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6.2 Penyajian
6.2.1 Uraian
PAST PARTICIPLE
The past participle is one of the principal parts of a verb. The past participle is used
in the PRESENT PERFECT tense and the PAST PERFECT tense.
In regular verbs, the form of the past participle is the same as the simple past: both
end in ed. For irregular verbs you need to memorize them.
For example :
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SIMPLE SIMPLE
FORM
PAST
REGULAR
VERBS
finish
stop
wait
IRREGULAR see
VERBS
make
put
finished
stopped
waited
saw
made
put
PAST
PARTICIPLE
finished
stopped
waited
seen
made
put
SIMPLE SIMPLE
FORM
PAST
1.
finish
Finished
Finished
11. Come
Came
2.
See
Saw
Seen
12. Study
Studied
3.
Go
Went
13. Stay
Stayed
4.
Have
Had
14. Begin
Began
5.
Meet
Met
15. Start
Started
6.
Call
Called
16. Write
Wrote
7.
Fall
Fell
17. Eat
Ate
8.
Do
Did
18. cut
Cut
9.
Know
Knew
19. Read
Read
10.
Fly
flew
20. Be
Was/were
6.2.2 Uraian
Forms Of The Present Perfect :
1. STATEMENT:
have/has
past participle
For example :
(a)
I have finished my work.
(b)
The students have finished chapter 3.
(c)
Jim has eaten lunch.
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PAST
PARTICIPLE
2. CONTRACTION
Pronoun + have
ve
Pronoun + has
For example :
(a)
Ive/Youve/Weve/Theyve eaten lunch.
(b)
Shes/Hes eaten lunch.
(c)
Its been cold for the last three days.
3. NEGATIVE:
have/has + not + past participle
NEGATIVE CONTRACTION
have + not
havent
has + not
hasnt
For example :
(a)
I have not (havent) finished my work.
(b)
Ann has not (hasnt) eaten lunch.
4. QUESTION:
have/has + subject + past participle
For example :
(a)
Have you finished your work?
(b)
Has Jim eaten lunch?
(c)
How long have you lived here?
5. SHORT ANSWER :
have/havent or has/hasnt
For example:
(a)
A: Have you seen that movie?
B: Yes, I have. OR No, I havent.
(b)
A: Has Jim eaten lunch?
B: Yes, he has. OR No, he hasnt.
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Note: The helping verb in the short answer is not contracted with the pronoun.
INCORRECT: Yes, Ive. OR Yes, hes.
Be careful
*COMPARE:
Its cold today. [Its = It is: It is cold today.]
Its been cold since December. [Its = It has: It has been cold since December]
EXERCISE 2. Forms of the present perfect.
Directions: Complete the dialogues with the words in parentheses. Use the present perfect.
1. A : (you, eat , ever) ______________________ seaweed ?
B : No , I ______________. I (eat, never) __________________seaweed.
2. A : (you, stay, ever) _______________________________ at a big hotel ?
B : Yes , I ____________. I (stay) __________ at a big hotel lots of times.
3. A : (you, meet, ever) _______________________________ a movie star ?
B : No, I _____________. I ( meet, never) _______________ a movie star.
4. A : (Tom, visit, ever) _________________________ you at your house ?
B : Yes , he ____________ . He (visit) ______________ me lots of times .
5. A : (Ann, be ,ever)_______________________ in Mexico ?
B : No , she ___________ . She (be, never) _________________ in Mexico . She (be,
not) __________________ in any Spanish-speaking countries.
6.2.3 Uraian
Meanings Of The Present Perfect :
look at two pictures bellow:
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now
now
Before now
Before now
Unspecified time
Unspecified time
Fig. (a)
Fig. (b)
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now
Fig. (c)
6.2.4 Uraian
Simple Past vs Present Perfect
1. The SIMPLE PAST expresses an activity that occurred at a specific time (or
times) in the past, as in (a), (b), and (c).
a)
b)
c)
For example :
I finished my work two hours ago.
I was in Europe last year/three years ago/in 1999/in 1995 and
1999/when I was ten years old.
Ann was in Miami for two weeks.
In (a): I finished my work at a specific time in the past (two hours ago).
In (c): In sentences where for is used in a time expression, the simple
past expresses an activity that began and ended in the past.
For example :
I have already* finished my work.
I have been in Europe many times/several times/a couple of
times/once/ (no mention of time).
Bob has been in Miami for two weeks/since May first.
In (d): I finished my work at an unspecified time in the past (sometime
before now).
In (f): In sentences with for or since the present perfect expresses an
activity that began in the past and continues to the present.
*For more information about already, see Chart 4-8.
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Specified time
in the past
Unspecified
time in the past
X
QUESTION
Ms. Parker has been in Tokyo many times
(present perfect)
Ms. Parker was in Tokyo last week
(simple past)
Ive met Anns husband. He is a nice guy.
I met Anns husband at a party last week.
Mr. White was in Rome three times last month.
Mr. White has been in Rome many times.
I like to travel. Ive been in more than thirty
foreign countries.
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Saw
2. Eat
Seen
1. Drive
__________ __________
________ _______
2. Ride
__________ __________
3. Give
________ _______
3. Write
__________ __________
4. Fall
________ _______
4. Bite
__________ __________
5. Take
________ _______
5. Hide
__________ __________
6. Shake
________ _______
1. Break
broke
broken
1. Throw
2. Speak
2. Blow
3. Steal
3. Fly
4. Get
4. Drink
5. Wear
5. Sing
6. Draw
6. Swim
7. Grow
7. Go
______________
2. Make ______________
______________
3. Build ______________
______________
4. Lend
______________
______________
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5. Send
______________
______________
6. Spend ______________
______________
7. Leave ______________
______________
8. Lose
______________
______________
9. Sleep ______________
______________
10. Feel
______________
______________
11. Meet
______________
______________
12. Sit
______________
______________
______________
______________
______________
13. Win
*
Hang is a regular verb (hang, hanged, hanged) when it means to kill a person by putting
aRope around his/her neck.
Hang is an irregular verb when it refers to suspending a thing on a wall, in a closet, on a
hook, etc.
EXERCISE 9. Irregular verbs.
Directions: Write the simple past and the past participles.
1. Sell
2. Tell
3. Hear
4. Hold
5. Feed
6. Read
7. Find
8. Buy
9. Think
10. Teach
11. Catch
12. Cut
13. Hit
14. Quit*
15. Put
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6.3
Penutup
6.3.1
Rangkuman
A. Past Participle
1. The past participle is one of the principal parts of a verb. (See Chart 2-6,
p. 32.). The past participle is used in the PRESENT PERFECT tense and
the PAST PERFECT tense.
2. The past participle of regular verbs is the same as the simple past form:
both and in -ed. See chart 2-7, p. 33, for a list of irregular verbs.
B. Forms Of The Present Perfect
Statement
have/has + past participle
Pronoun + have = ve
Contraction
Pronoun + has = s
Negative
have not/havent or has
not/hasnt
Question
have/has + subject + past
participle
Short Answer have/havent or has/hasnt
C. Meanings Of The Present Perfect
1. The PRESENT PERFECT expresses an activity or situation that occurred
(or did not occur) before now, at unspecified time in the past.
2. An activity may be repeated two, several, or more times before now, at
unspecified times in the past.
3. A situation began in the past and continues to the present.
Right
now
________________at
I
this
(study)_____________English
school
since
beginning
at
this
school.
of
January.
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(be)
(arrive)
since
(come)
_____________________
here,
(meet)
__ two month.
2.
__ September.
3.
__ 1998.
4.
__ last year.
5.
__ two years.
6.
__ last Friday.
7.
__ 9.30.
8.
__ three days.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
__ a couple of hours.
14.
__ fifteen minutes.
15.
__ yesterday.
16.
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6.4 Referensi
Betty Schrampfer Azar, Fundamentals of English Grammar 3rd Edition, Longman, 2003.
Chapter 4. Unit 4.1 4.4. Page 84-87.
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