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MODELER AASHTO
RM Bridge V8i
December 2011
RM Bridge
Training Prestressing Basic MODELER AASHTO
Contents
1 The Basic Example ..................................................................................................... 1-1
1.1 Structural System ................................................................................................. 1-1
2 Pre-arrangements and basics ....................................................................................... 2-1
2.1 Program start ........................................................................................................ 2-1
2.2 Creating a New Project ........................................................................................ 2-1
2.3 Description of the Main Program (Analyzer) Interface ....................................... 2-5
2.4 Description of the Modeler Interface ................................................................... 2-6
3 Lesson 1: Starting with Modeler ................................................................................. 3-8
3.1 General ................................................................................................................. 3-8
3.2 Construction of the Axis ...................................................................................... 3-9
3.2.1 Creating an Axis ........................................................................................... 3-9
3.2.2 Construction of the Axis in Plan View ....................................................... 3-10
3.2.3 Construction of the Axis in Elevation (Vertical Projection)....................... 3-13
4 Lesson 2: Definition of Cross-Sections ...................................................................... 4-1
4.1 Creation of an Cross-section ................................................................................ 4-1
4.2 Definitions ........................................................................................................... 4-4
4.2.1 Construction Lines (CL) ............................................................................... 4-4
4.2.2 Cross-section and Axis ................................................................................. 4-4
4.2.3 Cross-section ................................................................................................. 4-4
4.2.4 Cross-Section Elements ................................................................................ 4-4
4.2.5 Parts .............................................................................................................. 4-5
4.2.6 Reference-Sets .............................................................................................. 4-5
4.2.7 Layer ............................................................................................................. 4-5
4.3 Definition of the Construction Lines ................................................................... 4-5
4.4 Cross-Section Elements ..................................................................................... 4-13
4.5 Editing in the Cross-Section window ................................................................ 4-15
4.5.1 Object selection........................................................................................... 4-15
4.5.2 Construction line editing ............................................................................. 4-16
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Training Prestressing Basic MODELER AASHTO
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The 140m long three-span bridge (40m + 60m + 40m) is located on a compound axis
comprising a straight line, a spiral, and a circular curve. The cross-section of the main
girder is hollow box and varies along the station. The super structure consists of two
20m tall piers and two abutments.
40m
A2
60m
10x4m
15x4m
A3
40m
10x4m
20m
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Station: 0-20 m
Station: 20-70 m
Station: 70-140 m
Station: 0-65 m
Station: 65-140 m
R=2000
Numbering system:
Node numbers (span): 101-111-126-136
Element numbers (span): 101-110,111-125,126-135
Axis 1
Axis 2
101-110
Axis 4
Axis 3
111-125
126-135
X
Rigid pier connection
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13,0 m
6,5 m
6,5 m
0,40m
0,40m
12,2 m
3,00 m
2,00 m
1,50m
1,50m
3,00 m
2,00 m
0,90 m
0,20 m
0,25m
Y
0,25m
Z
h_cs_tab(sg)
5,0 m
d_web_tab(sg)
4,0m
d_bot_tab(sg)
0,15 m
1,5m
1,0m
1,0m
1,5m
4,0m
d_bot_tab(sg)
h_cs_tab(sg)
Station
Value
Type
Station
Value
Type
Station
Value
Type
0.60
LINEAR
0.30
LINEAR
3.50
LINEAR
24
0.60
LINEAR
24
0.30
LINEAR
24
3.50
PARAB. TYP1
40
0.80
LINEAR
40
0.40
LINEAR
40
5.00
PARAB. TYP2
56
0.60
LINEAR
56
0.30
LINEAR
56
3.50
LINEAR
84
0.60
LINEAR
84
0.30
LINEAR
84
3.50
PARAB. TYP1
100
0.80
LINEAR
100
0.40
LINEAR
100
5.00
PARAB. TYP2
116
0.60
LINEAR
116
0.30
LINEAR
116
3.50
LINEAR
140
0.60
LINEAR
140
0.30
LINEAR
140
3.50
LINEAR
1.5m
5.0m
Y
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Changing the working directory (or creating a new one) can be done under menu
File Change Work Directory (see Figure 2-2).
Create a new directory by selecting the desired directory path and clicking on the
Make New Folder button.
Create a directory called Training for this example. The directory structure chosen
for the work in this manual is D:\WORK\.
Click the OK button to accept the displayed directory as the active project directory.
Figure 2-3: Start screen in new work directory (see path in the window title bar).
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In the selected directory a new Project will be created. This is done under menu
File Initialize Current Project.
This creates the RM Bridge database for the current project. All user inputs and outputs
(results) are saved in this database (note that after this step, the various menu items for
the user input become active).
In next few steps, by pressing on the Next button, the user can:
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Recalculation
Zoom-Functions
At the beginning of a project the view window for the static model is empty.
Note:
By pressing the F1 button (or Menu HelpApplication Help) or clicking the help-symbol in
the symbol list (the opened book) a help window, according to the window you are currently in,
will pop up.
To zoom there are so-called free-hand symbols. A detailed description of these symbols is
obtained by selecting the mouse icon in the toolbar for general functions (or Menu
HelpFreehand Symbols).
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By double clicking on the Modeler symbol in the navigation tree the Modeler (Geometric preprocessor, formerly GP) is started. The same can be done under
Menu ModelerOpen Modeler (see figure below).
When the Modeler is open, the main window will switch to the Modeler input window
(for now still an empty project in plan view is shown).
The picture below shows the Modeler main input window with an explanation of the
fundamental functions.
Import/Export
Modeler TCL
Closing the
Modeler
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Depending on the selected menu item in the navigation tree (axis, cross-section, segments ), the input window and the input functions change.
The modeler is closed by selecting the button on the top right side (see Figure 2-8) or by
pressing Esc on the keyboard (or even by direct selecting one of the Analyzer input
functions in the Navigation tree).
Note:
The Recalc button (see Figure 2-8) in Modeler (GP) and Analyzer (RM) has different functionality. By clicking on it in Modeler, a window, for recalculating the project (data) in the Modeler and exporting the Modeler data to the Analyzer, opens. On the other hand, by clicking on
the same button in Analyzer, a window for the recalculation in the Analyzer opens.
The same applies to the two buttons on the left side for Import/Export of the data. When the
Modeler is open, the import/export refers to Modeler data and when the Analyzer is open, the
import/export refers to Analyzer data.
An explicit description for data management and project back-up can be found in chapter 8.
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3.1 General
The items that are required for defining a structural system are described step by step in
this introductory example. The following geometric data have to be defined:
axis
The three-dimensional bridge axis is defined in the horizontal and vertical projections. Traditional roadway
geometry elements are used straight lines, spirals or
clothoid, arches (circles) and cubic curves.
cross-section
Preparation of different cross-sections used for superstructure and substructure (Here a typical hollow box
section for the main girder and a simple rectangle section for the piers will be defined).
segment
structural model
The definition of an axis starts with the plan view in the global coordinate system (X-Z
plane). The first element of the axis in plan view is a start point, to which the required
starting station is assigned (X- and Z-coordinate). The definition of the axis elevations
view starts similarly with assignment of the starting station and height (Y-coordinate).
A segment is always created by assignment of a cross-section over a certain axis length.
The definition of the segment begining and end is defined by the station of the axis.
However, each segment is divided into more segment points segmentation. The segmentation of each segment has to follow the construction sequence and variation of the
cross section dimensions. In the segment point list in the Modeler each segment point
corresponds to a station on the axis and has a certain distance to the next segment point.
After exporting to the Analyzer the segment points becomes structural nodes and the
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length of the segments correspond to the length of the beam elements which are placed
between the nodes for the structural analysis.
The Axis name (Axis1) will be defined. Other definitions such as starting station and
increasing station numbering can be defined as per default.
The input is confirmed with OK .
The active axis is automatically displayed in the axis management window. Subsequent
axis definitions will be applied to Axis1.
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To define a simple axis (straight in plan and elevation view) the check button straight should
be activated and then the axis length should be defined. At that point no further definitions are
needed the axis definition is finished.
More axes can be defined using the same principle. To add a new axis (after defining
the first one) right click on Axes under Modeler in the navigation tree and choose
New Axis. To select a certain Axis double click on it. The active axis is shown in the
comment line above the main input window. All definitions are always made for the
active axis (in this case Axis1).
Each axis has three sub-menus; two menus listing definitions in plan and elevation and
a menu for graphical presentation (and definition) of the selected axis in elevation.
(Note: For graphical presentation and definition of (all) axes in plan there is only one
shared window, which is the default window that appears when no other Modeler window is active).
3.2.2 Construction of the Axis in Plan View
System axis: Horizontal plan
1.Part: Line :
Station: 0-20 m
Station: 20-70 m
Station: 70-140 m
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The default values are acceptable for the current example. Starting point P0 has the
coordinates (X=0.0 and Z=0.0) in the global coordinate system. The axis starts parallel
to the x-axis with increasing station values towards the right side.
The point and the direction are immediately displayed on the screen. Use the zoom
functions to see the axis in detail.
3.2.2.2 Definition of a Straight Line
Select the Append straight line to axis symbol from the symbol group for horizontal
axis construction.
Enter the length of the straight line in the displayed input window.
Input 20 for this example.
Confirm with OK .
Note:
The input units in this example are meters. Input units and other general parameters are predefined but can be changed by selecting the configuration button under Options and Units.
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or
Figure 3-6: Clothoid definition in plan.
According to the general Modeler options (defined at initialization of the project) a positive
radius creates a curve to left and a negative radius creates a curve to right (looking in the axis
direction). These settings can be changed under ModelerOptionsCurves.
Construction of the axis in plan view is now completed, and the axis is graphically displayed on the screen. The connection points between the different elements of the axis
are marked, and their station values are given.
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A listing of the input for the plan definition of the axis can be viewed. You can find this
data under Ground plan list in the navigation tree. This window is an information
window and parameters can also be modified here. To modify the input click on the
modify button
or double click on a certain line in the list. The last listed element is
always a point and is generated by the program automatically. To delete any component
click on the delete button
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Station: 0-65 m
Station: 65-140 m
R = 2000 m
No vertical projection has been made yet and the displayed screen is blank. The tools
for the definition of the axis elements in the vertical projection are displayed at the right
side of this new input window.
Change between graphical presentation and list
Definition of the starting point
Append a straight line (by station difference)
Append a straight line (by station difference and height)
Append a circle/arch (by station difference and radius)
Append a circle/arch (by station difference and height)
Append a parabola (by station difference and height)
Delete last axis element
Rounding a tangent point by parabola with certain radius
Rounding a polygon of three lines by parabola
Figure 3-9: Overview of the drawing functions for the definition of the axis in vertical plan.
Input 0 for the slope of the axis on the left side of the peak.
Confirm with <OK> .
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As mentioned in 3.1, the starting point of the axis in vertical plan is defined by the station and a corresponding height (Y-coordinate in the global coordinate system).
Note:
The starting point of the Axis in vertical plan is identical to the starting point of the Axis in
ground plan, which is not necessarily always the case. It could be that the starting point of the
first tangent had to be outside of the defined Axis in ground plan. The same applies for the last
point of the axis in vertical plan. However, the interval used for the definition of the segment has
to be defined in both ground and vertical plan.
There are many different ways to define one and same axis. The slope of the first line (tangent) in
this example could be defined at the definition of the starting point and not, as it is done in this
example, by the definition of the height difference.
In RM Bridge V8i it is also possible to import an axis via a LandXML file. This can be done
under FileImport LandXML File.
The next step is the definition of both lines/tangents. Select the Append straight line by
station and height symbol for each of the tangents. See input for each below.
Double click Elevation graphic in the menu tree. You will see the two tangents you
have created and two new buttons for defining parabolas. Select Parabola by Rounding A Tangent Point.
Note:
The input of the station difference and height is always relative to a selected point. If absolute is
selected the input is relative to the starting point, if difference is selected the input is relative to
the last axis point.
The information of what has to be done is displayed also in the info line below the view window.
This is done for all commands (after selection) in Modeler. In this case, the message Click the
point that has to be rounded is displayed.
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A window for the definition of the radius opens. Enter 2000 meters for the radius of
the vertical curve. negative positive sign defines a hilltop (a negative sign would define a valley).
Confirm with OK .
The definition of the axis (in vertical plan) is finished now, and the three-dimensional
Axis 1 is completely defined.
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In order to change the axis display, open the axis list by clicking on Axis and selecting
the axis to be changed (Axis1).
The screen display will be updated immediately after OK is selected in all open input
windows.
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6,5 m
0,40m
0,40m
12,2 m
3,00 m
2,00 m
1,50m
1,50m
2,00 m
3,00 m
0,90 m
0,20 m
0,25m
Y
0,25m
Z
h_cs_tab(sg)
d_web_tab(sg)
4,0m
5,0 m
0,15 m
1,5m
1,0m
d_bot_tab(sg)
1,0m
1,5m
4,0m
Here the name of the cross-section and global FE mesh refinement is defined. For
this example accept the default name Cross1 and value 1 for the refinement.
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A predefined cross-section from the RM cross-section catalogue can be imported also (see Figure 4-2). The parameters of the imported cross-section are variable and can be adjusted.
The Figure 4-4 shows the main input window for the cross-section construction with
explanation of the most important drawing functions.
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Layer-Function to
draw elements in
different layers.
Reference-Set management
(open with click on the drop
down menu) and display of
the active Reference-Set.
Cross-section Part
management (open
with click on the drop
down menu) and
display of the active
Part.
Cross-section Variable
management (open with click on
the drop down menu) and display of
the active variable OR input filed of
VALUES for drawing the
construction lines.
Those buttons which have a small arrow in the lower right corner (see button for construction
lines, reference points, etc.), have sub menus with additional features that can be accessed by
right clicking.
Figure 4-5: Move the mouse over the button with the arrow icon and right click.
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4.2 Definitions
4.2.1 Construction Lines (CL)
Construction lines have to be defined to create a series of intersection points that will be
used to define the FE-Elements which are needed for the Cross-section FE-Mesh. There
are several different ways to draw the construction lines. The type of the construction
line is selected from the sub menu for the construction lines (see Figure 4-5). Each construction line (labeled CL_[+continuous number]) is drawn in relation (e.g.: parallel to
one line with a certain distance, line through intersection point of two other lines with
certain angle or slope, line defined with two intersection points, etc.) to, at least one
other already existing construction line. At the begin this is one of the two default construction lines CL1 and CL2. Ultimately all construction lines are dependent on the
two basic construction lines CL1 (horizontal) and CL2 (vertical) and so also the crosssection is related to them.
Note:
The different relations between the construction lines play a very important role in the consideration of the variable dimensions of the cross-section along the axis. The assignment of a variable
to a certain construction line and station values assigned to that variable via table or formula
will affect also all other construction lines that are somehow dependent on that construction line.
By the definition of the Offset (selecting the line and clicking on the modify button), the position
of the cross-section relative to the axis (intersection point of CL1 and CL2) changes.
4.2.3 Cross-section
The geometry of a cross-section is defined by connecting intersection points of construction lines to outline the cross-section elements. Each cross-section is partitioned
into elements.
Note:
Into account has to be taken the fact that, at the definition of the (asymmetrical) cross-section
in Modeler, the cross-section is displayed against the axis direction.
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4.2.5 Parts
Elements of the cross-section with different properties are grouped into parts. For example, these parts can be used for composite cross-sections. In the current example the
cross-section consists of one part. When defining composite cross-sections the elements
for concrete and elements for steel are assigned to different parts (one part for concrete
elements and another one for steel elements).
Note:
The parts are also used for the definition of two or more beam (elements) series in one crosssection. E.g.: A double T-Cross-Section; Instead of preparing two cross-sections (in each one
T) and creating two segments (for that two axes are needed) only one cross-section with two
parts and one segment (one axis) has to be prepared.
In this example only one part is used because there is only one hollow cross-section
made of concrete and only one beam (element) series needed.
4.2.6 Reference-Sets
Certain points within the cross-section such as reinforcement points, stress check points
and temperature points are assigned via Reference-Sets with corresponding type.
4.2.7 Layer
One or more layers can be assigned to each object (construction line, FE-Element, dimension, Reference-Set, etc.) and can be displayed or not (define a certain layer(s) visible or not).
Figure 4-6: Crosshair before (left) and after (right) selection of any drawing command.
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After selecting a button (command) the crosshair changes from dashed to solid. (see Figure 4-6).
A command can be deselected by right clicking or hitting Esc.
In the command line at the left bottom side of the window, the required input action is
displayed for the selected command. For this command, Parallel: Choose reference
line by clicking it is displayed
Click on the vertical base construction line (CL2) as a reference line.
Note:
Click on the left side of the axis where the new CL with an offset of 6.5 meters
should be placed.
The command line displays: Parallel: Click on side of the reference line to specify the
direction.
Click anywhere on the left side of the construction line.
A new construction line at a distance of 6.5 m from the vertical base line is drawn.
Note:
The constant value (defined in the field on the bottom right side) can be changed all the time
even when the command is active.
Using the same principle the line on the other side can be constructed.
Note:
The selected command (Parallel translation) remains active and need not be selected again. The
same applies for the defined value. This doesnt apply for the selected reference line.
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Second new CL
First new CL
Figure 4-7: Construction line input screen with first two new CLs.
Next, two more construction lines parallel to the previously generated construction lines
with an offset of 3.00m towards the vertical basis construction line (CL2) have to be
created.
Note:
Since there is no variable dependence, these two lines could be constructed with a distance 3.5 m
from the vertical base line. The same applies for all other subsequent vertical construction lines.
Using the same principle all other vertical lines can be defined.
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Construct two more CLs in the same way with an offset of 1.0 on each side of the
vertical base line (see Figure 4-8).
Construct two more CLs in the same way with an offset of 2.50 on each side of the
vertical base line.
Construct two more CLs in the same way with an offset of 1.50 on each side of the
vertical base line.
Definition of horizontal construction lines follows the same principle.
Construct three horizontal CLs parallel to the horizontal basis construction line
(CL1) with distances of 0.2, 0.25 and 4.55. The lowest line (having a total distance
of 5.0m from CL1) corresponds with the maximum depth of the cross-section and
determines the inclination of the web.
The screen for the cross-section definition should now be as shown in the figure below.
6.5
6.5
3.0
3.0
0.25
0.20
1.0
1.0
2.5
2.5
3.5
3.5
1.5
4.55
1.5
Figure 4-8: Construction line input screen with required construction lines and element points.
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To facilitate the selection of specific construction line, the zoom functions or freehand symbols
(see the note in chapter 2.3) can be used. These can be used any time during construction.
If two or more construction lines are positioned in the crosshair square at the moment of selection of the reference line (more than two construction lines at selection of an intersection point)
a window opens where one of the construction lines has to be specified. The line can be selected
in this window or the window is exited with Esc and the construction line (or intersection
point) is explicitly selected.
Each selected and active command can be exited by clicking on the Esc (keyboard) button or
by right clicking.
With the undo button (above the toolbar for zoom functions) the last drawn element (construction line, FE element, reference point, etc) can be deleted.
To delete any incorrectly created construction line, first make sure that no drawing command is
active (the crosshair is dashed). Then select a construction line. It will be displayed in orange,
and extra icons for editing the corresponding line, including the icon for deleting, appears above
the toolbar for zoom functions.
See also section 4.5 for a detailed description of editing elements in the cross-section window.
In order to create the variable for the variation of the web thickness correctly a new
construction line defining the slope of the web is required. It can be created using two
already existing intersection points.
Click on the 2 intersection points button
tion lines (see the Figure 4-5).
Draw the two construction lines by clicking the respective intersection points
(see Figure 4-9) for the definition of the web outline (as per instructions in the command line).
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Figure 4-9. Construction line input screen with outside shape of web.
Note:
The inclination of the web is defined by the intersection points shown in Figure 4-9. These construction lines represent the outer edges of the webs. The inner edge of the web has the same inclination and defines the web thickness which is variable along the station. This variation (variable) will be defined in next few steps in the same way as the variation of the cross-section
height and the bottom slab thickness. The lower outer edge of the cross-section (outer edge f the
bottom plate) also varies due to the variation of the cross-section height the constant horizontal construction line (5 m from the horizontal base line) serves only to define a constant web inclination.
One of the variable dimensions in this cross-section is the height which varies along the
bridge axis. The corresponding CL in the cross-section must be identified as a variable.
Once a variable is created a dummy dimension is assigned so that the construction line
can be drawn and the cross-section construction can continue. A table defining the
depth variation will be defined later, and it will be combined with the variable (the
dummy will be replaced by the table values).
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By clicking on the drop down menu next to the input window for constants (values) a new window opens. The first time you click it (no variable is defined yet)
a window for the definition of a new variable opens.
Set h_cs for the name of the new variable, assign a dummy value for the basic
cross-section shape (3.5), select length and confirm with OK .
Note: The name should not include and mathematical operators (+,-,/ or *)
The entered value is needed only to draw the construction line with assigned value. The actual
values to be used will be assigned later on.
It is possible to define a variable with type Angle. In that case the values to be defined via table
or formula are angles (in degrees or radians) or slopes (inclination in percentage).
Using the input filed expression, variables can be defined as functions of other variables or
expressions using internal variables (see section 5.6 in RM Analysis User Guide).
The field Description is used for more detailed description. This is recommended to be used if the
name of the variable is not clear enough and if there are many variables.
The new variable appears in the variable list for the current cross-section.
Hit Activate to take the new variable h_cs as the current active variable. The variable appears in the variable input field.
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The selected variable is now, together with the assigned dummy value, active.
Now the construction line for the variable cross-section
height can be constructed.
With parallel translation create a new horizontal line. The reference line is the basis
horizontal line (CL1) and the side to specify the direction is below CL1 (see also
Figure 4-13).
Instead of a constant value for the distance between the reference line and the created
line, this variable will be used.
Note:
This variable remains active until a new variable is (created and) activated or a new constant
value is defined (directly in the input field).
Using the same principle the other two variables (with dummy values) can be created
one variable for the variation of the web thickness (d_web=0.7) and another for
the variation of the bottom slab thickness (d_bot=0.25) and used to create two
new variable construction lines
In addition, for the haunches in the bottom plate, another construction line has to be
drawn. This line has to be defined parallel to the inner edge of the bottom slab with
the distance of 0.15 m to the inside.
The Figure 4-12 shows the list of created and used variables, and Figure 4-13 shows the
created construction lines
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d_web
d_web
h_cs
d_bot
0.15
Using these principles the definition of the constant and variable construction lines is
finished.
Click on four intersection points (defined by the construction lines), one after another
to define the element.
First the left part of the left hand cantilever as shown in the figure below, will be
defined. The newly defined element is displayed on the screen, and the part number
(number 1 in this case) is shown at the centre of the element.
Note:
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To define a triangle, the last (fourth) element point has to be the same as the first one the first
element point has to be (at the end) selected once more.
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3
2
4
1
All other elements are defined in a similar way. The element button must be selected
again to define the next element if the cursor has become inactive (shown dotted). If
the cursor is still active then re-selection of this button is unnecessary.
In order to identify the correct points it is often necessary to zoom in and out of the
screen plot.
In the event of input errors delete the erroneous element by using the delete button as
explained above (in the 6th note). Elements can be identified by clicking on the corresponding part-number.
In total 14 elements are required in this example. The final cross-section is shown in the
Figure 4-15.
Note:
To facilitate the selection of specific elements, the zoom functions or freehand symbols (see the
note in chapter 2.3) can be used. These can be used any time during construction.
If two or more construction lines are positioned in the crosshair square at the moment of selection of the reference line (more than two construction lines at selection of an intersection point)
a window opens where one of the construction lines has to be specified. The line can be selected
in this window or the window is exited with Esc and the construction line (or intersection
point) is explicitly selected.
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Each selected and active command can be exited by clicking on the Esc (keyboard) button or
by right clicking.
With the undo button (above the toolbar for zoom functions) the last drawn element (construction line, FE element, reference point, etc) can be deleted.
To delete any incorrectly created construction line, first make sure that no drawing command is
active (the crosshair is dashed). Then select a construction line. It will be displayed in orange,
and extra icons for editing the corresponding line, including the icon for deleting, appears above
the toolbar for zoom functions.
See also section 4.5 for a detailed description of editing elements in the cross-section window.
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Now any object can be selected by clicking on it with the cross hair. To select a construction line no other object can be within the square of cross hair at the time of selection. It is the same for selecting an element click somewhere within the element so that
no other object (construction line, reference point, etc.) is positioned within the square
of cross hair.
If there are more objects within the cross hair square (the selection isnt clear) a window
opens where one of these objects can be specified.
It is also possible to select multiple objects at the same time. For that the Shift button
has to be clicked (and held) during the object selection. If multiple objects are selected,
the detailed modification (see description below) is no longer possible. It is possible to
delete them, modify the color and change the layer assignment only.
In the short description of the Cross-section window (Menu HelpBrief Help for
Icons submenu Cross section) at the bottom left side there is a description of the
shortcuts to access the lists of certain object groups (e.g.: Ctrl+C opens the list of existing construction lines). In these lists (windows) it is possible to select any object(s) by
clicking the Space button.
To deselect objects that have been selected, simply click somewhere in the blank area in
the cross-section window. The same effect is achieved if a new object is selected or a
new drawing command is chosen.
When a particular object is selected it becomes highlighted and additional buttons (button for editing, button for color selection, the delete button and other object specific
buttons) appear above the toolbar for zoom functions.
4.5.2 Construction line editing
If only one of the construction lines is selected additional buttons appear as explained
above. These are:
- Color button: for changing the color of the line
- Change side button: for changing the side of the reference line
- Edit button: editing the construction line parameters
- Delete button: deleting the selected construction line (if this line is a reference line
for other objects, the line cannot be deleted)
By clicking the edit button a window opens as is shown in Figure 4-16.
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3. Additional
buttons appear;
4. Click the
edit button
Name
Type
Variable
Distance
References
The reference being used for the definition (e.g.: Reference line,
intersection point, etc.). By clicking the Change button it can be
interactively changed.
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Left/Right
Extended
4-18
Line type
Line width
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Name:
Part:
Shear lag
property
Definition of shear lag for shear in the vertical and horizontal direction for selected element. In addition the shear lag factors for
both shear components and torsion can be defined.
Element refinement
FEM Options
Possible only if FEM elements are used for the construction of the
cross-section (see the training example for FEM).
Extended
Color
Line type
Changing the line type with which the element edge is drawn.
Line width
Changing the line width with which the element edge is drawn.
Dependency
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For example, it is possible to define the reinforcement in the top plate over both webs (in a hollow box cross-section) in two different reference sets but to combine them in one Attribute-Set
and so obtain a total result for the reinforcement amount in the top plate.
Typ:
Part:
Attribute-Set:
Material:
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Type
Application
Connection points
Definition of the points in the cross-section in which normal stresses should be calculated and checked (Fib action in Analyzer). Additionally may be used as geometry points (see below).
Geometry points
Definition of a (geometry) position in the cross-section as a reference position (e.g. reference point for the definition of the tendon
position).
Temperature points
Bending reinforcement
Cracking reinforcement
Robu reinforcement
Torsion reinforcement
Shear-long reinforcement
Bentley Systems
If there is one or more Reference-Sets already created a list of created Reference-Sets opens
when clicking on this arrow.
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Figure 4-19: Definition of the Reference-Sets of Type Stress check points named Stresses-MG.
To define a Reference-Set for the definition of the stress check points (see Figure
4-19) a name of the reference set has to specified and the type (Stress check points)
selected from the drop down menu. The reference set is assigned to Part 1 (there is
only one. In the case of more parts, the correct part number has to be defined). Because this is not a Reference-Set for the definition of reinforcement, no Attribute-Set
has to be created and assigned.
The input is accepted by clicking on Ok .
Now a window opens (see Figure 4-20) where all defined Reference-Sets are listed (currently there is only the one which was created in previous step). Here new reference sets
can be added (clicking on the insert after button
) and existing ones can be modified (clicking on the modify button ). For further geometric definitions in the crosssection window the particular Reference-Set has to be selected and activated.
To proceed with the definition of the stress check points select the created ReferenceSet and activate it by clicking Activate . The activated Reference-Set can be also seen
Now the stress check points can be defined using the corresponding function for drawing reference points (See Figure 4-4).
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Type:
Checkbox Activate
local refinement
Activating this option will automatically refine the FE-Element in which the
point is located.
Input according to the Figure 4-22 (SP-T which stands for stress point top)
The input is accepted by clicking on Ok .
the bottom edge is created. There is no need to create a new reference set for this
point the new stress point (SP-B) should be assigned to the same one.
This second stress check point is also the last one created in this example. Of course
more stress points at different position could be created. The cross-section should now
look like as shown in the picture below.
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Positive (oC)
Negative (oC)
T1
23
-6.9
T2
6.1
-1.8
T3
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The construction line for creating T1 is the top of the cross section, but two new
construction lines will have to be created for the location of T2 and T3. Create two new
construction lines with offsets from the top of the cross section of 0.1m and 0.4m.
Next, create a new Reference Set:
Define a new Reference-Set for the Temperature points in Figure 4-25
To proceed with the definition of the temperature points select the created Reference-Set and activate it by clicking Activate . The activated Reference-Set can
be also seen in the display window for Reference-Sets.
Now the temperature points can be defined using the corresponding function for drawing reference points (See Figure 4-4).
Click on the function Reference point at an intersection point
in the menu for
drawing reference points. In the command line Reference point (intersection): Click
an intersection point of two construction lines is displayed
To create a point at the top edge and in the middle of the top plate, click on the intersection point of the construction line CL_1 and CL_2 (see Figure 4-21).
After selecting the particular intersection point a new window opens.
Name:
Type:
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Checkbox Activate
local refinement
4-26
Activating this option will automatically refine the FE-Element in which the
point is located.
T2-P will have a temperature difference of +6.1. T3-P will have a temperature difference of 0, and a temperature point must be placed at the bottom of the cross section also with a temperature difference of 0.
After creating these 4 temperature points, open the Reference set dialogue box, highlight TempPlus, and click the Curve button. The following will be displayed:
To create the negative temperature gradient, a new Reference Set will have to be created.
Following the steps for TempPlus, create a new Reference Set called TempMinus and
insert the points for the negative temperature gradient. The curve will look as follows:
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Instead of three separate Reference-Sets for each design check only one needs to be defined.
However, this will affect also the post processing of the reinforcement calculation the results
from the different checks will be summed up into one reinforcement result (amount). If the respective individual reinforcement results are of interest, separate Reference-Sets of the corresponding type have to be defined.
Two Reference-Sets of type Longitudinal reinforcement will be created - one for the
reinforcement in the top plate and another one for the reinforcement in the bottom plate.
It is important that each of them (top and bottom reinforcement) is assigned to its own
Reference-Set (of the same type) respectively and Attribute-Set. Doing this will ensure
they are treated separately in the calculation (two different Reference-Sets/AttributeSets means two different reinforcement results).
As mentioned already above, Attribute-Sets can have the same names as ReferenceSets, but this is not required.
Define a new Reference-Set for the reinforcement in the top plate as is shown in Figure 4-255 (see also 4.6.2)
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Figure 4-255: Reference-Set for the longitudinal reinforcement in the top plate.
Now the geometric definition for this Reference-Set can be done. For that a line over
the whole width of the cross-section will be created. This line represents the center of
gravity of the longitudinal reinforcement in the top plate.
To create this line, two reference points have to be created. To create first one, click
on the Reference points button and select Reference point relative to an elements
node . You may have to right click the other button Reference point at an intersection to get to it.
In the command line it says Click the element node, and in the cross-section all
element nodes becomes visible.
Note:
Each FE-Element is a 9 nodded isoparametric element. The nodes on the element edges (total 8
nodes) are displayed as small dots. The ninth node is in the middle of the element and is displayed as a (part) number.
Click the top left corner of the left cross-section cantilever as the start point of the
reference line for the reinforcement in the top slab (see Figure 4-266).
Figure 4-266: Selection of the reference point starting point of the reference line.
After the selection of the node a new window opens where the name, type and eccentricities have to be defined. Usually there is no need to define the name of this reference
point. On the other hand the eccentricities (relative to the selected element node) in the
vertical (Y) and transversal (Z) direction have to be defined, except when the point is
exactly at the reference node. The type of this starting point is Single point and is selected by default.
Define the eccentricities as is shown in the Figure 4-277.
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Figure 4-277: Definition of the starting point of the top reference line for longitudinal reinforcement.
To confirm the input click Ok . Now the starting point is displayed graphically.
The second point is created in the same way at the end of the cantilever on the right
side of the cross section. The eccentricity DZ will be negative this time. Also, the
type becomes LINE TO so that it is connected to the previous point (see Figure
4-288).
The command remains active and it doesnt have to be selected once more.
Note:
Figure 4-288: Definition of the end point of the top reference line for longitudinal reinforcement.
Once the definition of the end point is finished, the reference line for the reinforcement
in the top plate is graphically displayed.
The biggest difference between this and first point is in the point type the type of the second
point is Line. This means that there will be a line created from the previous point to this one.
After the selection of the node, the program automatically changes (recommends) the type of the
second reference point.
Note:
Figure 4-299: Graphical display of the reference line for the reinforcement in the top plate.
Using the same principle the reference line for the reinforcement in the bottom plate has
to be defined.
Note:
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The drawing action for the definition of reference points remains active after the definition of the
new Reference-Set.
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After the selection of the reference node for the first point of the line for the reinforcement in the
bottom slab, the programs automatically changes the type of the reference point back to
Point. After selection of the second point, the same happens as before the program once
again automatically changes the type of the reference point from Point to Line.
The order of the point selection does not matter. Same applies for the point names.
Figure 4-30: Definition of the Reference-Set for the definition of the reinforcement in the bottom plate.
Figure 4-312: Definition of the starting point of the reference line for reinforcement in the bottom plate.
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Figure 4-323: Definition of the end point of the reference line for reinforcement in the bottom plate.
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As shown in Figure 4-345, this reference set has to contain 2 points defining a straight
line within the web representing the respective web. However, the specified line must
always be within the web, because the program searches the next boundary line on the
left and on the right side for calculating the proper web width.
The shear check for the individual webs requires an additional reference set to be specified defining the total depth in the cross-section, where cuts across any webs should be
investigated (see Figure 4-356). This reference set is of the type Shear longitudinal
reinforcement, and not related to the individual web sections, but to the total crosssection. It is also used for storing the required additional longitudinal reinforcement due
to shear force.
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Figure 4-367: Definition of the Reference-Set for the reinforcement in left web.
Figure 4-378: Definition of the Reference-Set for the reinforcement in right web.
Figure 4-389: Definition of the Reference-Set for the shear longitudinal reinforcement.
Before the definition of the reference points and lines, the correct Reference-Set has
to be activated.
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Activate the reference set for the reinforcement in the left web Shear-Web-L
and then (in the window for the cross-section definition) select the command Reference point relative an elements node. Define the reference points as is shown in
figures below.
Figure 4-391: Definition of the begin point of the line for the definition of the reinforcement in web.
Figure 4-402: Definition of the end point of the line for the definition of the reinforcement in web.
Selecting these points will define a line in the middle of the web, and it will remain in
the middle even when the web thickness changes. Now Activate the Reference-Set for
the definition of the reinforcement in the right web and use the same approach for the
definition.
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Using the same method the bottom boundary line has to be defined.
Note:
For both boundary lines, top and bottom, the same Reference-Set has to be used.
The type of the start point of the bottom line has to be Point and is not changed automatically
it is necessary to change it manually.
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Figure 4-446: Effective single cell hollow box cross-section for torsion.
The same perimeter line is used for the calculation of both the shear resistance of the
concrete and the shear resistance of the torsion reinforcement. In the case of hollow box
cross-sections, where the torsion reinforcement is usually placed on both sides of the
affected webs, the perimeter line will mostly be placed along the centre lines of the actual web and slab parts forming the effective hollow box.
Create a new reference set of type Torsion reinforcement and corresponding Attribute-Set with assigned material.
Figure 4-457: List of created Reference-Sets and assigned materials via Attribute-Sets.
Activate the created Reference-Set and select the drawing command Reference
point relative to an elements node.
Figure 4-468: Definition of the start point (left) and second point (right) for the definition of the perimeter line for torsion reinforcement.
It is very important and crucial that the start point of the reference line for torsional reinforcement is also the end point this means that the same position has to be selected
for the start and end points.
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The definition for the reinforcement position will be done also. Four different Reference-Sets of reinforcement will be defined in the cross section to get individual results for each side.
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Reinf-Mz-Top
Connection point CPM
Reinf-My-Left
Reinf-My-Right
Reinf-Mz-Bot
4.8 Dimensions
Dimension lines can be drawn in the cross section for checking purposes. Generally two
different dimension types can be defined:
1. Length dimensioning
2. Angle dimensioning
The definition of the dimension line is as follows:
Define a new construction line especially for the required dimension lines (it is recommended to draw the line with some other color).
Activate the Dimension button
Click on a reference line.
Click the first intersection point.
Click the second intersection point.
The program draws the dimension on the selected reference line.
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Note:
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The dimension line attributes can be modified and changed (the color of the line, number of
decimals, etc.). This is done by clicking on the modify button (see Paragraph 4.5).
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The name of the Segment is defined (MG=Main Girder), and the type is selected.
The Type defines the nature of the segment (Main Girder, Pier, Cable, etc.) and the
orientation of the segment. It also defines which other parameters have to be set in
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this step. If the type Main girder is selected an Axis has to be chosen (see Figure
5-2).
Accept the input by clicking on
Ok
The new segment is immediately displayed in the segment list. Subsequent operations
on segments will refer to this (selected) segment.
Other Segments can be created using these same steps. The created segments (their
names) will be listed in the segment list (see figure above) and can be activated (for
further definitions or modification) by double clicking on one of them. The active segment can be seen in the window above the main input window for segments (see figure
above).
5.1.2 Definition of the Segment points
A window for the definition of the segment points (because no points have been created,
the list is empty) opens automatically after the segment is created.
The structural system consists of structural elements, nodes, cross-section properties
and material properties.
The structural system is defined by a node that is created at each segment point, a structural element that is generated between each two neighboring nodes and the appropriate
cross-section information that is stored for each structural element.
Several segment points can be generated in each segment and each segment point is
identified by its station value. To each segment point a cross-section is assigned before
and after it.
The cross-sections before and after each segment point are the cross-sections at the
end of one element and beginning of the next. This approach allows changing between
different cross-sections.
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The line connecting the centre of gravity of assigned cross-sections at the beginning and
end of an element, defines the element axis.
This means that one element always lies between a start and end node and is rigidly
connected to these nodes with a certain eccentricity (from the node to the centre of gravity). The end node of one element is at the same time also the start node of the subsequent element (= same segment point).
Also the material is assigned to the element.
Figure 5-4: Definition of a structural system (yellow/red: structural node, grey: element axis; blue:
cross-sections; yellow: eccentricities).
To continue, the segment should be divided into a series of segment points. Click the
button Insert after in the main window for the segment definition (segment point
definition) and then Insert segment points.
Figure 5-5: Definition of the segment point series for the MG segment.
A new window opens where the segmentation (segment point series) has to be defined.
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Figure 5-6: Continuing with the definition of the segment point series for the MG segment.
In this window the segment point series is defined, and the cross-section is assigned for
a certain interval of the axis. This creates the bridge segment. In general there are two
different ways to define the segmentation depending on the selected option on the top
left side of the window.
By choosing the first option (Ending station is selected) the starting station (From
station) and the ending station (To station) have to be defined. In addition the station
difference (Step) has to be defined. In this case, the number of points is calculated
automatically.
The difference with the second option (Number of points is selected) is that the end
station (To station) is calculated automatically via user defined number of points (in
the first option this is calculated automatically) and station difference (Step).
However, in both cases the cross-sections (cross-section before and cross-section after
the segment point) have to be assigned.
Note:
It is possible, that the selected step will not fit to the defined end station. In this case (e.g.: from
10 to 30 step 3) the program will generate the points as well as the defined end station
(e.g.: 22, 25, 28, 30) if the option End station included is selected. However, it is possible
to unselect this option to achieve that the end station is not included (e.g.: 22, 25, 28).
Alternatively the entire input can be done element by element (Elementwise see the button in
the input window) and not as (segment) point by point.
In this example the whole axis, from station 0 to 140, will be used for the definition of
segment and the length of each element will be 4.0 meters (see Figure 5-6). This means
that there will be 36 segment points (nodes) and 35 segments (elements) created 10
elements for both side spans and 15 elements for the main span.
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Accept the input by clicking on
Ok
5-5
After confirming the entry the segment points and corresponding data (station, station
difference, cross-sections before and after) will be created and can be seen in the upper
table of the main window for the definition of the segment points.
There are some regulations how to make the segmentation at all relevant stations there has to
be a node (segment point) placed. Some relevant positions are:
- at the position where the pier/abutment is connected to the main girder
- at the position where the cross-section changes
- construction stages begin and end of a certain bridge segment build in a certain construction stage (only for the construction stage analysis)
- at the position where the results want to be checked more detailed the results are saved
to nodes (element begin and end) only
- etc.
The column (see Figure 5-7) OK refers to the cross-section assignment - the sign + means
that the cross-section was assigned and it was not changed any more (cross-section is locked).
When the cross-section is modified after the assignment, a window opens (after changing anything in the assigned cross-section) where it says that the cross-section is locked and if we want
to unlock it. After unlocking (clicking Ok in this window) the cross-section, the sign + in
the ok column changes to --. This means that the cross-section was unlocked (and changed)
and the changes were not yet applied to the segment. After recalculation the sign becomes again
+.
In the lower part of the input window for the definition of segment points there are different sub menus for several segment definitions (node and element numbers, material
assignment, variables, etc.). These definitions are referring to the active segment and the
selected segment point in the table above.
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These parameters have to be assigned to the whole segment - all segment points (from
segment point 1 to 36 with step 1).
Note:
If the first segment point in the upper (segment point) table is selected the program automatically
recommends the whole segment length (all segment points). This happens only the first time
first modification of element numbering. Generally the numbering and material assignment is
only recommended for the element selected in the upper table. However, the recommended
points do not have to be selected in upper table to be changed.
The last segment point has no element number, material or even a group assigned, because there
is no subsequent element thats why it is not possible to edit these parameters.
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In the next two fields the group has to be defined and the material has to be selected.
The group assignment is not mandatory but is recommended for post processing definitions in the Analyzer. The material assignment is necessary and has to be done for further calculations. The material is selected from the drop down menu, from the list of
predefined materials. The default material group is the one which was set at the project
initialization. However, material can be selected from this default material group or
from any other material group by canceling the default material group in this same drop
down menu.
of the next step is to number the elements (segments) and nodes (segment points). To
the first element, which starts at the segment point 1, the number 101 will be assigned
(Element). This element lies between the Starting Node 101 (segment point 1) and
the End Node 102 (segment point 2).
The step for numbering of elements, start and end nodes is 1. This means that the subsequent element (which starts at segment point 2) will have the same numbering scheme
but increased for one. This means that the number of second element is 102 and that this
element lies between node 102 and 103. Same is for the last element (which starts at
segment point 35) the number of last element is 135 and lies between the node 135
and 136. The node 136 is the last node (the last segment point is point 36) of the main
girder segment there is no subsequent element.
Note:
The option Apply modeling FEM can be used only if the cross-section is modeled with one of
the FEM elements (see the corresponding training example).
Ok
The element and node numbering can be controlled by clicking on the individual lines
in the upper list and looking at element numbering in the bottom list.
In the bottom list under sub menu Parts you can see for each segment point selected
in segment point list in the window above, the corresponding Element number, the node
number at the begin and end of the element and the assigned material and group.
You can change between point-wise or element-wise display of the segment point list
using the Switch button.
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Figure 5-10: Segment point list with selected segment point and assigned properties.
Additional segment points can be added by selecting the appropriate button (the Insert
after button or Insert before button) in the segment point list (point-wise display) or
in the element list (element-wise display). The existing segment points or elements can
also be modified here.
Below the modify buttons on the left side of the segment point window there are two
buttons
is one button
to view the coordinates of the segment points and another one
display the assigned cross-section for a certain segment point.
to
The three dimensional model can be seen by clicking on the 3D View in the Modeler
navigation tree. The ground plan and elevation view now show the segmentation as
well.
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Figure 5-11: Basic definitions for the table for variable cross-section height.
Three different inputs are possible: Formula, Table and Shape. If the option Table is
selected, the interpolation between the values is defined by the interpolation functions.
If the option Shape is selected, the curve is calculated automatically. If the option Formula is selected, different arithmetical expressions using constants and formulas can be
defined.
By the selection of the Table Type, the measurement unit of the Table (Ordinate) is defined.
Name and description are optional.
Note:
The name defined in this example has a certain meaning it should indicate that this is a table
(tab) for cross-section (cs) height (h). However, there is no relation between the table and variable. This has to be done later in the segment point list.
There are some restriction for the definition of the name there can be no space or minus/dash
(-) between letters/words. The minus/dash is not allowed because the table can be used in an
expression, and if there is a minus/dash it will be treated as mathematical operator.
Ok
The newly created table is now seen in the Modeler navigation tree under Tables and
Formulas.
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Using the same principle, other tables can be created. Double click to change between
the tables. However, it is also possible to copy tables together with other table definitions (this will be done in next step). The second principle will be used in this example.
The table/variable input window consists of two windows/lists in the upper list all
created tables are shown, and in the lower list the definitions of selected tables are
shown. In the lower list new table definitions can be added, or existing definitions can
be modified. The table can also be graphically displayed when the Diagram tab is
clicked.
Create a new table definition by clicking on the insert after button
of the bottom input window.
For each table, values (Variable B) along the axis for several stations (Variable A) will
be given.
The definition of the station (Variable A) can be defined in three different ways:
- globally
here the Value A refers to the global station of the segment point
- locally
- numerically
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Variable A can be defined directly (by typing the value) or it can be selected form the
pull down menu if the global stationing is selected. In the pull down menu there are
three columns number, station, and station difference of the segment points.
Variable B defines the table value to be assigned (ordinate).
The desired type of interpolation between two points (from the selected one to the next
one) can be chosen from the drop-down menu.
Constant: the value is constant to the subsequent value (the change between the values
is in this case step wise).
Linear: the values between the defined values are linearly interpolated.
Parabolic 0 (Parab. y(beg)=Parab. y(end)=0): the values between the defined values
are parabolically interpolated, with the tangents at both defined values horizontal.
Parabolic 1 (Parab. y(beg)= 0): the values between the defined values are
parabolically interpolated, with the tangent at the defined value (at the begin of interval) horizontal.
Parabolic 2 (Parab. y(end)= 0): the values between the defined values are
parabolically interpolated, with the tangent at the subsequent value (at the end of interval) horizontal.
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Ok
By clicking on the Diagram tab the table definition can be graphically displayed.
Figure 5-17: Graphical table value display for the table h_cs_tab.
Create and define both other tables for the variation of the bottom slab thickness
(t_bot_tab) and variation of the web thickness (t_web_tab) using the same principle.
Both tables have the same stationing (Variable A) as the table for the cross-section
height. In the span they are constant and increase linearly to the values over the piers.
Note:
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To make the definition easier and faster it is possible to copy the created table (upper window)
and to use the defined table definitions (bottom window) changing only the Variable B and the
Interpolation.
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It has to be considered (during definition of the segment points and tables) that the
cross-sections are assigned only to the existing segment points (element begin and end).
This applies also to the variables whose values are changing accordingly to the tables.
This means that everywhere where a certain change of the cross-section happens (e.g.
station 24 in this example) a segment point (node; element begin/end) has to be placed
in other words, the program has to be able to evaluate the cross-section at the points
where a certain change of the cross-section happens. To do that a segment point has to
be placed. However, the same does not apply vice versa. It is not necessary to have a
table value defined for each segment point. They are calculated automatically on the
basis of the defined interpolation.
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Figure 5-22: Sub menu Variables in the Segment point list for segment MG.
All variables defined in the assigned cross-section for each segment point are listed
here. Next to the variable also the current value of the variable is displayed. Because no
table was assigned yet to the variable, the listed values are those dummy values used for
drawing the construction lines during the definition of the cross-section.
To start with the assignment click on the modify button
double click on one of the listed variables.
A new window opens where the assignment for all variables can be done at once.
Assign each table to the corresponding variable as is shown in Figure 5-23 and explained in detail below.
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First, the desired range for which the values should be assigned to has to be defined.
This range is defined via the segment numbers on the right top side of the window
where the start point (From point), end point (To point) and the Step have to be set.
With buttons on the right side of the input fields it is possible to jump to the first segment point
or to the last one
. By clicking on the All button the whole segment length (from the first point to the last one) can be defined.
The bottom part of the window is split into two fields one for the cross-section before
the segment point and the other for the cross-section after it. Normally the values have
to be defined for both.
In the input filed Expression it is possible to define constant values or arithmetic
formulas using defined formulas or tables. By clicking on the Apply button, the defined expression is assigned to the chosen variable. In this example tables without any
further mathematical operations will be used.
Note:
For example, it would be possible to define only a table for web thickness and then use this table
for the thickness of the bottom slab also. You would need to multiply the table (and so all defined values, but only Value B) by a factor 0.5.
To assign a table to the corresponding variable, first the variable has to be highlighted
and then the corresponding table selected from the list of tables which opens by clicking
on the drop down menu next to the Expression input field (see Figure 5-24).
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Here the variable to be assigned to the selected table is chosen. Via option sg (global
station), sl (local station) or sp (segment point number) the value that was used for
Variable A in the table is selected (see 5.2).
In this example it is possible (there is no difference) to choose sg or sl. This is
possible because the station value of the segment starting point is 0 in both cases. For
sl it is always this way, and for sg the segment starts at starting point of the axis in
this example.
The table is applied to the selected variable with the Append or Replace button. If
in the Expression input field (see Figure 5-23) something already exists (number, expression, etc.) using the Append button will add to the content in the Expression
input field. Using the Replace button will replace the content.
Once the table is applied to the Expression input field it has to be assigned to the variable by clicking the Apply button. After this action the modified variable becomes
marked (red font color and yellow text highlight).
The other two tables are assigned to the corresponding variables in the same way. Now
all variables are marked at this point only for the cross-section before (the tables can
be marked/selected also by clicking the space button).
The entries are copied from the cross-section before to the cross-section after and
vice versa with the buttons between the two windows. This can be done row by row
(active line; the cursor position) by clicking on the buttons with the arrows or a series of
marked lines by clicking on the All button.
Click on the All button to copy the definitions from one side to another from
cross-section before to cross-section after.
Now the window should look as is shown in Figure 5-23
Confirm the definitions by clicking on
Ok
The values from the tables are now assigned to cross-sections. The variation can be seen
on different ways:
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Scrolling up/down in the segment point list and looking at the displayed values
in the lower window (the variables tab is selected).
Viewing the segment in the 3D view double click on 3D View in the Modeler menu tree.
Activate the created Reference-Set and create a new reference point (Reference
point at an intersection point) with name CP-M as is shown in figure below.
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The name of the segment will be set to Pier2. When the segment type is set to Pier the
following input fields becomes active.
Angle with this definition the pier can be rotated around its local axis.
Segment point definition of the position of the pier segment along the reference segment (longitudinal position of the pier).
Connection point - definition of the position of the pier segment in the transverse
direction.
Note:
The pier axis is by default vertical and is (same as for all other cross-sections) defined by the
intersection point of the basis construction lines CL1 and CL2.
The connection defined in this step is only a geometrical position of the pier. The statical connection will defined later.
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Figure 5-28: Definition of segment points for the pier segment shown two different ways.
The local coordinate system is located in the connection point. Since the positive orientation of the local x-axis is upward, both methods of definition will produce the same
result pier height of 20.0 meters.
Note:
For detailed information about the coordinate systems, see RM Analysis Manual Section 2.3.
The increment (step) for the segmentation of the 20 meter high pier is 5.0 (e.g.: 4 elements x 5.0 m). The cross-section to be assigned is the predefined Pier cross-section.
5.4.4 Numbering and material assignment
Change to the submenu Parts in the window below the segment point list to define
the numbering and assign the material as is shown in Figure 5-29.
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The position of the spring element is defined by the segment point to which the spring
connects (this defines the position in the longitudinal direction) and by the connection
point defined in the cross-section (this defines the position in the transversal direction).
If the position of the spring element does not match with the node position, the spring is
automatically eccentrically connected to the corresponding node with a rigid connection.
A special form of connection is the rigid connection. Here the end node of the element
to be connected is deleted, and the element is rigidly connected to the corresponding
node at its end.
Note:
For more detailed description of the connections, orientation of the spring elements and definition of the spring constants, see the Modeler (GP) guide 7.2.1 and 7.2.2.
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Figure 6-3: Definition of the rigid connection between pier and main girder.
The window is split into two sides, with the left side representing the starting position
(at segment Pier2) and the right side representing the end position of the rigid connection.
The starting position is suggested by program from the active segment and selected
segment point. The end position is also suggested by the program from the geometric
position of the pier pier connected to segment MG at the segment point 11.
The definition of the parts to be connected is not needed in this example in the defined
cross-section only one part was used. The definition of the position (before and after) at
the selected segment point is at pier segment no possible (there is no subsequent element) and for the main girder segment is irrelevant.
Accept the input by clicking on
Ok
The definition of rigid connection means that (looking at this example) the last node of
the pier segment is deleted and the last element is connected (by a rigid connection) to
main girder (element).
Figure 6-4: Statical model before and after definition of the rigid connection.
After creating the rigid connection, it is listed in the sub menu list for connections
where it can be modified. The connection can also be displayed schematically by clicking the i button on the left side of the connection list.
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Figure 6-5: Schematic presentation of the rigid connection between pier and main girder
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Figure 6-6: Definition of a new Spring-0 at the ground level of the pier segment Pier2.
Spring-0 is also an element and has to be numbered (Element: 1200). The position is
defined by selecting the segment point and corresponding connection point (defined in
the assigned cross-section) as is shown in Figure 6-6.
In addition the spring constants have to be defined this is done by clicking the Constants button.
Figure 6-7: Spring constants for the ground spring (Spring-0) at the segment Pier2.
The preset spring constants may be taken over for the ground spring all displacement
and rotation are fixed.
Also here the spring can be represented schematically by clicking on the i (info) button.
This concludes the definition of the pier segment, and now it can be copied.
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Click on the button Extended in the left bottom side of the window.
A new window opens where other parameters for copying have to be defined.
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Figure 6-10: Definition of connection points in the cross-section for main girder segment.
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Figure 6-11: Definition of abutment at the beginning of the bridge station 0.0.
The input window has on one side 3 input fields for the definition of spring elements
and on the other side a graphical display of the abutment updated by the inputs from the
other side.
The position of the spring elements is defined by the connection points (and segment
point already selected).
The numbering offset at Abutment 1 is 1100 number 1101 for the left spring (bearing),
1102 for the right spring (bearing) and 1100 for the spring and node (to be created) in
the middle (the ground connection).
The modeling of the abutment is therefore as follows: In the middle of the bottom edge
of the cross-section a new structural node (1100) is created to which the ground spring
(Spring-0 with number 1100) is connected this presents the abutment. Both springs on
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the left and right side, representing bearings, connect the node 1100 to the structural
node via eccentric rigid connections.
Note:
It would be possible to model only the bearings at the abutments (without the spring and node in
the middle). This would be done by two ground springs (Spring-0) at the bearing positions (CP-L
and CP-R) with same constants as now. However, the advantage in the approach used in this example (with additional node and spring in the middle) is in result storage and post-processing
the maximum and minimum bearing forces (max left bearing force + max right bearing force
max force in abutment) from the superposition are saved (also) to this spring element (Spring0 in the middle).
Define the constants for each spring by clicking the Constants button below the
corresponding spring.
For the left and right spring the constants are defined as shown on the figure below.
Figure 6-13: Spring constants (degrees of freedom) for both springs representing bearings at abutments.
The bearings at the abutments can move in any horizontal direction and can rotate
around all axes only the vertical displacement is fixed.
As already mentioned, the definition of the spring constants is done in the local coordinate system of the spring element. The local x-axis of the spring is vertical (Alpha1=90.0) which is why CX defines the vertical displacement.
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For detailed explanation of the local coordinate system of spring elements see chapter 7.2.2. in
the Modeler (GP) guide.
The ground spring (Spring-0) has all degrees of freedom fixed (by default).
Accept all the inputs by clicking on
Ok
The defined springs (abutment) are listed in the Connections submenu and can be
graphically displayed by clicking the info button. The spring constants can be seen
directly in the Spring Constants sub menu.
The spring elements can be seen also in the plan and elevation view.
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The abutment at the other bridge end can be defined at the same principle. This abutment has a numbering offset of 1400.
After finishing the definition of the second abutment, the definition of the bridge geometry in Modeler is finished.
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7 Export to Analyzer
The definition of the statical system and bridge geometry is finished, and the data can be
exported to the analyzer.
By clicking on the
Recalc
button (on the top left side of the main Modeler window;
see Figure 2-8) the modeler recalculation window opens (Figure 7-1).
Note:
If another window opens (the recalculation window of analyzer) this means that the Modeler was
exited. In this case go back to the modeler and click on the recalculation button.
The recalculation options can be seen in Figure 7-1 and should be chosen. These options
are explained in detail below the figure.
Usually only the option Evaluate formulas is to be used. This option affects the
calculation of Tables, Formulas and Variables.
Hambly is a special calculation (that needs special preparation in Modeler) to bring
gravity centers of different Cross-section parts (grillage model) on a same level.
Option Segmentation is needed only for the RMCast module.
Check numbering of
elements and nodes
This option checks if element and node numbers are used several times. This option is
automatically active if the model should be generated (Create model).
Create model
If this option is active, the Modeler data will be exported to the analyzer. The export
can be differentiated by three different sub options:
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2.
3.
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If the first sub option is chosen, the existing Modeler data (the export to analyzer was
once already done) in the Analyzer is not deleted but is added to or overwritten. Modeler data means the structure definitions (bridge geometry and statical system) and
does not include the data defined in Analyzer (tendon geometry, loads, construction
sequence, etc). If the second option is chosen all Modeler data is first deleted and then
exported. In the last options all data (Modeler and Analyzer) is deleted and then the
data from modeler is exported.
In this example the analyzer database was already initialized and is therefore empty. For the
first export (when no data exists in the Analyzer) all sub options for model creation will
produce the same result.
Click on run to start the export.
After recalculation, the modeler can be closed and the exported data can be viewed and
checked. If after the calculation a window with warnings/errors opens, a mistake was made
during the definition of the model. This has to be checked and corrected so the program
gives short information about the mistake within this error window.
Figure 7-2: 3D view after export and without any calculation in Analyzer.
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8 Data management
Modeler (former GP; Geometric Preprocessor) and Analyzer (former RM) have been combined together under one user interface since the RM Bridge V8i version. The functionality
remained same the Modeler is still used for the definition of the bridge geometry and
statical system, and the Analyzer for the definition of the calculation.
However, both still have different and separated databases. At the beginning of the project
(see 2.2) both databases are initialized.
All the definitions and inputs done in the program are automatically saved to the corresponding database to the modeler or to the analyzer database. Therefore there is no
Save or Save as button for saving. When opening the program it jumps automatically to
the last opened project.
Nevertheless it is recommended to make additional backups regularly. The consequence of
such an approach (automatic saving) is that there exists no Undo button, which is an additional reason to make backups (if something is deleted or overwritten, this change is automatically saved and the previous state cannot be recovered).
These additional backups are made with so-called TCL files. Also TCL files for Modeler
and Analyzer are separated. The export and import is done by clicking on the export
or
import button
in the top right corner. Depending on the active mode (Analyzer or Modeler) the Analyzer or Modeler data is exported. When exporting Modeler data the whole
project (all data) is exported. When exporting Analyzer data, all or part of the data can be
exported.
The export file is an ASCII-Text file exported in a TCL-Format (*.tcl Tool Command
Language is an open source script language). That means that all exported data is written in
a readable format and can be easily modified and extended. It is also possible to use variables, to program loops, conditional statements (if then ), etc. By this principle the
input can be simplified and accelerated.
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