiples kilowatt (kW) and
megawatt (MW) being used for convenience.
In a circuit in which the applied rms voltage is Vrms
and in which flows an rms current Irms,
the apparent power S is the product of Vrms x Irms.
The apparent power is therefore the basis
for sizing of electrical equipment. A device
(transformer, cable, switch, etc.) should be
designed on the basis of the rms values of
voltages and currents.
The physical unit of apparent power is the voltampere (VA), the multiples kilovolt-ampere (kVA)
and megavolt-ampere (MVA) being used for
convenience.
The power factor is the ratio of the active
power P (kW) to the apparent power S (kVA)
for a given circuit.
= P(kW)/S(kVA).
In the specific case where the current and voltage
are sinusoidal and phase-shifted by an angle ,
the power factor is equal to cos , called
the displacement power factor.
For most electric loads such as motors,
the current I lags the voltage V by an angle .
In vector representation, the current can therefore
be broken down into two components:
Ia in phase with the voltage and called
the active component;
Ir in quadrature with the voltage and called
the reactive component.
80
DE90086
Technical guide
DE90088
Qr
Qc
Fig. 1: Principle
of reactive energy
compensation
DE90089
Active
power
Reactive energy
and network components
Synchronous machines
These machines have an (active energy) generator
function when they convert mechanical energy
into electrical energy. In the opposite case, they are
motors. By adjusting their excitation, these machines
can supply or consume reactive energy.
In some cases, the machine supplies no active
energy: this is the case of the synchronous
compensator.
Asynchronous machines
These are distinguished from the preceeding
machines in particular by their property of being
always consumers of reactive energy. This energy
is very significant: from 25% to 35% of the active
energy at full load, and much more at partial
load. The asynchronous motor is in common use
universally. It is the main consumer of reactive
energy in industrial networks.
Lines and cables
The inductive and capacitive properties
of overhead lines and cables are such
that they are consumers of reactive energy.
Transformers
Transformers consume reactive energy
corresponding to about 5% to 10%
of the apparent energy passing through them.
Reactors
Reactors are chiefly consumers of reactive energy.
Active energy losses represent only a small
percentage of the reactive energy (QR) consumed.
Capacitors
Capacitors generate reactive energy with very
small losses, hence their use in the reactive
energy (QC) compensation application.
Motor
Before compensation
DE90089
Device
Asynchronous motor loaded at
Power
made
available
Active
power
Reactive
power
supplied by
capacitor
Motor
After compensation
Incandescent lamps
Non-compensated fluorescent lamps
Compensated fluorescent lamps (0.93)
Discharge lamps
Resistance furnaces
Induction furnaces with integral pf correction
Dielectric ovens
Resistance welding machines
Single-phase stationary arc welding stations
Rotary arc welding sets
Arc welding rectifier transformers
Arc furnaces
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
cos
0.17
0.55
0.73
0.80
0.85
1
0.5
0.93
0.4 to 0.6
1
0.85
0.85
0.8 to 0.9
0.5
0.7 to 0.9
0.7 to 0.8
0.8
tg
5.80
1.52
0.94
0.75
0.72
0
1.73
0.39
2.29 to
0
0.62
0.62
0.75 to
1.73
1.02 to
1.02 to
0.75
1.33
0.48
0.48
0.75
81
Why compensate?
Improvement of
the power factor of
an installation, known
as compensation,
offers numerous
benefits of
an economic and
technical nature.
Economic benefits
The benefits provided by reactive energy compensation are such that they give a very rapid
return on investment.
These benefits are as follows:
elimination of billing for excessive reactive
energy consumption;
reduction in subscribed demand in kVA;
decrease in active energy consumed in kWh
(losses reduction).
Technical benefits
Attenuation of voltage drops
The flow of reactive currents is responsible for
voltage drops on power supply lines.
These are detrimental to satisfactory operation of
the loads, even if the voltage at the head of the line is
satisfactory. The presence of a capacitor bank at end
of line can reduce this phenomenon.
The relative voltage level at the end of the line
is defined by the following formula:
DE90090
Technical guide
U(%) XLxQ/U
in which:
XL: reactance of the line;
Q: reactive power of the capacitor bank;
U: mains voltage.
Reduction in transmission losses at constant
active power
Losses due to conductor resistance are included
in the consumption recorded by active energy
counters (kWh). They are proportional to
the square of the current carried and decrease
as the power factor increases.
The table below gives the percentage
reduction in transmission losses according to
the improvement in the power factor.
82
40
36
32
29
25
21
17
13
9
4
41
37
34
30
27
23
19
15
11
6
2
42
39
35
32
28
24
21
17
13
9
4
43
40
37
33
30
26
22
18
14
10
6
45
41
38
35
31
28
24
10
16
12
8
46
43
39
36
33
29
25
22
18
14
10
47
44
41
37
34
31
27
23
20
16
12
48
45
42
39
35
32
29
25
21
18
14
49
46
43
40
37
33
30
27
23
19
16
50
47
44
41
38
35
31
28
25
21
17
Economic evaluation
of compensation
The economic benefits of compensation are
measured by comparing the cost of installation of
capacitor banks with the savings they provide.
Cost of capacitor banks
The cost of capacitor banks depends on several
factors, including:
the voltage level;
installed capacity;
number of steps;
the control mode;
the protection quality level.
Capacitors can be installed either at low voltage
or at medium voltage.
Note that:
medium-voltage compensation becomes
economically worthwhile when the capacity
to be installed exceeds 800 kvar;
below this value, compensation should,
if possible, preferably be performed at low voltage.
Savings obtained
Let us illustrate this by the following example of
an installation comprising a 20 kV/400 V transformer
of power 630 kVA (nominal apparent power).
Installation without capacitor
Characteristics of the installation: P = 500 kW
at cos = 0.75.
Consequences:
- The apparent power S is equal to 667 kVA;
- The transformer is overloaded by a factor
of 667/630, or about 6%;
- The reactive power Q is equal to 441 kvar
(cos = 0.75 corresponds to tg = 0.882)
and is billed by the power distributor;
- The circuit breaker and cables have to be
chosen for a total current of 962 A;
- The losses in the cables are proportional
to the square of the current, i.e. (962)2.
Installation with capacitor
Characteristics of the installation: P = 500 kW
at cos = 0.928.
Consequences:
- The apparent power S is equal to 539 kVA;
- The transformer is no longer overloaded. There is
a power reserve equal to 630/539, or about 17%;
- The reactive power Q is equal to 200 kvar
(cos = 0.928 corresponds to tg = 0.4).
This reactive power is billed at a reduced rate
or not at all by the power distributor;
- The losses in the cables are reduced
by a ratio of (778)2/(962)2 = 0.65, i.e. a 35% gain.
The reactive energy is supplied locally
by a capacitor bank of power 240 kvar.
83
Technical guide
Compensation
for an installation
is determined
in 4 stages.
Calculation of
reactive power.
Choice of
compensation mode.
- Global for the entire
installation.
- By sector.
- Separate for each
load.
Choice of
compensation type.
- Fixed by switching
on and off a bank
supplying a fixed
quantity of kvar.
- Automatic by
switching on and off
steps dividing up
the banks power
and making it possible
to adapt to
the kvar needs of
the installation.
Allowance for
harmonics.
In what follows,
we describe
these various stages
in greater detail.
Stage one:
Calculation of reactive power
Example: A motor
has a power rating
of 1000 kW and
a cos of 0.8
(tg = 0.75).
To obtain cos =
0.95, you must install
a reactive power in
capacitors equal to
k x P, namely:
Qc = 0.421 x 1000 =
421 kvar
84
Principle of calculation
The aim is to determine the reactive power Qc (kvar)
to be installed in order to increase the power factor
cos and reduce the apparent power S.
For < , we shall have: cos > cos
and tg < tg.
This is illustrated by the figure below.
DE90091
Pa
S
QR
S Qc
Before
Reactive
Re
power (kvar) to be
compensation tg 0.75
0.620 0.484
cos 0.80
co
0.85 0.90
tg
tg
g
cos
2.29
0.4
1.541 1.672 1.807
2.16
0.42
1.411 1.541 1.676
2.04
0.44
1.291 1.421 1.557
1.93
0.46
1.180 1.311 1.446
1.83
0.48
1.078 1.208 1.343
1.73
0.5
0.982 1.112 1.248
1.64
0.52
0.893 1.023 1.158
1.56
0.54
0.809 0.939 1.074
1.48
0.56
0.729 0.860 0.995
1.40
0.58
0.655 0.785 0.920
1.33
0.6
0.583 0.714 0.849
1.27
0.62
0.515 0.646 0.781
1.20
0.64
0.451 0.581 0.716
1.14
0.66
0.388 0.519 0.654
1.08
0.68
0.328 0.459 0.594
1.02
0.70
0.270 0.400 0.536
0.96
0.72
0.214 0.344 0.480
0.91
0.74
0.159 0.289 0.425
0.86
0.76
0.105 0.235 0.371
0.80
0.78
0.052 0.183 0.318
0.75
0.80
0.130 0.266
0.70
0.82
0.078 0.214
0.65
0.84
0.026 0.162
0.59
0.86
0.109
0.54
0.88
0.055
0.48
0.90
1.865
1.735
1.615
1.504
1.402
1.306
1.217
1.133
1.053
0.979
0.907
0.839
0.775
0.712
0.652
0.594
0.538
0.483
0.429
0.376
0.324
0.272
0.220
0.167
0.114
0.058
1.896
1.766
1.646
1.535
1.432
1.337
1.247
1.163
1.084
1.009
0.938
0.870
0.805
0.743
0.683
0.625
0.569
0.514
0.460
0.407
0.355
0.303
0.251
0.198
0.145
0.089
1.928
1.798
1.678
1.567
1.465
1.369
1.280
1.196
1.116
1.042
0.970
0.903
0.838
0.775
0.715
0.657
0.601
0.546
0.492
0.439
0.387
0.335
0.283
0.230
0.177
0.121
1.963
1.832
1.712
1.602
1.499
1.403
1.314
1.230
1.151
1.076
1.005
0.937
0.872
0.810
0.750
0.692
0.635
0.580
0.526
0.474
0.421
0.369
0.317
0.265
0.211
0.156
2.000
1.869
1.749
1.639
1.536
1.440
1.351
1.267
1.188
1.113
1.042
0.974
0.909
0.847
0.787
0.729
0.672
0.617
0.563
0.511
0.458
0.406
0.354
0.302
0.248
0.193
2.041
1.910
1.790
1.680
1.577
1.481
1.392
1.308
1.229
1.154
1.083
1.015
0.950
0.888
0.828
0.770
0.713
0.658
0.605
0.552
0.499
0.447
0.395
0.343
0.289
0.234
2.088
1.958
1.838
1.727
1.625
1.529
1.440
1.356
1.276
1.201
1.130
1.062
0.998
0.935
0.875
0.817
0.761
0.706
0.652
0.599
0.547
0.495
0.443
0.390
0.337
0.281
2.149
2.018
1.898
1.788
1.685
1.590
1.500
1.416
1.337
1.262
1.191
1.123
1.058
0.996
0.936
0.878
0.821
0.766
0.713
0.660
0.608
0.556
0.503
0.451
0.397
0.342
2.291
2.161
2.041
1.930
1.828
1.732
1.643
1.559
1.479
1.405
1.333
1.265
1.201
1.138
1.078
1.020
0.964
0.909
0.855
0.802
0.750
0.698
0.646
0.593
0.540
0.484
Stage two:
Choice of compensation mode
Where to install capacitors?
The location of capacitors on an electrical
network is determined by:
the goal sought (elimination of penalties, relief
for cables, transformers, etc., raising the voltage
level);
the load conditions (stable or rapidly variable);
the foreseeable influence of the capacitors on
the network characteristics;
the cost of installation.
Reactive energy compensation can be:
total;
broken down by sector;
separate for each load.
It is more economical to install capacitor banks
in medium and high voltage for power ratings
greater than about 800 kvar. Analysis of
the networks of the various countries, however,
shows that there is no universal rule.
Global compensation
The bank is connected at the head of
the installation to be compensated and performs
compensation for the entire installation. It is
suitable when the load is stable and continuous.
Example below:
HV bank on HV distribution system (1);
MV bank for MV subscriber (2);
Regulated or fixed LV bank for LV subscriber (3).
Compensation by sector
The bank is connected at the head of
the installation sector to be compensated.
This is suitable when the installation is extensive
and includes workshops having different load
conditions.
Example below:
MV bank on MV network (4);
LV bank for each workshop for MV subscriber (5).
Individual compensation
The bank is connected directly to the terminals
of each inductive type load (especially motors).
It should be considered when the motor power
is high relative to the subscribed demand.
This compensation is technically ideal because
it produces the reactive energy at the very place
where it is consumed, and in a quantity adjusted
to the demand. Example below: LV bank for load
n6.
compensation
DE90092
HV distribution network
MV distribution network
MV/LV
distribution
transformer
MV/LV
transformer
MV/LV
transformer
LV busbar
LV subscriber
MV subscriber
MV subscriber
85
Technical guide
Automatic compensation
The banks are divided up into steps
with capability for switching on or off
a smaller or larger number of steps, generally
automatically.
This is an automatic adjustment to the load level.
These banks are very commonly used by certain
heavy industries with high power demand
and energy distributors in source substations.
This allows step-by-step regulation of reactive
energy.
Each step is operated by a switch or a contactor
using SF6 breaking technology.
Capacitor step switching on or off can be
controlled by power factor relays. For this
purpose, a current transformer should be
positioned upstream of the loads and banks.
U 2h
THDU (%) = 100x
U1
86
fnatural =
Ssc
Q
Ssc: short-circuit power in kVA.
Q: power of the capacitor bank in kvar.
f: power supply frequency.
The resonances effect will be all the more
pronounced as fnatural is close to that of one of
the harmonics present. The applied current
overload will cause overheating and then
premature ageing of the capacitor.
Choice of solution
In addition to systematic oversizing of power
connections, the other measures to be taken
depend on the comparison between:
Gh: total power in kVA of all harmonic generating
equipment (static converters, UPSs, variable
speed drives). If the power is known in kW, divide
by 0.7 to estimate Gh in kVA.
Ssc: short-circuit power of the network (kVA).
Sn: power of the upstream transformer(s).
If several transformers are in parallel, allow for
the possible outage of a transformer.
The choice is summarized in the following table.
Gh Scc / 120 Scc / 120 < Gh < Scc / 70
Standard
Equipement
equipment with oversized
capacitors
1.2 x UN
Equipement
with DR
and oversized
capacitors
Businesses process
Textile
Paper-works
Printing
Chemistry, Pharmacy
Plastic
Glass, Cramic
Steel
Metallurgy
Automotive
Cement
Mining, Quarrying
Refineries
Equipment
Standard
Oversized
DR
87
Technical guide
General characteristics
of switchgear and controlgear
The equipment used is defined by the following
selection criteria:
rated voltage and current;
making current;
capacitive breaking capacity;
making capacity;
number of operations.
Precautions should be taken concerning:
The capacitive breaking capacity (kA rms).
The problem is due to the existence, after
switching off, of a restriking voltage equal to
the difference between the mains voltage
and the charging voltage of the capacitors.
The device must be capable of preventing
this restriking.
The making capacity (kA peak) which must
be able to withstand inrush currents.
88
Fixed bank
DE90093
Lo
U3
n+1
Bank power
Q = U2C = 3UIcapa
Q = U2C = 3UIcapa ;
Q = Power of each step
Peak making
current
Ie = 1 x 1 x Icapa 2
LoC
Ie = 2 x U x n x C
n+1 l
3
Ie = Icapa 2 x Scc
Q
1
fe =
2 LoC
Ie = Icapa x 2 x
fe = 1
2 lC
Q-factor,
mains
(n+2)/(n+1)
Q-factor,
bank
2n/(n+1)
Inrush reactor
Calculation
inrush reactor
L . 10
Natural frequency
2Q
3 Imax peak
x natural
n+1
fnetwork
U
Scc
L . 2.10 x Q x
3
n
n+1
1
Imax peak
L0 = 386 H.
C = 26.3 F.
Icapa = 26.2 A.
Ie = 1173 A.
fe = 1581 Hz.
C = 36,8 F.
Icapa = 36.7 A.
without inrush reactor
l = 2,5 H.
Ie = 11490 A !!
fe = 16.5 kHz.
inrush limiting reactor L is mandatory in order to
limit Ie to a value lower than 100 Icapa either:
L = 50 H.
Ie = 2508 A.
fe = 3619 Hz.
89
Technical guide
Switchgear
used for capacitor control
Switches are chosen for banks with a low rate
of operations (at most 2 operations per day);
above this, contactors are used.
For the most powerful banks (connected in double
star), the SF6 switch or circuit breaker is the most
appropriate device. All switchgear and controlgear
should be sized for 1.43 times the rated current
of the capacitor bank.
The switched capacitive current values given
by the manufacturer should be complied with
(see table below).
90
Capacitors
Delta-connected bank
The capacitor is
a reliable component
if it is used in
the conditions for which
it has been designed
and manufactured.
It is formed of elements
placed in series to resist
voltage, and placed
in parallel to obtain
the wanted capacitance. There are two
types of capacitor at
present: with or without
internal fuses.
Capacitors
with internal fuses
Each element is
protected by a fuse.
In this case, any fault
in an element will be
eliminated. The defective circuit will be isolated. The result will be
a slight capacitance
variation and the voltage
will be distributed over
the sound elements in
series. The setting of
the unbalance relay shall
be such that
the loss of elements
of a given unit in series
causes switching off
of the bank when
the resulting overvoltage
exceeds the limits
determined by the
standard (IEC 60871).
Protection by internal
fuses increases
the availability of capacitor banks, because
the loss of one element
does not systematically
result in switching off of
the bank.
Protection
Protection is provided by an unbalance relay
detecting a current flowing in the circuit between
the two neutrals of the stars. The unbalance
current is generally less than 1 A. The setting
value will be given after calculation for each
bank. The setting threshold is given by the
manufacturer. It depends on the internal structure
of the bank (series and parallel combination of
capacitor units) and on whether or not internal
fuses for capacitor protection are present.
The time delay is approximately several tenths
of a second. In addition to this protection,
provision should be made for overload protection
on each phase. The value shall be set to 1.43
times the rated current of the bank.
DE90095
Capacitors without
internal fuses
Capacitor failure is
the result of failure of
an internal element.
A fault in an element
results in short-circuiting of a unit in series
and hence a rise in
the voltage on the other
units in series. Having
no protection device
inside the capacitor,
the fault will be eliminated only by cutoff of
the bank or separation
of the circuit in
the defective capacitor.
DE90094
Technical guide
91
Technical guide
MV asynchronous motor
compensation
Risk of self-excitation of asynchronous motors
in the presence of capacitors
When a motor drives a load of high inertia,
after a supply voltage interruption, it can continue
to rotate due to its inertia. It can in that case be
self-excited by the presence at its terminals of
capacitors that could provide it with the reactive
energy needed for its operation as an asynchronous generator. This self-excitation causes
overvoltages exceeding the maximum voltage Um
of the network.
92
Nominal
1500
28
34
43
54
68
76
86
97
108
215
430
DE90096
DE90097
Power rating
(kW)
132
160
200
250
315
355
400
450
500
1000
2000
Inrush reactors
where applicable
Capacitor mounting in parallel with separate control
MV transformer compensation
The power rating of a transformer is given
as apparent power (kVA). The greater tg
(or the smaller cos ), the lower the active power
available for a transformer. The transformer and
the installation are therefore poorly optimized.
The connection of capacitors to the MV terminals
of the transformer therefore offers two advantages:
Compensate magnetic losses and relieve
the upstream installation. This is extremely
interesting, because the transformer generally
stays energized permanently.
For the reactive power values to be compensated,
see table below.
Increase the active power available on
the transformer secondary. It is worthwhile,
in the event of a current or future extension,
improving the power factor and thus avoiding
investment in a new transformer.
Apparent power
(MVA)
Primary voltage
(kV)
Secondary voltage
(kV)
2.5
20
30
20
30
20
30
20
30
10 to 36
10 to 36
10 to 36
10 to 36
10 to 36
10 to 36
10 to 36
10 to 36
10 to 36
3 to 16
3 to 16
3 to 16
3 to 16
3 to 16
3 to 16
3 to 16
3 to 16
3 to 20
3 to 20
3 to 20
3 to 20
3 to 20
3 to 20
3 to 20
3 to 20
3 to 20
3.15
4
5
6.3
8
10
12.5
16
20
25
31.5
40
Short-circuit
voltage
Usc (%)
6.5
6.5
7
7
7
7
7.5
7.5
8.1
8.4
8.9
9.4
10.1
11
12.1
13.5
15.3
Reactive power
to be compensated
unloaded (kvar)
40
50
50
60
60
70
70
80
70
80
90
120
130
140
175
190
240
93
Technical guide
Scope of application
The standards (IEC 60871) apply to capacitor
units and capacitor banks designed in particular
to be used to correct the power factor
of alternating-current networks having a rated
voltage greater than or equal to 1000 V,
of frequency equal to 16 2/3 , 50 or 60 Hz.
Capacitor element
Device consisting basically of two electrodes
separated by a dielectric.
Capacitor unit
Set of one or more capacitor elements placed in the
same enclosure and connected to output terminals.
Capacitor bank
Set of capacitor units connected so as to act jointly.
Internal protection of a capacitor
Fuse mounted inside a unit and con-nected in series
with an element or a group of elements.
Capacitor discharge device
Device that can be incorporated in the capacitor
and is capable, in a specified time, of reducing
practically to zero the voltage between
the capacitor terminals when the capacitor
has been disconnected from the network.
Rated capacitance (Cn)
Value of the capacitance for which the capacitor
was designed.
Rated power of a capacitor (Qn)
Reactive power output at rated values:
capacitance, frequency and voltage (or current).
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Energy management
solutions
CFIED 205098EN-02
As standards, specifications and designs change from time to time, please ask for confirmation
of the information given in this publication.
This document has been
printed on ecological paper.
Publishing: SYNTHESE ECA, Schneider Electric.
Photos: Schneider Electric
Printing:
11/2009
Medium Voltage
Catalogue
2010