Question4: Discuss the essential elements of a valid contract.

Answer: A contract has been defined in Section 2(h) as an agreement enforceable by law.
To be enforceable by law, an agreement must possess the essential elements of a valid
contract as contained in Sections 10, 29 and 56.
According to Section 10, all agreements are contracts if they are made by the free consent of
the parties, competent to contract, for a lawful consideration, with a lawful object, are not
expressly declared by the Act to be void, and, where necessary, satisfy the requirements of
any law as to writing or attestation or registration.
As the details of these essentials form the subject-matter of our subsequent chapters, we
propose to discuss them in brief here.
The essential elements of a valid contract may be summed up as follows:
1. Offer and acceptance: There must be a lawful offer and a lawful acceptance of the
offer, thus resulting in an agreement. The adjective lawful implies that the offer and
acceptance must satisfy the requirements of the Contract Act in relation thereto.
2. Intention to create legal relations: There must be an intention among the parties that
the agreement should be attached by legal consequences and create legal obligations.
Agreements of a social or domestic nature do not contemplate legal relations, and as such
they do not give rise to a contract.
3. Lawful consideration: The third essential element of a valid contract is the presence of
consideration. Consideration has been defined as the price paid by one party for the
promise of the other. An agreement is legally enforceable only when each of the parties to it
gives something and gets something. The consideration may be an act (doing something) or
forbearance (not doing something) or a promise to do or not to do something. It may be past,
present or future. But only those considerations are valid which are lawful.
4. Capacity of parties: The parties to an agreement must be competent to contract;
otherwise it cannot be enforced by a court of law. In order to be competent to contract the
parties must be of the age of majority and of sound mind and must not be disqualified from
contracting by any law to which they are subject (Sec. 11).

5. Free consent: Free consent of all the parties to an agreement is another essential
element of a valid contract. Consent means that the parties must have agreed upon the
same thing in the same sense (Sec. 13). There is absence of free consent if the agreement is
induced by (ii) coercion, (ii) undue influence, (iii) fraud, (iv) misrepresentation, or (v) mistake
(Sec. 14). If the agreement is vitiated by any of the first four factors, the contract would be
voidable and cannot be enforced by the party guilty of coercion, undue influence etc.
6. Lawful object: For the formation of a valid contract it is also necessary that the parties to
an agreement must agree for a lawful object. The object for which the agreement has been
entered into must not be fraudulent or illegal or immoral or opposed to public policy or must
not imply injury to the person or property of another (Sec. 23). If the object is unlawful for
one or the other of the reasons mentioned above the agreement is void. Thus, when a
landlord knowingly lets a house to a prostitute to carry on prostitution, he cannot recover the
rent through a court of law.
7. Writing and registration: According to the Indian Contract Act, a contract may be oral
or in writing. But in certain special cases it lays down that the agreement, to be valid, must
be in writing or/and registered. For example, it requires that an agreement to pay a time
barred debt must be in writing and an agreement to make a gift for natural love and affection
must be in writing and registered (Sec. 25). Similarly, certain other Acts also require writing
or and registration to make the agreement enforceable by law which must be observed. Thus,
(i) an arbitration agreement must be in writing as per the Arbitration and Conciliation Act,
1996; (ii) an agreement for a sale of immovable property must be in writing and registered
under the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 before they can be legally enforced.
8. Certainty: Section 29 of the Contract Act provides that Agreements, the meaning of
which is not certain or capable of being made certain, are void. In order to give rise to a
valid contract the terms of the agreement must not be vague or uncertain. It must be
possible to ascertain the meaning of the agreement, for otherwise, it cannot be enforced.
9. Possibility of performance: Yet another essential feature of a valid contract is that it
must be capable of performance. Section 56 lays down that An agreement to do an act
impossible in itself is void. If the act is impossible in itself, physically or legally, the
agreement cannot be enforced at law.
10. Not expressly declared void: The agreement must not have been expressly declared
to be void under the Act. Sections 24-30 specify certain types of agreements which have
been expressly declared to be void.