lkJNirf COILEG

UBR.AR.Y

M.OORE
COLLECTION
RELATING
TO THE

FA~

EAST

CLASS N O . - BOOK NO. - VOLUM _ __

ACCESSION NO.
137<-4--<o

~A.-'.Tllh"'ll

:::

-.~

~~
1'.t .3'- 1~ }jj. ?t ~ ;lt
.Jit {(_. #.. 1f 11
l'it ~ ~ JL r:~~1 ~ ~ .t!; q: ~ft -tr
~

....

JL(l~

The Three Character Classic

(Composed by Wang Po Hou during the Sung Dynasty, A.D. 960)
I::NGLISH TRANSLATION WITH NOTI::S
ROMANIZED INTO MANDARIN, CANTONESE AND HOKKIEN

By Chiang Ker Chiu

r...

* {f

/6,

&iji .lCJ!

~~

-t . -li ~ 'Jt, ~ :Jn 8f.

1 & 1948 -

Guidad by the little Hsiang T"uo, Confucius trod the paths of learned lore:
Than those sages and worthies oF ancient times none e'er loved learning more .

The Chinese Dynasties

The Five Emperors.
Hsia .
Shang
Chou.
Ch'in.
Han.
Later Han.
The Three Kingdoms.
Minor Han.
Wei .
Wu.
Western Chin.
Eastern Chin.
Division between North & South .
Liu Sung.
Ch ' i.
Liang.
Ch'en.
Northern Wei.
Western Wei.
Eastern Wei .
Northern Ch 'i..
Northern Chou.
Sui .
T'ang.
The Five Dynasties .
Posterior Liang.
Posterior T'ang.
Posterior Chin.
Posterior Han.
Posterior Chou .
Sung .
Southern Sung .
YUan or Mongol.
Ming .
Ch ' ing

.1i. ilJ'

B.C.

;tl
~

~~m~,db~
{.{;.1?
...~~
~

A.D.

2852.
2205.
1766.
1122.
' 255.
206.
25.

!;J

!lQ ~

221.
220.
229.
265.
317..

~f;,

*tfu-'i
.J!t%

1~20.

479.
502.
557.
386.
535.
534.
550.
557.
589.
618.
907.
923.
936.
947.
951 .
960.
1127.
1280.
1368.
1644.
ARTHUR

PROBSTHAIN

Oriental Bookaeller
41 Ot, Russell Street
LONDON,
W.0.1

---

~~
,.~

MANDARIN : SAN 1 TZ0 4 CHING 1

CANTOI~ESE: cSA. M TS z=? cK ENG
HO KKIEN :
SAM J u KE NG
THE THREE CHARACTER CLASSIC

A.

~
chih
cchi
chi

jen 2

~Yan

Jtn

ti

ch 'u 1,
cch"o,
chho,

tEl

Hs ing 4
)
Sing

hsiang
I
cseung
s iong

S~ng

ti.

-{<J) '

1
-

h~in~
s1ng

s~ng

:ill,

$.

shan 4
shin=?.
sian .

tEl

.m...3

h51 2

kan~,

ts~p=?

kun,

Sip

~-.

pen 3
C I
pun
I
pun

chin 4 ,

Chapter I

hsiang 1
I
cseung
s iong

yUan
c..
-un.
I
oan .

Man's Original Nature

I. All men are born with the same good nature, but as they
grow up, they acquire diffe-rent habits, so they are widely different
in their characters.
i.<l! ching 1 classics, sacred books .
t1. hsing 4 nature, disposition.
;i<JJ ch ' u 1 to begin, the beg inning . -l shan 4
good, vir t uous .
tl hsi 2 to learn, accustomed to . ~ yUan 3 far .

~
Ko u 3
cKau

Aft

fi,

ti.

chi ao\
klw =>,
kau,

hsin g 4
. )
s 1n g

K6

Ch iao
Kau)
Kau

;(-.

pu
pat:>
pu t

chih
cchi
chi

s~ng

lit ,

-JI-

ta o \
to=?,
t o,

kui 4
kwa ?
ku i

it.

I
-nat
na 1
I

J~"A
i3
i

ch 'i en 1
cts ' in.
chh 1an .

lf-.
ch uan 1
cchU n.
choan .

2. If a man has not been properly taught, his natu re will

gradu a lly be come bad . Th e mo s t important th ing in educati on is
clos e co -opera t io n b.:tween t ea ch e r and pupil.
1

1f ch ' 1en 1 to remo v e, alt e r. it kui 4 valuable, to count valuable .

$f. chuan
close att e nt ion,
1j nai 3 then, and accordingly .
3
"0 kou
IF
[ spec1a
I. ~
if, tao 4
Ie .
t h e way, t h e pnnctp
-1-

-tt

it

Hsi 2
Sik=>
Sek

mu 3 ,
~m6,
bu,

pu 4
pat:>
put

hsueh ,
hok:>,
hak;

~.

jf~

~~

-lit,

Meng 4
Mang~
Beng

ch'u 3 .
cch'u.

1n
~lun
ltn

chak~
tek

chhu.

'T

Jk..

,. 2

ts~ 2

tuan 4
tUn~
toan

lt.

chi 1
ckei
ki

chu 4
~ch'u.
thu.

3. The mother oF Mencius (the great philosopher, regarded by

the Chine5e as being second only to ConFucius, B.C. 372-289) careFully chose her neighbours wherever she stayed. On one occasion,
on her son's reFusing to study, she rent the web in the loom beFore
his Face.
~t chu 4

JJt

iflf

1:f

ch'u 3
f.~ lin 2

shuttle, the shuttle containing

the web oF the wooF.
tuan 4 cut, cut oFF, make an end oF.

,,tit.....
Yen 4

Tou 4

Tau~
To

In)

Ian

~i

Chiao 4
/ )
Kau
Kau

wu 3

~ng
ng6

.ctsz,

fang 1,
cfong,
hong,

.)

1gi

IU

.z

1~

~~ .

chu 4

ming 2

tzu ,

?i.

4
I

yu3
c
-yau

-1-,3

ts~ 2

J.J,
Shan 1,
cShan,
San,

to stay.
neighbours.
to choose.

yang 2 .

cmeng

ckU

~y~un~.

-b~ng

ku

ibng.

chu,

4.

Old Tou Yen Shan (Posterior Chin dynasty) taught his Five
sons by a good method and all oF them became Famous men.

.. 1i

chu 4
i 4 -Fang 1

Yang 3
~Yeung
16ng

~i
Chiao
)
Kau
Kau

~
pu4
pat:>
put

all, every.
a right method For
teaching children.

~i,
chiao\
ckau,
kau,

tou

tM

yen 4

.X.

;lt,

~rp

yen 2 ,

shih
cSZ
su

~1m,

gi~m,

a surname, loophole,
[den.
the shallow,

~
chih
cchi
chi

Fu 4
F'J
uhu

pu4
pat:>
put

t~ yang 2 to spread.

2-

~
chih
cchi
chi

.&.

kuo 4 .
kwo).
k6.

tt.

tuo 4 .
to~.
to.

5. Only to rear and feed children and not gi ve them ed uc a t ion

is the fath e rs' error . If teachers are not strict in the ir t ea ch ing, th e y
are idle t e achers .
kou 4 error.
4 lazy.
11:1 tuo

~ yang 3 to rear, to bring up .

At yen 2 strict .

.i!!

-t

Tsu 3
'Tsz
Chu

.IJ.}J

pu4
pat:>
put

;f-.

11

Yu
)
Yau
lu

pu4
pat:>
put

Hr

;JJ=.

*'

hsueh 2 ,
hokJ 1
hbk,-

f et. I

suo 3
'sho
I
so

,fei
hui

*'

2
hsueh .
hokJ
hbk;

11

h~2

lao 3
~16

!;ho
h&

16

1L.

2
I

!;i .
gt' .

it?

wei 2 ?
!;wai?
"?

Ul.

6. It is wrong if ch ildren do not study. If they . do not study

during their younger days, what can they do when they are older?
..$.
Yu 4
Yuk~
Giok

chuo 2 ,

pu4

pat:>
put

t~uk 0 ,

pat:>
put

J~n2

pu4

~Yan
Jfn

pat:>
put

tok,

*'

hsueh
hok:>,
hbk,-

m.

l~,

pu4

ch ' ~ng 2
~sheng

seng

"*<l

chih 1
,chi
ti

pu4

pat:>
put

~-

C h'I 4

he? .
khL

-l.

4
I

.1- .
)

gi.

7. Unpolished Gems ca nnot form ornaments . If a man

untaught, he can never know his duties to h is neighbours.

lff..

chuo 2 to polish, work up a g e m.

Wei 2
,Wai
-u i

ch'in 1
cts ' an
chh in

A
j~n2
~yan

jfn

~ill
shih 1
,sz
su

-t,3

tsu ,
'tsz,
chu,

~~
3

yu 1
c-yau,
I
tu,

7i

fang 1
,fong
hong

15

h 512
tsap~
I
Sip

3-

i 2 fit , prop e r, righ t.

~'

shao 4
h.,)

IU

Qt'

sh ih 2 ,
~sh i ,

'

siau

51

ift

1 21 .

li 3
~ lai
I~

~ I.

gt' .

IS

Chapter 2

Duty to Parents and Superiors

8. In their youth, children should be closely attached to tutors

and Friends in order to learn the rites and observ11nces.

1:1\.

;tt1~ li 3 -i 2 rites and observances.

i 2 a rite, ceremony.

t.

Hsiang 1
,Heung
Hiong

7t

1L

$!;;,

chiu 3
'kau
kiu

ling 2 ,
~I eng,
l~ng,

fit

~&
w~n

cnang

,wan
un

n~ng 2
-l~ng

Hr

$l ,

Hsiao 4
' )
H au

yU 2

ch'in 1,
cts'an,
chhin,

eli
u

fiP.

hsi 2
tsik~.
sek.

1;

suo 3
'sho
s6

tang
ctong
tong

:fA. .

chih 2 .
chaP:>
chip.

9.

A child should know how to obey his parents. When Hsiang

(Later Han dynasty l was nine years old he could warm the bed For
his p!Hents to sleep.

-#._

chih 2 to maintain, keep .

t!,
4

'ZEJ
Jung 2

ssu

cYung
-Hil>ng

sz
I
su

SUI

.)

SUI

soe,

-&,

Ti 4

Tai~

chang 3 ,
t c h'eung,
ti6ng,

eli

Te

~ hsi 2 a mat.
.Jt
Flr..
A

neng
cnang
-l~ng

1[
i2
c.
-~

1/; ling 2 one's age.

"ti

jang 4
I
)
yeung jiong

;t
hsien
csin
s1an

gt

# .

li 2 .
clei.
-~~ .

-*a.

chih 1
cc h i.
ti.

I 0. Children must respect their elders. When Jung (A. D.

153-208) W!lS four ye!lrS old, he could resign the bigger though
cherished pear to his elder brother.

k . chang 3
~1{ jang

~
Shou
'Sh11u
Siu

to grow; elders.
to give away, yield.

;t,
3

Chih 1
cChi

Ti

hsiao
hau:>,

hau,

jf_
moLi 3

~mau
b6

~f. jung 2 to blend.

[duty.
!J, ti 4
brotherly love; fraternal

t~,

;.k_

till,
t!li~,

tz u
t sz:>
chhu

te,

a,

JL
ki~n 1

i~

jf_

shih 4

mou

sho:>,

shik:>

so,

sek

~mau
b6

shu\

4-

P.tfJ.

chien\
kin:>,

w~n 2 .
em an.
-bun.

x.

w~n 2
,man .
-bun.

II. First comes duty to parents and superiors. Study Follows

next. Thus, one will know the laws oF numbers and understand the
letter-text.

it

shou 3 the First, h ~ ad, chieF.

-t,

tli7
I'

erh

Yat:>
It

;.k_ tz'u 4

shih

-t
shih

shap~,

~i

1f

.Ji;

Pai 3
Nko
Pek

erh 2

Sip

-t,

-t

ch'ien 1,
.
cts tn,
chhian,

~I

.,

Jl

Chapter 3

.Ji;
2

shap~

SIp,

Jf

the second, a time.

ch'ien 1
cts ' in
chhian

erh 2
~I

.,

Jl

Ei' .
pllt3 .
pbk , .
pek .

~.

tli7
trh 2
~I

Jl

wan 4 .
I
)
rnan-.
ban .

General Knowledge

I. Numbers and ClassiFications

12. In numbers, we say From units to tens, tens to hundre ds,
hundreds to thousBnds and thousands to ten thou;ands.

:::
San 1
cS~m

Sam

13.

;t

;:#:

ts 'ai 2
~ts'oi
chSi

che 3 :
cche:
chia:

-1:.,

T'ien 1,
cT'in,
Thian,

Jtt,

J.....

T4
I I

Jen 2 .

Tei~,
Te,

~Yan.

Jfn.

The three mighty powers of nature are: Heaven, Earth

and Man.

::

:?(.

San 1
cSam
Sam

kuang 1
ckwong
kong

a'

;:#:

che 3 :
cche:
chia:

Jih\
Yat:>,
j lt,-

'
Yueh\
tit),
G;~t,

!L.
Hsing 1
cSing .
Sen g.

14. The three great celestilll lights are: the Sun, the Moon
and the Stors.

San 1
cSam
Sam

X
Fu\
F':>
U I
hu,

'

kang 1
ckong
kong

1-

tzu 3
ctsz
chu

~.

;it:

chun 1 ,
ckwan,
kun,

che 3 :
cche:
chia:

a;

"-.,

ch'in 1;
cts an;
chhin;

Fu t'

-----

ch 'en 2
~shan

i4;
~i;

sfn

gl;

1-~

Jl]~
shun 4
shun~.
sun.

Fu 4

~Fu,

~fu

hu,

hu

--

~;

15. The three binding principles are (I) Prince and minister
mu;t treat e ach other fairly.
( 2) Father and son must love each
other. (3) Husband and wife must be agreeable to each other.

~ kang 1 the large cord of a net, a bond, moral obligations.

Jll}i

shun 4 to agree, obey, suit, harmony, obedient, gentle.

----

E)

Yueh 4
tit;!
O~t

ch ' un 1,
cch ' un,
chhun,

Jl:l:.

tz'u 3
c ts ' z
chhu

ssu 4
)
sz
sll

_j__,

E)

yueh 4
Lit)
oAt

hsia\
h')
a- I
ha,

ij~'

yun
)
I
wanun

pu4
pat)
put

.. 4

shih 2 ,
shi,
A

51 1

~;t'
ch'iu,
cts'au,
chhiu,

----~
. '

tung;
ctung;
tong;

~-

ch'iung 2 .
k'ung.
ki&ng.

16. The four seasons are spring, summer, autumn and winter.
They succeed one another without fail.
~ ch ' iung 2 to exhaust, poor.
E)

Yueh 4
tit;!
Oat

r!iJ,

nan 2 ,
I

~nam,

ISm,

ll:l:.

tz'u 3
cts ' z
chhu

ssu 4
)
sz
sll

tl.

;It,

pei 3 ,
pak),
pok,

yueh 4
Lit;!
obt

-:Ji,
fang 1,
cfong,
hong,

yun 4 to revolve, transport.

I!

ying 4
)
ying

....

.~ng

-tffl,
hsi 1,
csai,
se,

-t

hu 1
~fu
h~

*-;

tung 1 ;
ctung;
tong;

'f.

chung
Echung.
tiong .

17. North, south, east and west are called the four directions
which branch off from any central point.
-- ---

E)

Yueh 4

ut~

J)('

shui 3 ,
cshui,
I

Oat

SUI 1

ll=l:.

.1i.

tz'u 3
c ts ' z
chhu

wu 3
c-ng
I
ngo

:k..,

~.

h6,

mu\
muk::!,
bok,

huo 3 ,
cfo,

$-

1t'

hsing 2 ,
hang,
h~ng,

p~n3
I

pun
I
pun

18.

&,

chin 1,
,kam,
kim,

-t

hu 1
fu
h&

......;

t'u 3 ;
Ct'6;
th6;

tt.

shu 4 .
sh6J.
s6.

Water, fire, wood, metal and earth are called the five
elements and from these all things are classified.

-6-

{.::..,

Yueh 4

Jen ,

dt~

~yan,

Oat

Jln,

Jl:!:.

:Ji.

tz 'u3

wu
c
-ng
ng6

cts'z
chhu

~.

t',

4
I

~I,

gT,
~

hs in 4 ;
sun);

d,

s ~n;

Z-

:f:,,

ch'ang 2,

:f-.

jung2

~sheung,

A
4
wen .

lun~.

~yung
A

s i&ng,

11:;

chih\
chi),

1ong

bun.

19. Goodwill, justice, decorum, wisdom and truth are the

five principal virtues . They should not be misunderstood or violated.
jung 2 to allow; to pardon .

Z-

~,,.

:f{j '

*
liang 2 ,

Tao\
/J

To-

To,

~Ieung,

'

li&ng,

11:1:.
tz'u 3
c .
ts z
chhu

liu 4
k
lu J
liok-

...

,..

...F1..,
shu\

w~n 4 conFused; disordered.

mai\

shuk~,

mak~ ,

siok,

bek,

~.
ku 3 ,
kukJ,
kok,

jen 2
~yan

jfn

.Sl?.

~.
3

shu
cshl.i,

1'"'-.,

su,

Hr

suo 3
c
sho
s6

chi 2 ;
tsik~ ;

chek;

~-

shih2.
shik~.

sit.

20. Paddy, millet, pulse, wheat, fine r1ce and panicled millet
are the six important gra ins consumed by man.
2
;f.[ chi
ponicled millet.
:$. shu 3 fine rice.
3
~ ku
grain.
;AA, shu 4 pulse, bean sprouts .
2
~ liang millet.
~ tao 4 paddy, rice.
- -- -

-~.

4-,

niu 2,

Ma 3 ,

~Ma,

~ngau,

M~,

giu,

_,_

Jl:f:.

/)

tz 'u 3
c
ts z
chhu

liu 4
lukJ
1 iok-

if,

yang 2,
~yeung,
A

1ong,
-p;
!f1,

ch'u\
ch'ukJ,
th iok,-

$(t'

chi 1
ckai,
ke,

;k,
ch\ian 3 ,
chun,
khian,

~;
shih 3 ;

'ch'i;
sf;

)....

i&].

jb2
cyan

ssu 4 .

-Jln

tsz~.

su .

21. Horses, oxen, sheep, fowls, dogs and pigs are the
animals reared and domesticated by man .

15

ch ' u

domesticated animals.

1i"l ssu 4 to feed, rear .

.7 -

SIX

-t-,

hsi 3 ,
'hci,
hl,

tf&.

-?1 '

/.!!_ '

wu\
(/
on

ai\

.J
01

~i,

~~.

nu 4

no~,'

yUeh 4
UtJ

lo,

oft

~;

yU 4 ;
yu kJ;
iok ;-

-t'

ch ' i 1
t s' atJ
chhit

~.

ai 1,
coi,
ai,

tt

ch ' ing 2
ct s' ing
-ch~ng

Hl,
C

hU.. 4

kU~,

khu,

Jt..
.. 4

c hu .
.. J .
ku-

ku .

22. Joy, anger, grief, fear, lo ve , hatred and desire llre the
seven huma n passions e x perienced by all.
1

.:R
t!l

ai
grief, sorrow.
4
chU fe ar, a fr a id.
4
c hU po ss~ ss , tools .

...,

t 'u3
(

'~

~~
ssu
, sz,
si,

to,
t h6,

'

1-~ nu 4 anger, angry .

l!:, w u 4 hotr ed, abomin a bl e .

yU 4

~.

$.,

kek,

mu\
mukJ,
bok,-

ke2 '
kak I

+t 2'

chu ;
chukJ ;
tiok;

1j
nai 3
~nai
n~i

d es ire, t o wish.

----------------.E,
&,

sh ih 2 ,
shikJ,
sek,-

i\..

po 1
pato
pat

chin 1 ,
ckam,
kim,

-=&=-
yin 1
cyom.
rm.

23 . The eight dist inctive musical sounds can be producecj..from

the gourd, clay, leather, wood, stone, metal, strings and bamboo.

Jf-

ke

r&7 '

Kao
,Ko,
Ko,

leather, to degrade, discharge .

.a6?
1

El '

ts~ng 1 ,
ctsang,
cheng,

-t

tzu 3
'tsz,

chu,

Jq,

$1,
tsu 3 ,
'tso,
ch6,

-1-,

!:1

sh~n 1
,shan
srn

~ j)'ao 2 gourd.
sh&n 1,
cshan,
sin,

-t

tzu 3 ,
'tsz,

tzu 3
'tsz

chu,

chu

J*'

sun 1,
csUn,
sun,

ch ih 4

ch?
ch~

a-

J*'

sun 1,
,sUn,
sun,
~
El '

ts~ng 1,
ctsang,
cheng,

~;
hsUan 2 ;
cUn;
-hiSn;

1L

na1
C

chiu
ckau
kiu

-nal
I

na1

~~.

~yan

chih
cch i
chi

j~n 2

tsu ,
tsuk),
chok-,

jtn

1~.
lun 2 .

~lun.
lun.

24. Great-great grandfather, great-grandfather, grandfather,

father, self and son, grandson, great-grandson, great-great
grandson are the nine generations in the order of family relationship.
sh~n

;tl

oneself, the body. ;J'k:

sun 1
grandchdd.
'if ~k: ts~ng -sun great-grandchild. 'it ;f.Il. ts~ng 1-tsu 3 great-grand;f.Il.
tsu 3
grandfather, ancestor.
[Father.
~ ~k: hsuan 2 -sun 1 great-great grandchild.
1J nat 3 it is.
';% ;lil. kao 1-tsu 3
great"great grandfather.
~ tsu 2
kindred.
2
1~
lun
the human relationships, order, in order.
1

.X.,
Fu, 4

-t

'

tzu 3
ctsz
chu

Hsiung 1
cHing
Heng

ts~ 2
tsak)
chek

Ful )hu,

X.

Jl~

$.,
Chang 3 ,
cCheung,
Ti6ng,

~
Chun 1
cKwan
Kun

!l:t
Tz'u 3
cTs'z
Chhu

ts~ 2
tsak)
chek

-t
shih 2
shap 2
slp

~~,

!::...,

~n 1 ,
cyan,
un,

-A,

JlJ

IU 1

~.

.:h:..

hsu\
tsu 2,
su,

yu3
~yau
I

IU

~t.
ching\
keng),

~.

i4,

ch'~n 2

cshan
-stn

A
j~n2

.)
~-I

gi,

)
ts ' ung-.
chi6ng.

ts~ 2
tsak)
chek

yua,
~yau,

k~ng,

1ft.

ts'ung 2 .

fu I'
cfu,
hu,

~yan

jtn

.. J

yu
c-u..
I

JilJ
ts~ 2
tsak)
chek

Hr

suo 3
'sho
I
so

7.t.

kung 1
ckung.
kiong .

p.eng .
~P ang.
p~ng.

,1;; .
chung 1
cchung.
tiong.

1~.
t'ung 2 .
ct'ung.
- A
tong.

25. The following are the ten moral duties which everyone
must observe: Father and son must love each other kindly, husband
.and wife must treat each other agreeably, elder brother must be

-9-

complaisant, and younger brother respectful. Superiors and young

sters must treat one another according to their ranks. Friends must
deal with one another sincerely. The sovereign must esteem his
courtiers and the courtiers must be loyal to his sovereign.

~ chun 1 a sovereign, prince.

.~ ~n 1
kindness.

1-oJ t'ung 2 bring to the same order

f:f

yu 3
~}J yu 4

1!..

hsu 4 order, in order of rank.

kung 1 respectful.

JL

ik,

"till

Hsiang
cTs 'eung
-Si~ng

hsun\
fan:>,
hun,

'ft.

b~ng,

chiang 3
ckong
kl!ng

chiu 4 .
kau:>.
kiu.

~;!;'

a.n11'1

/..

-?b

chu\
ku:>,
ku,

tou 4 .
tau~.

~mung,

"till
2

~~

or rule, make the same.

complaisant.
young, youngsters.

hsu 1
csli
su

meng 2 ,

hsun 4
)
fan
hun

c'J,

ku ,
cku,
k6,

ming
cmeng
-b~n g

"~.

to.

(2) Classical Books and Others

26. In teaching the young, one must explain to them the full
meanings of words.
One must also explain idiomatic expressions
and teach them how to distinguish between the commas and full
stops.

1t
%

chiang 3
chiu 4
"tf hsiang 2
~1\ hsun 4

Wei 2
cWai

-ui

d'

Hsiao 3
csiu

SillU

to
to
in
to

speak, explain.
investigate.
detail, minutely.
instruct, teach.

1$
hsueh 2
hokJ
h~k-

Hsueh 2
HokJ
Hbk-

;t,

t-li ku 3

'.
11\

m~ng 2
tou 4

''t'

ch~ 3 ,
cche,
chill,

~'

~1\ hsun 4

pi4

pitJ
pit

chung 1,
cch ung,
chiong,

.:t.

chih 4
ch?
ch~

tradition, instruction.
;diems, sayings.
the young.
commas, clauses.

;tf

~J).

yu3
~yau

ch'u 1
cch'o.
chho.

IU

$.

Shu 1
cShu.
Su.

27. Scholars of Chinese should first study the Learning of

the Young bequeathed by Chu-tzu ( the Learning of the Young is
put into the hands of children and teaches them the art of sprinkling water and sweeping and gooJ behaviour. It also pertains on the

-10-

following six accomplishments, viz:- PolitP.ness, Music, Archery,

Driving, Writing and Mathematics) . After the Learning oF the
Young they can study the Four Books ( viz: - Analects of Confucius,
the Works of Mencius, the Doctrine of the Golden Medium and the
Great Learning ) .

------------------

~!J_

;;t,

Yli 3

che 3 ,
cche,
chill,

<>a

Lun 4

~u

Lun~

Gu

Lun

-K~n

shap~

sip

tzu 3
ctsz
chu

ti 4
tai~
te

Ch'Un 2
,K'wan

-t

shih 2

chi 4
ke?

shan 4
shin~
s1an

fiil1.
p '1en I .
cP ' ln.
phi an.

~.

yen 2
cin.
-giSn.

28. (I. The Analects of Confucius). In the Analects of Confucius, there are twenty chapters of the winged sayings of the
Sage recorded by his disciples .
~ ch'l.in 2 a group. ;& p'ien 1 a chapter. tf>-J- ti 4-tzu 3 a disc iple.

;;t,

Meng 1

Tzu 2
cTsz
Chu

Man 9 ~

Beng

~
Chiang
cKong
Kang

~,

~!?.
1._,;,

tao\

t'2

ts 'at::>
chh it

to,

Jl:..

p'1en I
cP ' In
ph ian

{-,

iJt.
shuo
shlit 0
so at

e '
tak::>,
tek,

to~,

k
Ch'I l

che 3 ,
cche,
chill,

Jen ,
~yan,

jfn,

chih 3 .
cchi.
chL

$:..

~i.

gi.

29. (2. The Work of Mencius ) . In the Works of Mencius,

there a re only seven chapters, explaining humanity and righteousness
and discus s ing virtuous conduct and good principles .
-

1'F-

Tsuo 4
Tsok 0
Chok

'f

Chung 1
,Chung
Tiong

'f
Chung
,Chung
Tiong

~
pu4
pat:>
put

1)

Jji
1

Yung

~Yung

18ng

1~.
p'ien 1
cP '1n.
phi an .

nai
/
c-nal
na1

;fL
3

Tl

Yung 1
~Yung

18ng

-II-

K' ung 3
CHung
Kh6ng

~
pu4
pat:>
put

111.

Chi 2 .
K'aP::>
Khip.

~.

4
I .

yik~ .

ek.

30. (3. Chung Yung or the Doctrine oF the Golden Medium).

Chung Yung was written by K'ung Chi (grandson of ConFuc ius, B.C.
492-431 ). Chung means the unprejudic e d principles and Yung means
fixed principles.
~ p' ien 1 prejudiced, partial.

~ i4 change, alter.

1'F-

Tsuo 4
Tsok 0
Chok

~
Tzu 4
Tsz 2
C::hu

Td 4
T'a1
.)
Tai
11?.-:;

---

1)

HsUeh 2
Hok~
Hbk

hsiu 1,
,sau,
siu,

Ts~ng 1
cT sang
Cheng

_if,

chih 4
h ')
C I

h ' I 2

~ts

na13
c I
na1
I
na1

1lfC

#!!
El

a1

p '1ng 2 ,
'
~p 1ng,

ch~

ch~

p~ng,

-f_

Tsu 3 .
'Tsz.
Chu.
.-)...

/o

chih 4
chi 2 .
ti
0

.31 . (4. The Great Learning). The Great Learning was written
by Philosopher Ts~ng (disciple oF ConFucius, B.C. 505-?). It teaches
us how to improve our morals and regulate our Family liFe.
Our
state may then be rightly governed and our country be made tranqui l
and happy .
:?11'-~ ch'i 2 -chia 1 to regulate a Family . 1~ ~ hsiu 1 -sh~n 1 to improve
~fi 00) chih 4 -kuo 2 to govern a country .
one's moral na ture.
-f-~
p'ing 2 -t'ien 1- hsia 4 to paciFy the empire or country .

?.ml

Hsiao 4
H1U2
Hau

-ka

Ching 1
,Keng
Keng
~

"'
Liu 4

Ju2

~u
Ju

@..,

=t

~
I

tung 1
,t'ung,
thong,

~.

Luk 2

Ching ,
,Keng,

Lick

Keng,

Ssu 4
SzJ
SCi

Shu 1
,ShU
Su

-9,{;

Pf

shih 3
'ch'i

k'~3

'ho

51

kh6

~lft.
shu 2 .
shuk~

sick.
--!b
,,~

tu 2 .
tuk2 ,
thck .

32. AFter having thoroughly learnt the Filial Code and the
Four Books, s t udents may then study the S ix Classics.
~a ju2

as, like .
2

j,{; shih

then, to begin.

it& shu
ii..t'ung 1 to go through, to understand thoroughly, the whole.

versed in, to be at home in any subject; ripe, cooked.

~t
<'
'
Shih I I
,Shi,

:l,
1

Shu ,
,Shu,
Su,

Si,

-h

Liu 4

Luk~
Lick

~.

;f..>J... '
L3
I I

14,

Yik~,

h,
f.& '

Ching 1,
,Keng,
Keng,

lJ(.,

Loi,

Ch'un I
,Ch'un

Ch'iu 1;
,Ts ' au;

Le,

Chhun

Chhiu;

'fi
tang
,tong
tong

chiang 3
'kong
kbng

5jt .

ch'iu 2
,k ' au.
kiu.

33. The Six Classics are:- The Book oF Odes, the Records,
the Book oF Changes, the Book oF Rites, the Rites oF Chou, and lhe
Spring and Au t umn Annals . Every Chinese scholar should study them.

%J t~
$;fJ\..
J.b it
~f&
:fi if<!

Chou 1 Li 3
Ch ' un 1 Ch'iu 1
lh 4 Ching 4
1
Shih 1 Ching
1
1
Shu Ch ing

;f.f
Yu 3
Yau
lu

Lien 2
Lin
Lian

:ff

Pal

Chou 1
,Chau

yu3
c
-yau
I

Chiu

IU

the Rites oF Chou. die. Li 3 Chi 4 th e Boo k oF

the Spring an d Autumn Annals.
[R ites.
the Book oF Cha nges . '$'tang 1
ought .
the Book oF Od e s.
# chiang 3 inquire into .
the Records .
$. ch ' iu 2 to seek, osk For.

Jt,
Shan 1,
,Shan,
San,

:ff
yu3
c
-yau
I

IU

~.

san 1
I
,sam

1\
Yik~,

h,

sam

j~
Kui 1
,Kwai
Kui

~
14

~.

Ts'ang 2 ,
Ts'ong,
Ch&ng,

...

-tf

hsiong 2
.,
ts eung.
si6ng .

Yik~

Ek

34.

(I . The Book oF Changes .) The Lien Shan that oF Hsia

dynasty, the Kui Ts ' ang that oF the Shang dynasty and the Chou
lh that oF the Chou dynasty, are three theories oF the Changes in
nature .

.if

kui 1 to return, go back, revert.

;f.f
Yu 3
Yau

lu
~
yu3
c
yeu
I

IU

~.

Tien 3 ,
'Tin,
Tian,

.:tO:

a '
Shih\
Shai~,
S~,

~. '
2

2
~ ts'ang to keep, store up.
---

;ff

~Me.,

yu3
c-yau

B&,

IU

Mo ,

4'f';

Ming 4 ;
Ming~;
Beng;

:if

Shu 1
,Shu
Su

-1.3-

-tnl
<'

-tt!.
QO

'

Hsun\
Fan',
Hl1n,
~
chih
,chi
chi

Kao4,
Ko',
Kho,

~.

ao 4 .

c.'.
o.

35. (2. The Records). Th e re are the Royal and Ministerial

Canons, the Instructions, the Injunctions, the Solemn Vows, and the
Commands which are the marvellous pieces of the Records.

j)_. ao 4

marvellous, mysterious. -;l}l Mo 2 the Ministerial Canons.

5! Shih 4 the Solemn Vows.
~:\ Hsun the Instructions.
4
";it; Kao
the Injunctions.
~ Tien 3 the Royal Canons.
4
::f f.& Shu 1-Ching 1 the Records.
4/l- Ming the Commands.
4

4t

%1

Wo 3
\;Ngo
Ng6

Chou
cChau
Chiu

_._

L'IU 4

Chu
Chu)

fj.

Kuan
,Kun
Koan

LukJ
Li6k

TU

tsuo 4
tsok 0
chok

Kung 1
cKung
Kong

1:

/'

ff

'.t~
I

:J,..
Ia

%1
Chou
cChau
Chiu

ts un
\;ts 'un
chun

chih 4
chi 2
tT

if.JL
La
I
\;Lai.
Lll.

ft.
t '3
I .
c .
t 81.
the.

36. (3. The Rites of Chou). The Duke of Chou wrote the
Rites of Chou. He appointed the Six Boards (to watch heaven,
earth and the four seasons) in ruling the affairs of the government.
~ chu 4 to fix, compose, write.
~ kung 1 a duke.

IJ'

, .)
Ta1-,
Tai,

H.
.. J

c hu

Si~u

~7lf

::;'...

sh~ng

Shu
ShutJ
Sut .

shengJ
s~ng

~
a '
2

yen ,
cin,
-giSn,

.;f.JL
Li 3
\;Lai

chu

fi<>

"'=

principle, scope, body.

;(f ts'un 2 to maintain, to keep.

chu 4

Hsiao 3
cSiu

Ia ,

t'i 3

1it

.<.til '
l[jl..

Li ,
\;Lai,
Le,

~G .
Chi 4 .
Ke?.
KL

-rr-" '

Yueh\
NgokJ,
Gak,-

pei 4 .

pei~.
pT.

37. (4. The Book of Rites). Tai Senior (Han dynasty) and
Tai Junior (nephew of the former) commented on the Book of
Rites and retold the sayings of Sages. Here the rules of Rites and
the theory of Music were fully dealt with.

i1 chu 4 to annotate .

ilK

shu 4

to repeat, narrate.
pei prepared, ready, complete . ~ sh~ng 4 a sage, a saint, holy.
'fR tai 4 to wear (ornaments, glasses, cap, flowers, etc.), a surname.

'ft

-14-

Yueh
Yeuk)
Obt-

it
hao

Kuo 2
Kwok o
Kok

-g~ '

r:m
Ssu 4
Sz)
Su

h~~

ho

JR,

Hng 1 ,
,Fung,
Hong ,
Shih
,Shi,
Si,

yeuk~

obt

't

Sung 4 ;
Tsung~;
Siang;

~.\ '

tang 1
,tong
tong

1
,

~'Ji

$.,

Ya 3 ,
~Nga,
Nga,

yueh 4

ii}l .

f~ng 3 ,
fung),
hong,

yung 3
wing2.
eng.

38. (5. The Book of Odes). The four divisions of the Book
of Odes-the Balleds, the Eulogies of the Emperor, the Eulogies of
Feudal Princes and the Sacrificial Songs-should be read by every
scholar.
tm 1~ Ssu 4 Shih 1 the four divisions of the Book of Odes: (I) Kuo 2
F~ng 1 (the Ballads); (2) Hsiao 3 Ya 3 (the eulogies of the emperor);
(3) Ta 4 Ya 3 (the eulogies of the feudal princes) and (4) Sung 4
(the Sacrificial Songs).

i~

-c,

U.t

Shih
,Shi
Si

chi
k er.)

~ '1

i;

pao

u~

cP~,

Gu

po,

be,ng,

J1~'

4]

~mong,

pien 3 ,
'pin,
pian,

pieh 2
pit)
piat

{'f.

1)-.

Ch ' un 1
,Ch'un
Chhun

wang

Yu 4

Ch ' iu 1
,Ts ' au
Chhiu

tsuo 4 .
tsok 0
chok.

4'

-?1 .

o 4
ok 0
ok.

shan\

shin~,
sran,

39. (6. The Spring and Autumu Annals). The Spring and Autumn
Annals was lompiled by Confucius ( He treated it as his immortel
work and said of it "By the Spring and Autum,, Annals, men will
know me." ) . In it he recorded historical events, praised virtues and
condemned vices. This book was written in an attempt to revive
ancient customs, as the age of Odes was dying out owing to the
Emperors' gradual loss of power to the Feudal Princes.

~ chi

3l

--

o
1
pao

San 1
,Sam
Sam

finished, since.
bad, wicked, vice.
to praise.

1ft
Chuan 4
Chi.Jn~

Toiin

~:

ch~ 3 :
'che:
chia:

J.i) pieh 2 separate, discriminate.

.!It pien 3 blame, censure.

~ yu 4

;ff
yu3
c
-yau
I

IU

-15-

to borrow, as a methpher .
~'.....

Kung 1
,Kung
Kong

if.,

Yang 2 ,
~Yeung,

18ng,

~.

1i-

Tsuo 3
cTso
Ch6

IU

k~

11

Shih\
S hi:1,
Si,

yu 3
~y11u
iu

~.

Ku 3
KukJ
Kok

Liang 2 .
cl~ung.
-Liong.

40. The Critics Kung Yang, Tsuo Shih and Ku Liang wrote
three diFferent commentaries on Spring and Autumn Annals. Thes
commentaries were called San Chuan.

~ liang 2

a surname, a beam.

~
Ching
cK eng
Keng

aJl,

tit
4

ming ,
~meng,

~&

beng,

-t- ,

.$.

Ts'uo 4
Ts\.i t 0
Choat

ch'i 2
ck'ei
-kf

family name, surname .

~~

7i
2

chi
k e1.)

~ shih 4

fang
cfong
hong

1L
chi 4
ke?

yao\
iuJ,
iau,

-t.

"Jt

tzu 3 .
ctsz.

tu 2
tukJ
tho"k

chu.

11 .

-Jt.

ch'i 2
ck ' ei
-kf

shih 4 .

~sz.
su.

41. After mas t ering the Classics, study the books written b y
the great philosophe rs. As these books are plentiful, students shoul d
choose the important passages and commit them to memory.

1i

-1-

fang 1 then.
~{;:. ts ' uo 4 to pick up, choose.
3
tzu
an honorary epithet, a philosopher, the Master, Confucius .

---:Ji_

-t

~Ng

Ngo

che 3 :
cche:
ch ia:

Chung
,Chung
Tiong

!;Man
Bun

yu3
c-yau
I

IU

-t

<f

:t

wen 2

:.tr

;;#:

Tzu 3
cTsz
Chu

Wu 3

m,

Hsun 2 ,
cSun,
Sun,

71.

T zu.. 3

C h 2
I

kap~
klp

cTsz
Chu

*'

Lao 3

~Lo

L6,

~~'

Yang 2 ,
c Yeung,
-long,

#.
Chuang
cChong .
Ch o ng.

42. The Five Ph ilosophers were : Hsl.in-tzu, Yang - tzu, Wen Chung-tzu, Lao-tz u and Chuang-tzu .

Ji

c h uang

~'

Ching
cKeng,
Keng,

a surna me , a s t o re, vill a ge, gr ave.

-.t,;t

-J-'

iift_,

Chu,

t ung ,
ct' ung,
thong,

T SU 3 I
cTsz,

">l
tu 2
luk~
thok

16-

hs l.i n 2 a surnom e

1.1

t.t
chu
cchi.i
chu

~.

sh 1h 3 .
c
sz .
Su .

f~\ '

~
K.ao 3

chih
,chi
ti

hsi ,
hai=2,
he,

cHau

Kh6

~~

4;a

chung 1
,chung
chiong

~!!;.
shih.
cch'i.
I

sr.

(c) Historical Events

43.

HBving studied the Classics and books written by some

great philosophers, study the history of the successive dynnsties.
The careful tracing of each geneBiogy will show the rise and decline
of each dynasty.
3

chu 1
Bll, e-very.
;;t k'Bo
3
..;,~ c h ung 1 th e en d .
J.!::
7-~ sh 'rh
4
4
hsi
connecting link, succession. i!t shih

i1t

to exBmine, study .
the beginning.
B generation .

*. '

Tzu 4
Tsz 2
Chu

Hsi 1,
,Hei,
Hi,

San 1
,Sam
Sam

Jl

.1:

chih 4
ch?
ch ~

Nung 2
,Nung
-Long

}J_ '

Hu11ng 2 ,
,Wong,
-Hong,

/1;

chU 1
,ku
ku

1ft

HuBng 2
,Wong
-Hong

_l:.
shang 4
sheung2
siong

rt '
Ti\
T a?,

H,

t!t .

shih 4 .
shai).
s~.

44. Emperor Fu-hsi (B .C. 2852-2737), Emperor Shen-nung

(B.C. 2737-2627 ) and Emperor Huang-ti (B .C. 2627-2356 ) were
the Three Emperors of High Antiquity.

fk
it

.l.

chU
to live, reside.
fL huang 2 an emperor.
4
hao
to name, to style, to call.
~ hsi 1 a name, a surname .
2
nung Bgriculture, farming, a farmer. if tr 4 an emperor .

18,

T'ang 2 ,
c;;T'ong,
T&ng,
hsieng
I
cseung
siong

1f

Yu 3
!;Yau
lu

4lf.
1

i
yap)
ip

11;,
y2
U

l;u,
Gu,

.\!I! '

sun) 4 I
sun ,
stln,

1t 4

hao
ho2
ho

;ffi.

ch".~ng
,ch'eng
chheng

Ti\
Ta?,

Ji

H,

sheng 4
l;sheng
5eng

tlt .

shih 4
sha?.
s~.

Emperor Yao (T' ao T ' ang, B.C. 2356-2255 ) and Emperor

( Yu YU, B.C . 2255-2205) were two celebrated Emperors whose
rergns were known in history as the Golden Age.
Both oF them
abdicated threir thones to worthier men.

S~un

45.

r.t,

Erh 4
1=2

-17-

;f~ ch'~ng 1
~ sh~ng 4
i/ii sun 4 to
}~ T'ang 2

to call, style, praise . -Hf. i to salute, to make a bo w

great, grand, prosperous, f lourishing, abundant, rich.
abdicate, yi e ld; humble, modest.
the T' ao T ' ang [~ m] reign, the emperor of this rei g
was ~mperor Yao .
Yu 3 YU 3
the Yu YU reign, the emperor of this reign was
~mperor Shun .

.iff 11;

1t

Hsia 4

~Ha

1f
yu3
c
yau
I

Ha

IU

%]
Chou 1
cChau
Chiu

x,

W~n 2 ,
cMan,
Bun,

~.

y3
U I

c-

-u,

u,

~.

Wu 3

~M6,'
Bu,

~.

1'1"

Shang 1
cSh~ung
Siong

yu3
c
yau

;f$}.
ch ' ~ng 1
cch'eng
chheng

-San

T'ang 1,
cT' ong,
Thong,

IU

. .
1

cSam
S am

Wang 2

~'fong.
Ong .

46. King YU of the Hsia dynasty ( B.C. 2205-1766 ) , Kin g

T ' ang of the Shang dynasty (. BC. 1766-1122 ), King W~n ( B.C.
1231-1135 ) and King Wu (B.C. 1165-1116 ) of the Chou dynast y
(B .C. I 122-255) were the Founders of Three Gr e at Dynasties .

)1
Hsia 4
H':>
a
Ha

F.i

tm
Ss u
SzJ

1~
ch ' uan 2
~:: h ' un
to an

SCI

pai
pako
pek

.:r,

tzu 3 ,
ctsz,
chu,

i'X:.,3

tsai ,
ctsoi,
cha in,

chi a 1
cka
ka

it.
ch ' ien
cts . in
chhian

T.

t ' ien 1
ct '1n
thian
1

1t
Hsia
H':>
a
Ha

hsia 4 .
h')
a.
hii.

.f"J:.
4

she .
~sh~ .
Sla.

47 . In the Hsia dynasty, thrones became hered itary and re

mained so for four centuries before the Hsia dynasty was changed .

~ 7\._
chi a I t ' ien 1-hsia 4 here d itary mon a rchy .
.it ch ' ien I to change, rem o ve.
;k_
t ' ien 1- hsia 4 th e empire.
2
1~ ch ' uan
to hand down, inherit . it
tsai 3
a year.
~J:. sh~ 4
th e empire, country ; an al t ar for the sp irits of the land.

-;~
T ' ang 1
cT' ong
Thong

-1\

fa 1
fa t~
hoat

91,
H s ia\
H'a:> I
Ha,

~J

Kuo 2
Kwok 0
Ko k

18-

-5t

hao 4
h6=?
ho

iti).
Shang

cSh~ung.

Siong.

1f
pa13
pako
pek

iX.,

.:f.

tsdi 3 ,
c
.
tsot,
chain,

-c.

~t
4

chih 4
chi)

Chou
Chau~

ch ~

Tiu

wang 2 .
cmong.
-b6ng.

48. The last ~mperor of the Hsia dynasty was conquered by

T'ang who founded the Shang dynasty . This dynasty lasted for more
than six centuries and was ended with ~mperor Chou (the most
infamous ruler of Chinese history).

%]
Chou
,Chau
Chiu

Wang
,Wong

/\..

1f
pa1 3
pako
pek

%]
Chou 1
,Chau
Chiu
-~

Ch'eng 3
'Ch'eng
Theng

-a

Shih 3
'Ch'i

Sf

Ji. 3

Wu
Ng
Ng6

chu

-ft

ch'e 4
ch'it 0
tiAt

-{ken1
ckon
kan

$.
Ch ' un 1
cCh'un
Chhun

1fi4

Pa
Pa)
Pi!

51

iX.,

/(

tsai 3 ,
'tsoi,
chain,

tsui 4
tsui)
choe

tu

-&.

ch'ang 2
,ch'eung
-ti6ng

-*-

kang 1
,kong
kong

tung 1 ,
ctung,
tong,

~.

$}
shang 4
sheung~
siong

kel '

ckwo,
ko,

;f)(.'

chung 1
cchung
chiong

Ch ' iu 1 ,
,Ts'au,
Chhiu,

~~ '

,chu

ung

Pa 1
Pat o
Pat

M.

$i

.:.
1

ch'iang 2 ,
,k 'eung,
-ki6ng,

-k

Ch'i 1
Ts'at)
Chhit

~~
yu2

Chan 4
Chin)
Chian

t.fi

Hsiung 2
,Hung
-Hi8ng

Chou 4 .
Chau~ .

Tiu.

~chiu3.
'kau.

kiu .

~-

chui4.
chui~.

tui.

iJL.

shui 4 .
shui ).
see .

t~r.

Kuo .
Kwok 0
Kok.

tt: .

ch'u 1.
ch'ut).
chhut.

49. Emperor Ch o u was a tyrant and he was killed by Wu who

bec11me Emperor and founded the Chou dynasty . This w11s the
longest dynasty lasting for more then eight hundred yea rs. It was
during this dynasty that the Imperial Capital was transf erred to the
East of the ~mpire (B.C. 770) and in doing so, the Imperial laws

-19-

lost their influence. The feudal princes wer e fighting among thems e lves and sent their diplomats round to persuade one another to
mak e terms . This state oF aFFa irs started From the reign oF Ch'un
Ch'iu (B.C. 772-481) and lasted to th e Warring S t a tes Period
(B. C. 403-247 ). This was also the per iod oF the Five Domineering
Rulers ( Huan -k ung oF Ch ' i [ 11f-~.0.. *), Wen-kung oF Chin[~ ::t*J,
Mu-kung of Ch'in [~-;fJ*J, Hsiang-kung of Sung [~!{ *] and
Chuang - wang of Ch'u [ ;t, ;E.]) and the development of the Seven
Martial Sta,tes ( Ch'in [;{t), Ch ' u [~], Yen [N(;], Ch ' i [1lf-], Han
[.t,f), Chao [~] and Wei [.it]) .
11

$t
tk.

chan
2
ch'ang
4
t,it ch 'e a
~~ ch ' iang 2

"

h'"

war, to fight .
~
long .
-t
track, rut of a wheel.~
strong, powerful.
;t{l
t o ce rry to the

If::

~ c eng
exteromelimit.
:til
14, chu 1
to kill, to exterm inote utterly .~
-f -1(. kan 1-ke 1 shields e nd spoors, wor, 1!L
1
~)
kang
the Iorge rope which

JM

Ying 2
!;Ying

Ch ' in 2
~Ts'un
Chfn

~Ag

1~
Ch'ulln 2
!;Ch'un
Toan

Erh 4
I=?

Ji

ch ;u 3
kan 1
chui 4
hsiung 2

sh ih 3
cc h' i

s~

51

~I

i!tl
Shih\
Shai),
se,

pa
tyrBnnize, omineer .
shang 4 approve, persuade,
shui 4
persuade.
[prefer.
binds the meshes of a net, l11ws.

~!3

1\

Shih 4
Shi=?

long, a long time.

a shield .
to Fall down, fallen .
martial, male, heroic .

ch ' u 3 ,
cCh'o,
Chh6,

j-

1-jf .

chien
ckim
kiam

il-

Han\
Hon),
Han,

p1ng .
)
peng .
pen g.

~.
cheng I.
<;chang.
cheng.

50. The State of Ch 'i n was the strongest of these Seven

Martidl States.
Her ~mperor, Ch'in Shih Huang (B.C. 246-210)
annexed the other six states and united th e m into an l::mpire and
became known as the First Universal l::mpire . He was succeeded
by his son and the dynasty came to llll end when there beglln ll
war betw ee n Ch ' u and Han .

1t
Ati.
1if

chien
ying 2
ping 4

_.....

Ko

absorb, unite, attend to se verlll duties at once.

clan name of Ch 'i n Shih Huang (B.C. 221 ).
to absorb, annex .
;t ch'u 3 a su rname ; clear.

;:fJl.

"'

l'J')

Kllo
cKo

Tsu 3
cTso
Ch6

..tl!-1

hsing 1,
ching,
heng,

il.:

Han 4
)
Hon
Han

-20-

1;

}!.

yeh 4

chien 4 .
kin) .

'P=?
giap

kian .


Chih
Ch?

Ch~

~
Hsiao
Hau
Hau
I

-f-,
.
2

_:E.

p 1ng ,
P ' eng~,
P~ng,

Wang 2
cWong
-OAg

Mang 3
Mong
Bong

~.
.

ts uan .
shan).
chhoan .

51. After conquering Ruler Ch 'u, Han became ~mperor and

was known as ~mperor Han Kao-tsu (B .C. 206-195) and ruled over
the ~mp1re of Ch ' 1n. He was the founder of the Han ~mpire and
Dynasty (B .C. 206-5) His dynasty ended with the reign of ~mperor
Hsiao-p ' ing whose throne was usurped by Weng Mang .

t'

~ meng 3 rude, rustic, undergrowth.

:i. ts'uan 4 usurp, to rebel against.

~.

;it
Kuang 1
cKwong
Kong
.!E)
4

ssu
)
sz
su

52.

Wu 3
M6

Bu
ff
pai 3
pako
pek

~.

hsing I
chin g,
heng,

Jf-,

. 2
n1en ,
nin,
Iian,

yeh 4

property, empire .

J8!. hsing 1 to arise, flourish.

we12
wei
ui

~
chung 1
cchung
chiong

*-

Tung
cTung
Tong

-MyU2
eli
u

if.'

Han 4 I
Hon),
Han,

4*.

Hsien 4 .
Hin) .
Hi an .

~mperor Kuang Wu killed Wang Mang and ruled over the

H~n ~mpire. His re ign was the beginning of the Tung Han or Later

Han dynasty (A.D . 25-221 ). This dynasty lasted for more than 40CJ
years and ended with the reign of ~mperor Hsien (A.D. 25-221 ).
~ hsien 4 tb offer to, to offer up. ;#- yU 2 to, at, in.
-------

Q,
3

Shu ,
Shuk),
Siok, -

~>t

'
Wei\

Ngai~,

Gui,

Sen 1
cSam
Sam

Wu 2,
~Ng,

Go ,

~.

Kuo 2.
Kwok 0
Kok.

...

ch~ng 1
cchang
cheng

it
Ch'i 4
Ngat~
Gut

il-

Han 4
)
Hon
Han

~
Liang 3
Leung
Liong

~\.

Ting 3 ,
cT eng,
Teng,

Chin 4 .
Tsun).
Ch~n.

53. The dynasties of Western Chin (A.D. 256-316) and ~astern

Chin (A .D. 317-419) came after the Battle oF the Three Kingdoms
(A.D. 220-265) which was Fought between the Stetes oF Shu, Wei
and Wu for the Han Empire.
-21-

.it_ ch' i4 t o re ach or e xtend to, until.

.;Wr ting

ch ang

to Fight , quarrel,

a t wo-eared tripod, emblem oF a uth ority.

C h'i 2
cTs'a i
-Ch e,

We1 2

-t

Nan 2
eN am
- U rn

~.

_ff?,
l 1ang 2 ,
cl e ung ,
- Li&ng,

ch i\
ka1:> ,
k~,

~~.

Ch ' ao 2 ,
cCh ' iu,
-T iSu,

~~

tu 1
,t6
to

Ch ' en 2
cCh 'an

-nn

Chin 1
,Kam
Kim

[warangle.

1-"R.

ch 'eng 2 .
s heng.
seng

F~.

Ling 2
,Leng.
-Leng.

54. AFter these two dynasti e s came the Following dynasties:

Liu Sung (A .D. 420-478), Ch ' i ( A.D . 479-50 I), Liang (A.D. 502-556)
and Ch 'e n ( A.D. 537-385). These were known as the Southern
dynast y and t hei r capi t al was at Nanking.

i'R ch 'e ng 2 to receive, continue . m chi 4 to continue ; succession.

4:-fA:. ch in 1 - ling 2 ancient name oF Nanking. .fn ch 'ao 2 a dynasty.

l't

ling 2

;lt
Pei 3
Pak:J
Pok

~3

Yu
c-

-u

a high mound, a tomb.

iL

Y"uan 2

Gui

%]

Wen
Man
Bun

Fen I
cFan
hun

Ngai~

Un
GoSn
2

/it

ft

we14

Chou
cChau
Chiu

~
yl.i3
( ..
-u
u
I

~ tu 1to Found a capital.

*-

Tung 1,
cTung,
Tong,
-t;"

T<i]

Kao 1
cK6
Ko

'tff1.
Hsi 1
cSai .
Se .

41f..

Ch ' i2
Ts 'ai .
Che.

55. Yu3n Wei, the North e rn dynasty ( A.D. 386-533) was split
into th ~ Eas ter n Wei ( A.D. 534) and the Western Wei ( A. D. 535 .
Aft e r these came the Northern Chou dyna s ty Founded by Yu -wen
and th e Northe rn Ch ' i dynasty Found e d by Keo Yang.
~t ~ Pe i3 Chou 1 th e Northern Chou dyn J s ty Fo unded by Yu -wen.
th e Northern Ch ' i d y n a ~t y Fo unde d by Kao Yang .
~t :?.f- Pei 3 Ch ' i2
~~
Ta i4
Toi=1
Tai

~
chih 4
h')
C I
ch~

N~,
Su i2 ,
Ts ' ui ,
Sui,

I
I

yat:l
it

-22-

....

t ' u3
Ct'6
th6

~.. 3
yu .
~u .
I

u.

tsai

Pu
Pat:>
Put

1ft..

fft,

-*

.)

tSOI

chai

itt

ch'uan 2 ,
,ch'i.in,
-t 9 an,

t'ung 3
ctung
'
th6ng

shih
shat:>
sit

~.
hsi.i 4 .
c ..
-su.
sCi.

56. The Empire remained united until the Sui dynasty (A.D.
589-617). But this dynasty did not last more than two generations
and the Empire was soon in confusion.

~~ hsi.i 4
;}( shih

;fi. tdi 4

n1

T' ang 2
,Tong

-Hng

property, inheritance.
#f. t'ung
a clue, altogether.
4
3
to lose, to miss, to fail. ~ t ' ung - hsi.i a clue to the whole.
until, up to.
!f yi.i 3 the four borders of a state.

.......

-tu

Sui 2
cTs ' ui

-Sui

-t
sh ih

shap~

-~

mieh 4
mit:>
bibt

gi

i'J

san
I
,sam
sam

pa13
pak ,
pe k

1)

ch ih
cchi,
chi,

kuo
kwok 0
kok

ff

ch'uan 2 ,
,ch 'i.in,
-to an,

,-

ch ' uang 4
chongJ
chhong

nai 3

1
,
(

-nal
I

na1

shih
csz,
su,

'hei
khf

luan\
li.in~,
loan,

Brp ,

h' I 3

1~,

slp
Liang 2
,Leung
-Li&ng

Tsu 3
cTso
Ch6

~~.

rt.r

~~
ch'u 2
,ch 'u

1<.

;fJl.

~
Kao
,Ko
Ko

:ll.
chi
,kei.
ki.

~.

tsai 3 .
ctsoi .
chai 0 .

!?J:. .

kai 3 .
ckoi.
kai.

57. T'ang Kao-tsu with the aid of volunteer troops restored

order in th e country after the chaos prevalent under the Sui rule.
He then b3came Emperor and was th') Founder of the T' ang dynasty
(A.D . 61 3-906). This dynasty lasted three centur ies and saw the
reigns of twenty princes. The last ruling prince was overthrown
by a member oF the House oF Liang, who then became Emperor
and founded the Liang dynasty.

-s.

chi 1
ll't ch'u 2
~) ch ' uang 4

a foundation.
to remov~, annul.
to found.
~~.P i 4 -shih 1 volunteer troops.

i!J:..

kai 3

~t. luan 4

-;A mieh 4
tip shih 1

-23-

to
to
to
an

change, alter, reform.

confuse, to disorder.
exterminate, destroy.
army, troops.

...

(d)
Distinguished Personages
62. Sages of ancient times loved learning very much. In his
quest for knowledge, Confucius did not hesit11te to learn from
Hsiang T'uo, a little seven-year old boy.
1JJ ch'in 2 diligent.
~ shang 4 still; yet.
4
{f chung the second in order of birth. J.~ hsiang 4 neck; a surname.
{f K. Chung 4-ni 2 the infantile name of Confucius .
Jk'- hsien 2 virtuous, wise.
:'t sheng 4 sacred, holy.
2
a nun, name of a hill in Shangtung .
/fc. ni
i' t'uo 2 a small bag open at both ends; a satchel to carry clothes
or food in .:'t 'lt sheng 4-hsien 2 sages, sages and worthies.

------------------

Chao 4
Ch i{?
Tio

1ft
Pi 3
cPei

p;

Chung I
cChung
Tiong
FJ:t
h'I 4
ke1.')

~b

Ling 4

Leng:.?
Leng

{
shih\
J
sz-,
sCi,

"Jl.
tu 2
tuk:.?
thok

hsueh 2
hok:.?
hbk

t-

Lu

~L6

L6

Jl
ch'ieh 3
cc ' he
chhian

~}::,..

i>"l

Lun 4.
Lun:.?.
Lun.

1.}] .

ch ' in 2.
~k ' an
kh~n .

63. In spite of his heavy duties, Mr. Chao, a Cabinet Minister

of the Sung dynasty loved to study the Confucian Analects when her time p e rmitted him to do so.
<f 4- chung 1- ling 4 the cabinet minister. ~ chi 4 since , already.
-~

lu 3
stupid, rude, Shantung, the native state of Confuci us .
18' ~ Lu 3 Lun 4 the Confucian Analects
4- ling 4 on orde r, commonds.
4
{
shih
an oFFicial, ofFicial ca r e~r; be in ofFice.
- - - - --

JJt

p' i I
cP ' i
Phi

1ft
3

Pi
cPei
p;

t~

~
,. '

.,

p' u2
~p 0

p6

~
wu
\

~mo

b,J

p~en ,
cP in,
ph ian,

:t:
<=}

shu 1
cshu,
su,

%]
hsiao 1
seuk o
siat

Jl
ch 'i eh 3
cch 'e
chhian

ft

chu 2
chukJ
tiok

'*q
ch ih 1
cchi
ti

fjj.
chien3 .
ckan .
kan.

~.
'
3
m1en
.
(
m1n .
bian.

64. Having no books to write in, Lu Wen-shu (Sft..i]l..if, Han

dynasty) weaved rushes into mats and used them as su ch, Kung Sunhung (~1:. ~!.., Han dynasty) also lacked books, so he did his copies

-26-

on bamboo slips.
There was no diFFiculty however great, which
they did overcome in their love For learning .

~ chien 3 a slip, a bamboo slip. ;fft p'i

;!i'J

hsiao
~ mien 3

open, unFold .

cut oFF.
~ pi en to braid .
2
force, urge, stimulate. f;jj p'u rushes suitable for matting.
1

-)ll}i
hsua n
cUll
hi an

~
pu4
pat)
put

Pl

~I

${!.

liang 2 ,
c:leung,
li6ng,

chui 1
cchui
chui

fi,

*'J

tz'u 4
' )
ts z
chhl

t1

1.})

chiao\
kau),

tsz~

kau,

chu

c h '1n 2
fk ' an
khfn

tzu 4

--!It.
ku 3 .
cku .
k6 .

.:.a .
k' u 3
cfu .

kh6

65.
Then there were the two sch:>lars who, being afraid of
alling asleep over their studies, tortured thamselves in order to
keep awake One of them Sun Ching C1'*- t)t, Chin _dynas t y) tied his
hair to a beam and the other Su Ch ' in (~.Lt, Chou dynasty) kept
ricking himself with an awl. They were conscientious in their studies
1n spite oF the fact that they had no teachers.
1

~M tz ' u 4

i(l chui
an awl.
.! hsuan 2 tie up, suspend .

it

-ka

nang 2
fnong
16ng

Ju2
u
ju

~
Chi11

sui 1
csui
SUI

M:

-ka

.fl

ying 2 ,
fying,
t!ng,

-'it

ju2
fu
ju

' 2 1
pIn
fP an,

p1n,

ku 3

hsueh 2
hok~
hbk

stab, prick .
the thigh.

a*

ying 4
c
ying
idng

~
pu4
pat)
put

1;;
hsueh 3 ;
suto;
so at;

.f,a_
ch'uo 4 .
chut ,
to at.

66. There are many instances oF schola rs, who persevered in

heir studies in sp ite oF their poverty. One of them (Chu Yin
J~L, Chin dynasty) gathered a number oF Fireflies and put them
nto a sack and studied by their light. The other, Sun K' ang (:J'*-.1.~-U,
tudied by the light reflected by snow.
4
ch'uo
to stop, suspend.
p'in 2 poor, indigent .
3
;'; hsueh
snow.
.~ ying 2 fireflies.
2
a sack.
;l nang
"~ y'1ng 4 s h 1ne,
'
""
re Fl. ec t .

'Jt

-27-

'

%T,

~.

. I
ns1n
cson,
sin,

~It

sh~n 1

SUI

cshan
s1n

cSUI
SUI

chiao
kok 0 ;
kak;

;f,

-$-.

lao 2 ,
~lo,

chuo 1
ch 'euk .
tok.

1&,

67. Then there was Chu Ma i- ch ' ~n C*-1! !}.,Han dynasty) who
studied as he carried fir e wood and Li Mi (4 W, Sui dynasty) who
hung his bookon his cow's horn as he pastured the cattle. Although
they had a hard time, they persevered in their studies .

.f-

excel .
~i~ kua 4
to carry on the back. % lao 2
firewood .
~~ yu 2

chuo 1
~ Fu 4
-lit hsin 1

~
Su

-t

shih 2

Ch 'uon 2 ,
~Ts ' un,
ChoSn,

cSu
So

1t

~{;
shi h 3
cc h i

Fa 1
to

fa

hoat

51

~ft
I

SUI

tt,

16,

,j-

.fj:

SIU
I

S l aU

:#t.

tuk~

tsik~.

~~
yu 2
~yau

iU

su

t~

hui 3

fui 1
h6e

cshang,
seng

chek.

l{t
ch'ih 2
~ch'i.

d.
.~

chi

....-,

sh~ng

--t-,
ch'i 1,
ts' at:>,
chhit,

tu 2
thbk

;t,

kl
hsiao3

lao 3 ,
~16,

slp
".!'{

hun,

csui

shap~
~A,

f~n 4 1

~fen

to hang up.
to toil for, to labour.
still, still more.

ssu I.
cSZ.

su .

68 . When one 1s young, one should be more ser1ous about

one's studies as it might be too lote to learn.
Mr. Su Lao-ch'l.ian
l Sung dynas t y) reelised this when he started learning et lhe age of
twenty - seven, and deeply regretted that he did not leern in his
younger doys.

-28-

.fi
Xi
;it
Plf

-tt

chi 2
ch 'i h 2
ch 'Ua n 2
~rh 3
fa 1

Juo 4
Yeuk)

Jiok-

tt

Tui 4
.)
TUl
TUi
{It

a book, a list.
1l- t~
late, to delay .
ttl'
a spring, fountain.
J.i9;
you .
:iF
to star t , go to w ork on fo..}.

a-

-*

*..

1}

hsiao 3
's iu
si8u

sh ih 2

pat

shap~
sip

k' u i 1
,fui
khoe

tai

n\,

ch ' ~ng 2 ,
~sheng,
s~ng,

1.. '

sh~ng 1 ,
,shang,
seng,

-t-

pa'

%}.

ta4
tai~

Nl

"'pato

Liang 2
,Leung
-Li8ng

chi 4
ke iJ

fa 1 -f~n 4 to work with ardor .

f~n 4 ze al, zeal o us, anger.
hui 3
to regr e t, to repent.
1
shu - chi 2 bo ok s .
su 1 t o re vive ; a surname .

tuo
,to
to

tft

chung 4
chungJ
chi a ng

:a

i2
i
gf

~rh 4 .

.,-.
)

ji .

-:'.
1

ch ' ~ng 1
cch ' eng
chheng

shih 4 .
sz~.

su.
-~.
i4 .
i~ .
in .

:!L

,' .

li 4
lap)
llp-

ch ih 4 .
che .
ch~ .

69. Then there was Liang Hao ( Sung dynasty ) who pessed the
oral exeminations 1n the Imperial Cou rt of which the Emperor
himself was e ;: am1ner.
He gr a due t ed first among the Hanlin
graduates an d every one was as ton is h e d at his wonderful
ach ievem e nts . One should al w ays try t o be ambitious and realize
one's ambitions .
aim, purpose, ambition .
~ chih 4
~ chung 4 meny, all.
vest expen s e of water,
ll~ hao 4
megn i fi cent

Ying 2
eWing
-EAg

"'

sui 4

wonderful, rare, strenge ..

the chief, the heed .
th e c ou rt , th e op e n c ourt
in e pa la c e .

ii~
A

pa'
pat a
pat

SUI

neng
cnong

soe

-l~ng

,~j..-

.k

Pi4

ch ' i 1
ts' at)
chhit

1i~

.)
Pel
p~

.)

i*-

yung3
)
wingeng

Ril\

~t.
shih
cshi .

51.

~$;.

SUI

n ~ ng 2
en eng

fu 4
fu)

ch ' i 2 .
,k ' ei .

soe

-l~ng

h~

- kf.

SUI

.)

-29-

,f:li_
ta ,

JQ
3

ying
. ;)
wingeng

A
jen
cYan

go,

Jln

;)

hsi.ieh 2 ,
hokJ,
hilk,-

-t]-,

;f$j.
2

ng-,

WU

~.

-'t}J
yu4
yau
iu

ch 'eng I
cch ' eng
chheng

..

1;
tang 1
ctong
tong

ch'i 2 .
ck ' ei.

-u.

~.
chih 1
cchi.
chi.

hsiao 4
htw 2
hau

70.
Ying (Northern Ch'i dynasty) could read the Odes at
the age of eight and Pi (T'ang dynasty) could write anomalous
verses at the age of seven. They were versatile and admired by
every one. So, you young people, should emulate them.

~
~
-iJJJ
;"j.

ch ' i 2
fu 4
hsiao 4
pi 4

chess, draughts.
anomalous verse.
follow, emulate.
bubbling up.

~:t_

-#.1l

.7.r.
Ts ' a14
Ts

Chi 1
cKei
Ki

' 01.)

Chhai

t&

~~t

Yi.in 4
Wan:>

Hsieh 4
Tse~

s,a

Un

-:t,

~
nan 2

~nam
lam

I~ wu 4
intelligent, versatile.
.JJ:. ying 2 the pure lustre of a gem
;f~ ying 3 versatile.
~ yung 3 chant, sing, read.

fit

pien 4
. ;)
pinpian

neng 2
cnang
-I eng

yung 3
. ;)
wingeng

fi~

Jl

tzu 3 ,
ctsz,

ch ' ieh 3
cch 'e

chu,

chhian

-1-,
tzu 3 ,
' tsz,
chu,

1;
tang 1
ctong
tong

71.

J!...

1Jf

neng
cnang
-leng

ch'in 2 .
ck'am.
-khtm.

*"

"tj<..

. 2

y1n .
~yam.

g1m.

-M:_.

Jf!
ts.ung

cts'ung
chhong

. 3

m1n .
~man.

bfn .

4}.
4

tzu
tsz 2
chu

ching
ckeng.
keng.

There were two brilliant little girls whose examples one

could do well to Follow. One, Ts ' ai Wen Chi (Han dynasty) could
distinguish the strings oF the lute and the other Hsieh Tao -wen,
could compose poetry.

-30-

the lute, harp.

:fit pien 4 distinguish, discriminate .
to werm, be werned. J.}. ts'ai 4 a surname .
quick, active, elert.
yin 2 hum, sing, com~ose .
reddish yellow, a bow-cese .
~~~ ts ' ung 1 min 3 smart.
surname of the royal house of Chou; a lady of distinction.

JH

T'ang 2
cT' ong
-T&ng

Chu 3
cku
ku

~]

L'IU 2

7i

Lau
Liu

:fo/
Sh~n 2
Shan
Sfn

~.

T ' ung 2 ,
!;T,ung,
T&ng,

~!J'

SUI

:fa

wei 2
Wal
ui

mien 3
min
bian

;t,

Cche,
chhia,

Ch~ng 4

Jl, 4

SUI

.)

SUI

soe,

.:f.

Cheng:>

Tzti 4 .
Tsz~ .

Ch~ng

Ju.

hsueh 2 ,
hok:>,
hak,-

ch~ 3 ,

ch ' i 1
ts '11 t:>
chhit

jE.

i~,

'*

Nl

1'F-

Tsuo 4
Tsok 0
Chok

sh~n
cshan
s1n

yu\
)
yau,

SUI

-k

fang 1
cfong
hong

Yen\
' )
An,
An.

{.

~
ifF

i4
yik)

k-

su .

JO

~rh 2
1
jf

juo 4
yeuk)
ji6k -

~t.
chih 4 .
chi:> .

d.

?t.

shih 4 .
shi~.
si .

72. Even at the age of seven, little Liu Yen of the House of
T ' ang was Chosen by the Emperor as the most talented boy. Later
he was appointed by the Emperor es proof reader of the Imperial
Academy end wes admitted to official circles in spite of his youth.
Men reep es they sow, success can be atteined if one but tries.

:tt

{ shih 4 be in office .

chih 4 to convey to, to come to, eim .

chu 3 erect, choose, recommend .
:lf sh~n 2 spiritual beings; intelligent .
:i'f: sh~n 2 -t ' ung 2 a precocious boy .
'f:.
t ' ung 2
a boy, a person under fiFteen

;Jl- i 4

----

;k.

Ch 'uan 3
cHun

Khian

q
shou
cshau
siU

~.
yeh\
t)
ye-,

~(t
h I l
ckei
ke

also.
~J liu 2 a surneme .
.1fc:. yen 4 late, gentle.
years of age .

*-

-31-

cSZ

su

ch 'e n 2 .
shen.
A
s1n
.

t1

Kou 3
cKau

K6

Ts'an 2
cTs'am
.Chh&m

~~,

pu4

hsueh 2 ,
hok),
hbk,-

patJ
put

'!]:.

?.:3: ,

t'u 3
t'o)

v i
SSU 1

tho

Jen 2
cYan
J1n

pu 4
pat:>
put

wei 2
~woi

Ui

it
feng 1
cfung
hong

csz,
si,

~it

niang 4
I
)
yeungjiong

A.?
jen 2 ?
cyan?
j1n?

'j:,
mi 4 .
mat:>.
b lt."

8/:,

h~ue h 2 ,
pat:>
put

hok:>,
hbk;

ju

Chspter IV. Advice as to Diligence in Learning to Young People

73. Dogs watch et night and cocks herald the dawn. If

children do not learn what do they expect to be when .they become
men? Silkworms spin silk and bees make honey. These industrious
creatures put idle men to shame.
~ ch'en 2 the morning, dawn. 1f m/~
honey, confectionery.
i.[l. chi 1
the cock, fowl.
~ niang 4 to make fermented liguor.
~ shou 3 to guard, watch.
~ feng 1 a bee or wasp.
~
2
to do, become.
2t: ts'an 2 silkworms.
l<'t.l we1
2
; he
how?
:({ yeh 4 night.
3
~ t'u
to pour out, eject from the mouth, issue, vomit.
~ wei 2 to do, act, become, to be in the place of.
~jJ

hsueh 2 ,
hok:>,
hbk;

Ill

J:.

Shang 4
Sheung~
Siong

;f~
Yang 2
cYeung

16n g

:11
chih 4
chi)

~
ming 2
cmeng
beng

H.

.;j

*'

Yu 4
Yau)

chuang 4
chong)
chong

~,

hsing 2
chang.
heng.

if

chun 1,
ckwan,
kun,

tse 2
chak:>
tek

~~,

i.il~

sheng 1 ,
csheng,
seng,

hsien 3
chin
hi an

-32-

~.

min 2 .
cman.
.b1n.

-liJ:.
mu 3 .
fmo.
bb.

;)It

~
1

Kuang
,K won g
Kong

yu
eli
u

#i...

-*

r-lJ '

C h' Ul2

ch'ien 2 ,
ts 'i n,
chiSn,

shui
sui

hou 4 .
hau~ .
ho .

yu2
eli
u

74 . Children should study in their youth and make use of

their studies in their manhood. Should they become government
officers, they should serve their government well and treat people
kindly . Thus they will become popular and their parents respected.
Their po p ularity will also benefit their posterity.

%~ ming 2 -sheng

-Tl chuang 4 vigorous, in manhood.

fame .
to han d down, transmi t. i:f:
tse
benefits.
qt hsing 2 to travd over, to make to go, carry into practice, execute.
l'ft hs ien 3
enlightened, distinguish, make illustrious .

~ ch ' ui

j!_
2
I

wai

Ui

~t
chia o 4
kauJ
kau

1-,

&

tzu 3 ,
ctsz,
chu,

chin
ckam
kim

~~
1

man 3
(
I
-mun
boan

1-,
tzu 3 ,
ctsz,
chu

y1ng .
ying.
eng .

~-

I
I

yat::>
it

ching 1
ckeng.
ken g.

75. Some might leave their children wealth but

have only
this little book to give to mine. If by it they learn to be good and
useful I am more than contented .
2

it

iiJ

rnan

})J
Ch'in 2
cK ' an
-Khun

leave behind .
abundant, filled up.

;;{f
yu3
yau
I

IU

~
1
chih
cchi
chi

kung ,
,kung,
kong,

~.1

wei 2
2
ying

but, only .
chests.

'J}J'

tsai
ctsoi,
chai,

tft
l\

wu
cm6
-bu

~
mien 3
m1n
bian

,~

;;--

...iXII-.

2
I

yik::>
ek.

11.
4

li
likJ .
le k-.

76. There is mer1t 1n diligence. Time is precious, so alwllys

be prepared and strive hard to achieve these precepts I have
compiled.
Published by Chisng Ker Chiu, 56, Shott Street, Singapote.
(ALL RIGHTS RESERVED)

Book

For

St:udent:s

UNDER the title uf "Advanced :V1andarin F~r Camboidge Soudents," Mr. Chians Ker
Chiu of the Chung Hwa Ivt an darin In stilul ion, S insapor;;:, intends to write '"' se-ri~s of bouls, d 1 e
first of wl acll J1as just

been publislaed nnd

i s now on

sale.

"T'he obJeCt of tl1is aeries is to encout"a.ge th ose s tudttn ls who are to 'king Chinese as a
subject. for their Cambridge examinations, autl to enab l e tl1em to tal.:.:: up the study wtth greatGr
eaae under modern methods of training.
The cho ice of Mandarin, the Chinese n ation al language, as th e medium throug h wluch
the Jessous ore taugh.t ia mainly due tu the fact that in a cosmopolitan city lik e Singapore where
Cl1inese, speaki ng a variety of provincial dt n1o?cts, have cone to li ve an d trade, these publications
should S<!:rve as wide a purp os~ as pouibl e.
r\s tbe ability to translate one langua ee into a n other is th e fundament:. ! requiremo!.nt
for o. succeufu J ca ndida te in Cambridge e xaminations , d.G author in his first issue has to1len
gr~.1l p1 ins to translate every Chinese tcx:t into Enz:lish and to u:t a Lst of lcsu for the benefit
of the students.

- - Tloe .\ \ alo ya Tribu ne, Saturday, IJ<cember 28, 19110.

Of ,\1andarin Readers there are many types. Each book must

have its characterisi~cs, and no book alone can suppl y all requirements .
Everywhere in Malaya, most of the children of the Straits
Chinese first enter the English schools, thus reversing the natural order.
This pro duces people who an. versed in: English but being ignorant of
their national tongue they are laughed at by others as ilJitetates. This
is a common occurence.
As affairs ar e such it is not easy to correct
this d e fect in a short time.
13ut those who are broa dminde d, know
that Mandarin is compulsory anJ must be l earnt.
There are many
who study it most dilige ntly. Mr. Chiang Ker Cl1iu's b ooks "N1andarin
Mad e Easy'' and "Progressive Mandarin Headers" meet this requirement.
Tl1ese books besides teaching Chinese phonetic symbols, also
give Romani zed spelling, and to thos e who know English it is specially
suitable. The method of compilation is from the simple to tbe difficult,
and empbasis is laid on exercises. This makes the stud~:.nts interestecl
and makes them feel that they are making steacly progress .
These are
really very good Mandarin R eaders, suitable for l'v1alayan Chinese
children. TJ1erefore , I write these few worcls as a recommendation.

HUANG WAN ,
Singapore, July, 1Qlj0,
(Translation f.rum the or igina l recommen dati o n in Cbinese

by i\1r. Hunng W nn, lntely

-34-

Director of Education, Pulirn)

Amoy Vernacular Lessons For Beginners

wH:h a Vocabulary
A Recommendation by Rev. Ernest Tipson, Secretory of Malayan Agency of the
British & Foreign Bible Socro;ty:
'Mr. Chiang Ker Chiu is an e ;.c perienced teacher of Chinese and out of his
experienc" in teaching that lengu oge this book has been born.
It hos many <.Jua l ities to recomme,, d it end is a great advance upon previous methCJd s
of teaching by Chinese.
It colllbines the best of Western methods with Mr. Chiang's own methods end thus
o very useful book ts the result.
The learning of Chinese hes always been looked upon as a more Formidable t.ask
then perhops it is (though one would not wish to minimize the diffrculties of the task ,
but thot is because other efforts to teach the language hove been anything but olluring
to the stu d ent, end rnony becan.e discourage d before they had gone very for. \)(.ith this
Handbook end help, it should be o rnuch easier task then Formerly, bttd I hope that this
book will hove o la rge circulation.
Those who uso this book will acquire such o taste for learning the language tha t
they will v.ant to go on to deeper studies when they hove Finished it. I hey will find
Mr. Chiang a relioble guide to tho;e deeper studios.'
Ernest Tipson.
Singapore, August 1940.

Singapore S cnolar' s Text: Book On Mandarin

ANOTHER valuab le contrtbution to Chinese text books has been made by Mr. Chiang
Ker Chiu, who elreody has to his credit t<.verol othe r publications.
Mr. Chier.g's latest publicetion is entitled "Advanced Mandarin" \Book 1), and is
intended for students preporing for the Cambridge examination now that Mandarin, the
C hi nese notional language, is one of the languages included in Comb,idge papers.
Chief characteristic oF the book is its simplic;ty. It .s o\;vrous from the book that
Mr. Chiang, who is principal of the Chung Hwo Mandarin Institution, he simplifie d many
of the problems which on advanced student of the Chinese r,otior.ol leng uoge frequently
comes across in his study.
Another Factor which makes "Advance d M~ndorin'' valuable i the diffi culty of
getting similar text books from other sources. Recently, it has been fcur.d drfFrcult to
obtain books from Chino, end Mr. Cf,iang's latest publication should, at Ieos~, fill a greet
need.
But it is mo re then that - fer it is the work of one who has hod considerable
experience o~ teaLhing Mon dorin in Malaya end who, therefore, has a good understand ing
of en overage student's difficulties.
--The Stra its Times , Tuesday, December 24, 19 4 0.

- 35-

Mandarin. Cantonese. Holckien. Hakka.

L~arn Cbiuese dialects hy progreui v e SELF.TJ\UGHT bouks. Pronunciolion,
radicnls, combit\aii ons, idioms and etymol ngy minuhdy and cleatl y explained in Engluh.

suitable for Students anJ Bu1ine11 men. The book are based on {\\QDBRN
(1 ) !ilJ* ~{4 Mandarin Made Enoy with Pronuucootion in
H o l,kien & Cantoneae, 3rd Editiun

lonu,

V cry

method, ,

teacltiJIS:

$0.55

(2) (ilJtH!~f Progreuive lv1andarin RcaJers fur lntermechute Studenh

$0.60
$0.60

with a V oca hulnry, Reviaed

(3) i'iij~li!llif:t;,l't/;zfs: .'\dvanced Mandorin for Cambridge Student.

( 4)

-'"ilfJ1,f.jf, Cantonese

(5)

$LOO

for Beginners with a Vocabulary, Book One Revised

Cantonese for Beginnets, Book Two ..

$1.00

(6) ~~g1 )\ Amoy Vemacular ( Hokkien) Lessons for Besinners

with a Voc ubu lary (Word.for-word metlood).
...
('i) lffjffi.J.h~ !Ia lkn for Beginnera with a Voc>bulay (\YforJ.forw ord m<tltoc!'
(8~ ~~-=*j,'\1: The Three-Character Clauic with E,.g[i,h Translation and l'\o1eo
Romanised into l\1anJo.rin, Cantone1e and Hokkirn

(9) A Pocket Dictionary of the Amoy Vernacular (Englioh.Chmese) 2nd Ed.

(JO) A Pocket Dictionary of tbe Amoy Vernacular 1 C hinese-Englioh )

$1.00
$1.'?5

$0.30

$'~.50
$:1.75

Obtainable at nll !.nd ing bookstores & Chung Hwa Mandarin Institution , 56, Short St., S'pore,

Study Of Mandarin Simplified

WO very valuable contributions to Chinese literature are made by Mr. Chiang Ker
Chiu, author of "Mandarin Made Easy" and "Progressive Mandarin REaders,"
which have just been issued and are now on sale at leading book..<tores at the remarkably low price of 55 cents and 60 cents respectively.
"Mandarin l'v1ade Eay" fully justifies its name and the claim of it autltor who ducovers
the .,royal rond" for s~udenh of tbe Chinese national Janguage-Mr. Chiaug presenl, in his

text-book a method of ttudying Mandarin which could not b. otmpler.

Anyone with ev"n the most elementary knowledge c..lf Cl'lln~se can m os1er f\1an danu with
cue; it is even timpleL if he is able to speak either tbe I fokkien or Cantonese diol~ct.

HAPPY CHOI CE
Mr. Chiang boa made a very happy cl,oice in aelecting I lokkien nod Cantonese as addi.
h n nal media of ins truction , at tltese dialects mr.-v be said to be moat wid~ly used "'IIHHtg tl1e
( hineae here.
PoL this reason alone, his bo o k will appeal to oil Chinrse who desiro.- 1" learn
tlteit national lan guage.
Quite a number of f ore igners are also studying Mandarin, and one con with tl'lt: utmott
lo them, for c.opious yet simplt notes and ex
planations given by the author simplify tl1e study of the language to the greatest possible e:xtent.

confic:len c~ commend "JV\andarin lv\a.~e Easy"

"Progressive Mandadn Readers" thouJJ prc,ve very useful to those

acquired a Mandarin vocabulary.

wJH, ht~n! a lready

--The Malaya Tribune, Tuesday, January 23, 1940.

Singapore Books On Mandarin

F or Europeans or Chinese wishing to learn lV\andarin, China'a national language a new

text book has just been published by M.. Chiang Keo Chiu nf Singapore.
Carefu lly eraded, it i wdtten an that a working knowledge of Mandarin can be (.1bta1ned
witJ,out ref ~ re uce to any other books or dictionariet.

By

the &'\me author is a Pcogressive Mandacin Reader with vocabulary foe inlermediale

atudenh,

--The
PRINTED BY lAM YEONG PRESS

Straits Times, Wednesday, .T~t.nuaty 31. JQ1.0.

CO,. I t 3 . TElOK AVER STREET, SINGAPORE

- 36 -

.-h
'l

-r

OR

iii
\111

,$
:::J

.l.Jl;

<IX

Classes on Mandarin, Malay, Hokkian ~ Cant:onese

from E lementary to High School C ourses. Students uth.,r than the
Absolute Be!!inners can: enrol at any time: throughout the: whole year.

THE REGULATIONS OF

CHUNG HWA MANDARIN INSTITUTION

No. s6, 51-/0RT STREET, SINGAPORE.
(Eton I-ligh School Budding, Corner o~ Slwrt Street & Selegie Rond. )

Courses:
Classes:

E lementary, Intermediate, Advanced and High School Courses.

Mondays and Thursdays, 5.15 p.m . t o J p .m. or J . 15 p .m. to 9 p.m.
Tuesdays and Fridays,
- do \XTednesJays and Saturdays
- do Special aftunoon classes for English school students from 2 to 3 p.m.
or 3 to~ p.m. or~ to 5 p .m., thrice weekly. Fu: $1/- per mensem.
Jl.landarin students may join more th:ln one !vlandarin cl a s6 without
paying extra fee.

Textbooks: Eas), progressive and systematic; composed by our school staff.

Explanations All lessons to be taught ac corchngly and explained in English.
ertificates: Certificates on Chinese, approved and signed by the Chinese
Consul-General, will be awarded to candidates \Vho have: passed the final
examination on completion of ~ach course:.

Fees: S2/-

per mcnsem for Mandarin and $3/- for other dialects and High
School Courses. Special concession may be made to indigent students.

nrclment fee: $t.oo.

orrespondence: All corresponden c e:

HAKKA

to be addressed to the Principal.

FOR BEGINNERS

FOR the comparatively small sum of $1.25, those who read English
b1ay attempt to learn Hal.::l:.a, one of the most widely-used Chinl!se dialects ...
in Jvialaya.

"J-Ial:.1:a for Beginners" is another excellent contribution by ]\ ir.

Chia ng Ker Chiu t o the text books available here for the tudy ot Chinese
dialects.
In this b o ok, Mr. Chiang endeavours to teach Ha.kka by the wordor-word method, throueh "hich the diligent student shoul d be able to acqutre
peakin g knowledge of -the dialec t withi n a rea sonab ly short time.
- - T h e S traits Times, .tYl arch 1 , 19~1.

<flji;~~&y:~
CHUNG HWA
MANDARIN INSTITUTION
5b Short Street
Si ngopore

Tho Thru Ch erac ter Cl ssic

t:'ng lish T rendet ion w ith Note s

P rice 30 cts, 1st ed . June , 19lf I