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FARHAN MAHMOOD
UET LAHORE.
is a static electromagnetic
machine with two or more windings, linked
with common magnetic field.
The transformer
functions,
performs
the
following
FARHAN MAHMOOD
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Types of Transformers
Transformers are classified into three categories,
(a)
Core type
Shell type
Step down
Distribution
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Core Type
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Shell Type
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Transformation Ratio
1. STEP UP TRANSFORMER
It transforms low voltage, high current a.c system into
high voltage, low current a.c system.
The secondary winding consists of large number of
turns and primary winding consists of few turns.
FARHAN MAHMOOD
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Type of Service
1. POWER TRANSFORMER
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Construction
The transformers mainly consists of following circuits.
1. MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
The magnetic circuit consists of limbs, yoke and clamping circuit
(providing the path for flux).
2. ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
The electric circuit consists of low voltage & high voltage
windings and sometimes a tertiary winding.
3. DIELECTRIC CIRCUIT
The dielectric circuit consists of insulations in different forms
and different places in transformer i.e. core to LV, LV to HV etc.
4. TANK & ACCESSORIES
Tank & accessories, such as cooling devices, conservator,
breather, bushings, protective devices.
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Core
Windings
Transformer Tank/Tank Cover
Conservator
Breather
Cooling Arrangements
Tap changer
Bushings
Accessories
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CORE
The function of the core is to
guide the magnetic flux
created by currents that flow
in the windings.
It is magnetic link between
the primary and secondary
windings.
It is made of high quality thin
electrical silicon steel sheet
laminations
to
reduce
hysterisis loss. The core is
laminated to reduce eddy
current loss.
FARHAN MAHMOOD
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P3
Parts of Core
Single-phase Transformers
Three-phase Transformers
FARHAN MAHMOOD
Slide 14
P3
PKK1758, 2/19/2004
Windings
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Windings
LV Winding
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HV Winding
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P1
P2
Windings
Tapping
Winding
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Complete Winding
Assembly
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Slide 17
P1
PKK1758, 2/19/2004
P2
PKK1758, 2/19/2004
Dielectric Circuit
The dielectric circuit consists of insulation
used at different places in the transformer to
insulate the conducting parts. All the
conducting and magnetic parts of the
transformer must be well insulated from each
other. The insulation can be classified as,
1. MAJOR INSULATION
2. MINOR INSULATION
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Dielectric Circuit
MAJOR INSULATION
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Dielectric Circuit
MINOR INSULATION
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Transformer Tank
For cooling purposes, the transformer is required to
be immersed in oil inside the tank.
Transformer tank is a housing, filled with insulating
oil, for placing core and coil assembly.
The function of transformer tank is to provide a
protective cover to the core, windings and other
internal parts including transformer oil. The tank
also provides external surface for dissipating heat.
Tanks for small transformers are fabricated from
welded mild steel sheets. The lids of these
transformer tanks can be of cast iron.
A number of accessories are provided on the cover
of the tank.
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Transformer Tank
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Conservator
Conservator is an airtight cylindrical metal drum
which is supported horizontally on the
transformer lid. The conservator and main tank
are connected by a pipe.
Under increasing load, the oil expands and
similarly, oil contracts under decreasing load.
Small transformers are sometimes not provided
with conservator. So, the oil level has to be kept
some distance below the top cover to provide
space for oil expansion under temperature rise.
When the oil expands, the air is expelled out and
under contraction of oil, air is drawn inside. This
process is called breathing.
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Conservator
Thus the oil is in contact with air. Exposure to air
speeds up the ageing of the oil due to increased
sludge and acid formation through moisture
absorption and oxidation.
The function of conservator is to keep the main tank
of the transformer completely filled with oil in all
circumstances while the conservator is always
partly filled with oil.
Conservator takes up expansion and contraction of
transformer oil and keeps the main tank full of oil.
This reduces the rate of oxidation of oil because
less oil surface is exposed to air.
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Conservator
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Breather
When oil expands air is
expelled out. When oil
contracts air is drawn in.
Air
entering
the
transformer is passed
through
a
breather
which absorbs moisture
from the air.
Dehydrating
material
used is silica gel crystal
impregnated with cobalt
chloride.
Material is blue when
dry and whitish pink
when damp.
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Bushings
Bushings are the means of connecting
transformer with the network / system in
which it is placed.
A bushing is necessary when a conductor is
taken out through a metallic tank. One end of
the bushing goes into transformer tank while
the other end is in the outside air.
Bushing consists of
conducting rod, a
porcelain cylinder for isolating the conducting
part.
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Bushings
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Tap Changers
Normally it is used to provide adjustment in
system voltage variation so as we get
required output voltage on secondary load
side.
Generally there are two types of tap changer.
Off load Tap changer
On load Tap changer
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Tap Changers
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Accessories
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Temperature Indicators
Temperature indicators
are
precision
instruments, specially
designed
for
the
protection
of
transformers.
Normally two separate
instruments are used
for indicating oil and
winding temperatures.
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Temperature Indicators
Temperature indicators perform following
functions,
Indicate maximum oil temperature and
maximum or hottest spot temperature of
winding.
Operate an alarm or a trip circuit at a predetermined temperature.
Switch on the cooling equipment when the
winding attains a preset high temperature
and switch it off when the temperature
drops by an established differential (so as
to avoid too frequent on and off operation
of the switch.
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Buchholz Relay
Buchholz relay is a
protection device for
the
detection
of
incipient faults such as
inter turn faults, core
faults due to core bolt
insulation failure which
gives rise to short
circuit and subsequent
arcing.
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FARHAN MAHMOOD
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