ENHANCING PERFORMANCE OF PRODUCED WATER

SEPARATION WITH POLYETHERSULFONE (PES) MEMBRANE

WITH MODIFICATION OF THERMAL ANNEALING TIME
Asri Wahyu Pradini, Yani Putri Armelia, Tutuk D. Kusworo
Jurusan Teknik Kimia, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Diponegoro
Jalan Prof. Soedarto, Tembalang, Semarang, 50239, Phone/Fax : (024) 7460058
Abstrack
Membrane technology is an alternative of water treatment based on filtration that is being
developed. The type of polymer that commonly used in the manufacture of membrane is
polyethersulfone (PES). This study is purposed to determine the process of making and
characterizing membranes, to investigate the effect of heating on the membranes
morphology structure and performance, and also to investigate the stability of the
polyethersulfone (PES) membrane for produced water treatment. The manufacturing of
polyethersulfone (PES) membranes for this produced water treatment is used not-heating
PES membrane and heating PES membranes with time variation of heating membrane. PES
membrane heated at temperature of 180C for 15 and 25 seconds. Characterization
membrane consists of flux and rejection measurement of produced water filtration, SEM and
FTIR analysis. From the research that has been done, asymmetric PES membrane can be
produced with dry / wet phase inversion method. With the heating and the longer the heating
time, the membrane surface skin layer is smoother than the surface skin layer membrane
without heating.
Keyword : asymmetric membran, polyethersulfone, produced water, heating time
1. Introduction
Produced water containing Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), oils and fats, as well as
organic and inorganic contaminants. Produced water treatment method using membranes is
expected to reduce the contaminant content effectively. Nanofiltration membranes that have a
very low pore sizes, between 0.5 nm 2 nm can be used to filter dissolved solids with low
molecular weight effectively (Timmer, 2001).
Asymmetric membrane is one type of membrane that is often applied to water
treatment. Flux resulting from asymmetric membrane is higher than the symmetric membrane
because asymmetric membrane have dense layer on the surface membrane which is not
owned by a symmetric membrane (Khulbe, et al., 2008).
In a study of asymmetric membranes manufacture, polymer that can be used is
polyethersulfone (PES) (Idris, 2007; Lee, 2009; Safitri, 2013; Widyasmara, 2013).
Polyethersulfone used as polymers because it posesses excellent mechanical and film forming
properties as well as high thermal stability, which make it ideal material for membrane
preparation (Mansourpanah, 2010). Membrane stability and good membrane performance are
important factor in the membrane application. Therefore this study will examine the effect of

post-treatment in the form of heating to obtain optimal performance of polyethersulfone

(PES) membrane. Beside the influences of post treatment, will be tested the stability of
polyethersulfone (PES) membrane for the separation of produced water.
2. Materials and Method
2.1.
Materials and Equipments
The materials that used in this study include : polyethersulfone (PES), nmethylpyrrolidone (NMP), distilled water and produced water.
The tools that used in this study are beaker glass, measuring cylinder, erlenmeyer flask,
shaker, stirrer, pipette, stopwatch, turbidimeter, magnetic stirrer, glass plates, coagulation
bath, casting knife, tape, oven, SEM and FTIR equipment, and dead-end filtration cell.
2.2.
Preparation Asymmetric Polyethersulfone (PES) Membrane
The dope solution preparation of polyethersulfone (PES) membrane conducted by
dissolving the polymer polyethersulfone (PES) 22.5 wt% in n-methylpyrrolidone (NMP)
solvent 77.5 wt% using magnetic stirrer for 24 hours until the solution is homogen.
Furthermore, let the solution for 1 day to remove air bubbles and the solution ready to be
printed using the phase inversion technique. To investigate the effect of heating, the
membrane is given post treatment by oven the membrane at 180C for 15 and 25 seconds.
2.3.
Membrane Characterization
2.3.1. Flux and Rejection Measurement
Flux measurements on produced water filtration is conducted by measuring the volume
of produced water that collected during time interval of 15 minutes for one hour. Flux value
is calculated by comparing the volume of permeate per unit membrane area per unit time as
in the following equation.
J=

V
A.t

(2.1)

Determination of the coefficient of rejection is done by determining the concentration

before and after passing through the membrane as in the equation below.
C
R= 1 p x 100
Cf
2.3.2. Scanning Electron Micoscopy (SEM)

(2.2)

Characterization membrane using SEM is used to know membrane morphology.

Through this analysis the cross section of the membrane is known in certain magnification.

2.3.3. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)

Characterization membrane using FTIR is used to know the functional groups of
membrane that produced.

3. Result and Discussion

3.1. Performance of Polyethersulfone (PES) Membrane
3.1.1. Performance of Polyethersulfone (PES) Membrane against Flux
The result of flux measurement for produced water filtration on Polyethersulfone (PES)
membrane is presented in Fig. 1.
50
40
30
Flux
(L/jhr.m2.bar) 20

PES

10
0
0.25

0.5

0.75000000000000056

Time (Hour)

Fig. 1 Performance of PES membrane agains flux

Fig. 1 shows the membrane polyethersulfone (PES) membrane flux decreases with
time. Thus the passage of time, the value of the flux of a membrane is tend to fall. This is
happened because the longer the filtration time, the more fouling occurs in the membrane.
This fouling will be increased during the filtration until cover the pores of the membrane,
which make the performance membrane becomes more severe and as a result, decreasing the
amount of permeate. Since the permeate flux is directly proportional to the volume of
permeate at a certain time, then the decreasing the volume of the permeate makes the value of
flux membrane decreases (Chen et al., 2009; Henny et al., 2013).
3.1.2. Performance of Polyethersulfone (PES) Membrane against Rejection
Rejection value calculation is conducted using equation (2.2). The results of
measurements rejection of COD, turbidity, sulfide polyethersulfone (PES) membrane without
heating are presented in Table 1 and the results of measurements of TDS rejection and levels
of Ca2+ that is rejected by polyethersulfone (PES) membrane without heating are presented in
Fig. 2 3.

Table 1 Performance of PES membrane agains rejection of turbidity, COD and sulfide
Membran

Turbidity
Initial Final

COD
Initia

Final

Sulfide
Initia Final

(NTU

Rejectio

(ppm

Rejectio

Rejectio

(NTU

(ppm

PES

96,99

4,86

94,99

(ppm

592,

1288

54,01

(ppm
)
6734

6413

4,76

Based on Table 1 can be seen that the overall rejection rate polyethersulfone (PES)
membrane at initial time (0.25 hours) is higher than the value of the final membrane rejection
(1 hour). This is happened because the membrane pore sizes smaller provide perfect filtering
effect on dead-end filtration process that resulted high levels of turbidity, COD and sulfide in
produced water (Darwis et al., 2004). These results are supported in accordance with the
image of surface section and cross section of PES membrane obtained through SEM analysis
in Figure 19.
40
35
30
25
20
Ca2+ Rejection (% )
15
10
5
0
0.25

PES

0.5

0.750000000000004

Time (Hour)

Fig. 2 Performance of PES membrane against Ca2+ rejection

60
50
40
TDS Rejection (% )

30
20

PES

10
0
0.25

0.5

0.750000000000004

Time (Hour)

Fig. 3 Performance of PES membrane against TDS rejection

Based on Fig. 2 3, it can be seen that the polyethersulfone (PES) membrane have a
increasing rejection rate. This phenomenon is contrary to the flux produced the PES

membrane in Fig. 1. Wenten (2002), stated one of the problems in the membrane process is
the value of flux and rejection that is inversely proportional. So when the value of the flux
decreased, the membrane rejection rate has increased as a phenomenon that occurs on the
studies conducted before. This occurs because during the passage of time, fouling will occurs
on the surface and inside the membrane. This make the particles and dissolved organic
components along the water difficult to penetrate the membrane, therefore increase the
percentage of rejection of dissolved and particulate organic components as a result the
membrane pores are becoming more narrow (Mulder, 1996; Mulyati 2008 and Kusworo et
al., 2013).
3.2. Effect of Heating on The Performance of Polyethersulfone (PES) Membrane
To determine the effect of heating on the performance of polyethersulfone (PES)
membrane is conducted by comparing the results of performance tests of PES membrane
without heating (control variables) with PES membrane that given the heat treatment
(independent variable). Heating is conducted at temperature 180C for 15 seconds and 25
seconds before the membrane is applied in produced water treatment.
Heat treatment PES membrane at a temperature of 180C for 15 seconds and 25
seconds due to a temperature 180C is closer to PES glass transition temperature (Tg =
220C) (Wibowo, 2010). Heating that approaching the glass transition temperatures will
cause the PES break the bonds between the polymer molecules into rubbery so that the
membrane has a thicker dense structure of skin layer (Zhou, 2005).
The result of heating effect on the performance on PES membrane is shown on two
parameter test, that are the value of flux produced and membrane rejection to turbidity, COD,
sulfide, Ca2+ and TDS.
3.2.1. Effect of Heating on The PES Membrane against Flux
From Table 2 and Fig. 4 can be seen that the value of polyethersulfone membrane flux
with heating is higher than polyethersulfone membrane flux without heating. Heat treatment
or annealling on the membrane will cause the polymer chain structure adjustment on the
membran suface and the membrane becomes more stable. The pore structure on the
membrane surface adjust the thermodynamic equilibrium that changed by the heat given
(Kim., et al 2004). The polymer chain structure adjustment cause morphological changes in
the membrane (Mulder, 1996; Mulyati 2008 and Siswanto, 2011).
Table 2 shows the increasing percentage of the value of the flux that occur in
polyethersulfone membrane given post treatment in various filtration time. Fig. 4 shows a

comparison of the flux phenomena that occur in the polyethersulfone (PES) membrane
without heating treatment and with heating treatment.
Table 2 Increasing percentage the value of PES membrane flux with heating against PES
membrane flux without heating in various filtration time
Time (hour)

0,25
0,5
0,75
1

Flux without

Flux with heating

heating membrane

membrane treatment

treatment

(L/hr.m2.bar)

(L/hr.m2.bar)
38,69091
18,32727
11,2
6,618182

115,0545
27,49091
14,93333
10,94545

140
120
100
80
Flux
60
(L/hr.m2.bar)
40heat treatment
PES without
20
0
0.25

Increasing Flux
(%)

66,37
33,34
25
39,53

PES with heat treatment

0.5

0.75000000000000056

Time (Hour)

Fig. 4 Effect of heating on PES membrane against flux

3.2.2.

Effect of Heating on The PES Membrane against Rejection

Effect of heating on polyethersulfone (PES) membrane against rejection in this study is

conducted by comparing the value of turbidity, COD, sulfide, Ca2+ and TDS in initial n final
produced water filtration using membrane. Rejection calculation is performed using equation
(2.2). Result of calculation the value of rejection of turbidity, COD and sulfide from
polyethersulfone (PES) membrane filtration is presented in Table 3. While the result of
calculation Ca2+ and TDS rejection is shown in Fig. 5 6.

Table 3 Heating effect on polyethersulfone (PES) membrane against rejection of turbidity,

COD and sulfide
Membra

Turbidity

COD

Sulfide

ne
Treatme
nt

Initia
l
(NT
U)

Final

(NT

Rejecti

U)

on

4,86

94,99

Initi
al
(pp
m)

NonTreatme
nt
Annealin
g
Treatme

96,99

Final

(pp

Rejecti

m)

on

592,
3

95,30

al
(pp
m)

54,01

1288
4,56

Initi

Final

(ppm Rejectio
)

6413

4,76

5130

23,81

6734
532,
3

58,67

nt

Table 3 shows the rejection of turbidity (NTU), COD and sulfide increased. NTU
rejection increased with the heat treatment given. It is caused by the narrowing of membrane
pore size that occurs along the heat treatment or thermal annealing (Kim et al., 2004). Heat
treatment causes the rearrangement of the membrane molecules (Myung, 1994). Heat
treatment can cause the narrowing of membrane pore size (Mulder, 1996). Turbidity value
represents the content of suspended solids contained in the feed (Chung, et al., 2005). More
denser the pore, will be more effective and stable to reject suspended solids that permeate
turbidity levels obtained were smaller.
COD rejection also increased for heat treatment. This is due to the membrane pores
become more dense due to heat treatment or thermal annealing (Kim et al., 2004). Heat
treatment will make the membrane pore size smaller and dense, causing greater rejection rate
(Siswanto, 2011). With the heat treatment, the rearrangement of the membrane molecules
becomes more dense and stable (Myeong, 1994). The more dense and stable of membrane
pore size, it will effectively hold contaminants in produced water. This makes the
contaminants level in permeate is less on higher heating temperature membrane treatment.
Obtained rejection of sulfide is increasing for heat treatment. The membrane efficiency
in contaminant removal is depend to contaminant concentration, it chemical properties,
membrane type and condition, as well as operating conditions. In this case, process of
nanofiltration membrane using polyethersulfone (PES) is effective to reject the sulfide so that
when given a heat treatment, S2- that got reject is increased.
Fig. 5 shows the heat treatment given to the polyethersulfone (PES) membrane result
the rejection rate of Ca2+ of polyethersulfone (PES) membrane increased significantly as heat
treatment given. Membrane that given heat treatment is more effective reduces Ca2+ in
produced water. This is due to the membrane treatment with a higher heating temperature has

more dense pores and more stable (Kim et al., 2004). The same as the discussion about the
rejection polyethersulfone (PES) membrane before, heat treatment will cause the pores
become denser and stable so that rejection Ca2+ is increase.
60
50
40
30
Ca2+ Rejection (% )
20 heat treatment
PES without

PES with heat treatment

10
0
0.25

0.5

0.75000000000000033

Time (Hour)

Fig. 5 Effect of heating on PES membrane against Ca2+ rejection

Fig. 6 shows the heat treatment given to the polyethersulfone (PES) membrane result
the value of TDS rejection is increased significantly as heat treatment given. This is due to
the pores on the membrane surface is narrowed as the effect of thermal annealing on the
membrane (Kim et al., 2004). Membrane with more dense and stable membrane pores have
better filtering effect to turbidity so that the levels of turbidity in the permeate becomes less
(Darwis et al., 2004). These results are consistent with the image of membrane surface and
cross section that obtained using SEM analysis in Fig. 13 16.
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
TDS Rejection (%)
PES without heat treatment

PES with heat treatment

Time (Hour)

Fig. 6 Effect of heating on PES membrane against TDS rejection

3.3. Effect of Heating Time on The Performance of Polyethersulfone (PES) Membrane

In these discussions will be investigate on the effect of heating time variation on the
performance of polyethersulfone (PES) membrane. Before the membrane is applied to the
produced water treatment, each membrane is heated at 180C for 15 seconds and 25 seconds.
Then the result of characterization is compared and presented in a graph or table. Parameters
of characterization in this study are the flux and rejection of turbidity, COD, sulfide, Ca2+ and
TDS
3.3.1. Effect of Heating Time on The PES Membrane against Flux
Figure 7 shows decreasing value of flux polyethersulfone (PES) membrane along the
heating time. This is due to the membrane pore size becomes more narrow as the effect of
heat treatment (Mulyati, 2008). Heat treatment will cause a rearrangement of the polymer
molecular chain in the membrane so the membrane pore becomes more dense and stable
(Myeong, 1994). Membranes with longer thermal annealing time will have denser pores thus
reducing the flux (Kim et al., 2004). These results are consistent with the image of membrane
surface and cross section that obtained using SEM analysis in Fig. 15 16.
140
120
100
80
Flux
60
(L/hr.m2.bar)
40PES 15 seconds
20
0
0.25

PES 25 seconds
0.5

0.75000000000000056

Time (Hour)

Fig. 7 Effect of heating time on PES membrane against flux

3.3.2. Effect of Heating Time on The PES Membrane against Rejection
Table 4 shows the percentage of rejection of turbidity (NTU), COD and sulfide tend to
rise along the longer time of thermal annealing. The value of rejection turbidity percentage
from this study is increase along the longer time of heating. The turbidity value (NTU)
represents the content of suspended solids contained in the feed (Chung., Et al 2005). This is
caused by a narrowed pore size that occurs along heat treatment or thermal annealing (Kim et
al., 2004). Heat treatment causes the rearrangement of membrane molecules (Myeong, 1994).
Heat treatment can cause narrowing of the membrane pore size (Mulyati, 2008).
COD rejection values also increased more significantly in line with the longer heating
time. This is because the membrane pore more dense due to heat treatment or thermal

annealing (Kim et al., 2004). Heat treatment with higher temperatures makes the
rearrangement of membrane molecules becomes more dense and stable (Myeong, 1994).
Sulfide rejection values increase for more longer the heating time. The membrane
efficiency in contaminant removal is depend to contaminant concentration, it chemical
properties, membrane type and condition, as well as operating conditions. In this case,
process of nanofiltration membrane using polyethersulfone (PES) is effective to reject the
sulfide so that when given a heat treatment, S2- that got reject is increased.
Table 4 Effect of heating on PES membrane agains turbidity, COD and sulfide
Turbidity
Heatin
g Time

Initial

Final

(NTU

(NTU

Rejectio

4,56

95,29

COD
Initia
l
(ppm
)

15
second
s
25
second
s

96,99

Final

(ppm

Rejectio

532,
3

95,61

l
(ppm
)

58,67

1288
4,26

Sulfide
Initia

Final

(ppm

Rejectio

5130

23,81

4489

33,33

6734
512,
3

60,23

One of the parameters on the membran performance of produced water treatment is

rejection of Ca2+. Ca2+ rejection Measurement of is performed on produced water before and
during circulated through the membrane. It is performed by analysis the level Ca2+ that left in
permeat during time interval of 15 minutes for one hour on the application of dead-end
filtration. Percentage of rejection can be determined using equation 2.2.
Fig. 8 shows the rejection of the Ca2+ percentage is increases along more longer heating
time. This is due to the membrane pore becomes narrowed due to heat treatment (Mulyati,
2008). Heat treatment makes the rearrangement of membrane structural polymer chains so
that it can alter the morphology of the membrane (Budiyono et al., 2014). Membrane with a
longer heating time will have denser pores and more stable so its permeat will contain fewer
contaminants.

90
80
70
60
50
Ca2+ Rejection (% ) 40
PES 30
15 seconds
20
10
0
0.25

PES 25 seconds

0.5

0.75000000000000056

Time (Hour)

Fig. 8 Effect of heating time on PES membrane against Ca2+ rejection

The other membrane parameters performance on produced water treatment is TDS
rejection. Fig. 9 shows the TDS rejection percentage is increased along the variations in
heating time is longer. This case is happened because the membrane pore is narrowed as
effect of heat treatment (Mulyati, 2008). Heat treatment or thermal annealing causes
membrane molecules rearrangement becomes more dense and stable (Kim et al., 2004). The
more denser and stable the pore, filtering effect TDS becomes better so levels of TDS
permeate decrease significantly for membrane permeate with longer heating time.
70
60
50
40
TDS Rejection (% ) 30
PES 15
20seconds

PES 25 seconds

10
0
0.25

0.5

0.75000000000000056

Time (Hour)

Fig. 9 Effect of heating time on PES membrane against TDS rejection

3.4. Stability of PES Membrane
After testing each character of flux and rejection membrane during the one hour, then
the study continue to test the membrane stability. Membrane stability test performed by
applying the membrane in produced water filtration for 4 hours and then see the value of flux
and rejection in 1 hour intervals. Flux test results shown in Fig. 10 while the result of
rejection of turbidity, COD, sulfide, Ca2+ and TDS is shown in Table 5 and Fig. 11-12.

Figure 10 shows that the polyethersulfone (PES) membrane flux decreases. Membrane
flux value is inversely proportional to a function of time, the more longer filtration operating
time (for 4 hours stability) then the value of the membrane flux tend to fall. The decreasing
flux value continues until steady state condition is reached. These phenomenon occur due to
fouling on the membrane surface which through with solution (Chen et al., 2009). This
results membrane flux decreases.
50
40
30
Flux
(L/hr.m2.bar) 20

PES

10
0
1

Time (Hour)

Fig. 10 Stability of PES membrane against flux

From Table 5 and Fig. 11-12 can be seen that polyethersulfone (PES) membrane has
increasing rejection rate along the length of time of stability filtration for 4 hours. This
phenomenon is contrary to the value of flux obtained on PES membrane which has been
discussed before. Wenten (2002), stated one of the problems in the process is the membrane
flux and rejection values are inversely proportional. So when the value of the flux decreased,
the membrane rejection rate has increased as a phenomenon that occurs on the research
conducted before. This is due to the fouling that occurs around the membrane surface that
affects the membrane pores so the membrane pores become narrow (Chen et al., 2009).
Membrane pore constriction causes increased rejection. The performance of membrane
stability for 4 hours result increasing rejection value higher than rejection value of dead-end
filtration for 1 hour.
Table 5 Stability of PES membrane against rejection of turbidity, COD and sulfide
Turbidity
Membran

Initial

Final

(NTU

(NTU

Rejeks

96,99

3,68

96,21

PES

COD
Initia
l
(ppm
)
1288

Final

(ppm

Rejeks

445,7

65,40

Sulfide
Initia
l
(ppm
)
6734

Final
(ppm
)
2245

%
Rejeksi
66,67

100
80
60
Ca2+ Rejection (% )

40
20

PES

0
1

Time (Hour)

Fig. 11 Stability of PES membrane against Ca2+ rejection

100
80
60
TDS Rejection (% )

40
20

PES

0
1

Time (Hour)

Fig. 12 Stability of PES membrane against TDS rejection

3.5. Characterization Polyethersulfone (PES) Membrane using Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM)
Fig. 13 16 shows the PES membrane has asymmetric shape because the membrane
cross-sectional form more than two layers. The layer that formed are the dense layer,
intermediate layer, and porous substructure. Asymmetric membranes are membranes with a
denser outer pore size with thickness between 0.1-0.5 m, while the inside pore size has a
thickness between 50-200 lm. The technique of making membranes also supports the
formation of an asymmetric membrane. In this study, a membrane made by phase inversion
method, that is a process of changing the form of the polymer from a liquid into a solid phase
under controlled conditions (Ismail and Hassan, 2007; Mulder, 1996).
Fig. 15 16 shows the surface section of polyethersulfone (PES) membrane for heating
temperature 180C and heating time for 25 seconds to have a smoother surface compared to
the membrane without heating and 15 seconds heating. In addition to a smoother surface,
pores or cavities that formed are smaller and denser. The cross section of the PES membrane
on Fig. 13, Fig. 15 16 shows the longer the heating time on polyethersulfone membrane

(PES) make the membrane morphology pore structure smaller and denser. The phenomenon
is the same as done by Idris and Zain (2006), who examined the effect of heating on the
polyethersulfone (PES) membrane at various temperature variables.
Heat treatment and heating time on the membrane cause the adjustment of the polymer
chain movement. When the polyethersulfone (PES) membrane is heated, the movement of
polymer chain molecules becomes easier thus affecting the morphology structure of the
membrane. In addition, heat treatment also decreases the free volume that formed in the
membrane manufacture, due to increasing molecular movement in the membrane. The less
amount of free volume in the membrane results the smaller pores or cavities, so the
membrane become more denser (Han and Bhattacharyya, 1994).
In Fig. 14, there are a lot of foulant accumulated on the surface of polyethersulfone
(PES) membrane after produced water filtration. This case because the fouling occurs on the
membrane. Fouling will increase along the length operation time so that it covers the pores of
the membrane (Chen et al., 2009; Henny et al., 2013). If Fig. 14 compared with Fig. 15 16,
it will show the decreasing amount of foulant accumulated on the membrane surface.
Polyethersulfone membranes that given heat treatment such as temperature 180C for 25
seconds (Fig. 16), the polarization is not as much as in Figure 14 15. Thus polyethersulfone
membrane in Figure 16 is good for produced water applications.
The smaller the pores or cavities are formed resulting permeation rate is low but the
selectivity of the membrane to reject contaminats in produced water increases. It has been
explained in the previous discussion about the decrasing value of flux and increasing values
of rejection in the polyethersulfone (PES) membrane without heat treatment, heating for 15
seconds and 25 seconds.

Fig. 13 Surface section (a) and cross section (b) of polyethersulfone (PES) membrane without
heating before filtration

Fig. 14 Surface section of polyethersulfone (PES) membrane after filtration

Fig. 15 Surface section (a) and cross section (b) of polyethersulfone (PES) membrane with
heating temperature 180C and heating time 15 seconds after filtration

Fig. 16 Surface section (a) and cross section (b) of polyethersulfone (PES) membrane with
heating temperature 180C and heating time 25 seconds after filtration
3.6. Characterization Polyethersulfone (PES) Membrane using Fourier Transform
Infrared (FTIR)
Characterization of PES membranes using FTIR is conducted to determine the
functional groups that present in the membrane. In Fig. 17 18 shows the result of FTIR
characterization of the PES membrane with variation heating temperature 180C and heating
time 15 seconds and 25 seconds.

Fig. 17 Characterization of polyethersulfone (PES) membrane using FTIR for heating

temperature 180C and heating time 15 seconds

Fig. 18 Characterization of polyethersulfone (PES) membrane using FTIR for heating

temperature 180C and heating time 15 seconds
Table 6 Functional group on polyethersulfone (PES) membrane for heating time180C and
heating time 15 seconds and 25 seconds
No.

Chemical compound

Wavelength (cm-1)

15 detik

25 detik

1.

O-H carboxylic acid

2500-2700

2500-2700

2.

C-H alkane

2850-2970 dan 13401470

3.

C-H alkene

3010-3095 dan 675995

3010-3095 dan 675995

4.

C-H aromatic ring

3010-3100 dan 690900

3010-3100 dan 690900

5.

C-O alcohol/ether/carboxylic acid/

ester

1050-1300

1050-1300

6.

C-N amine/amide

1180-1360

1180-1360

7.

C-N nitrile

2210-2280

2210-2280

8.

C=C aromatic ring

1500-1600

1500-1600

9.

C=C alkyne

2175,70

2173,78

10.

NO2

1300-1370

Fig. 17 18 show the polyethersulfone (PES) membrane has group of O-H carboxylic
acid , C-H alkanes, C-H alkenes, C-H aromatic ring, C-O alcohol/ether/carboxylic acid/ester,
C-N amine/amide, C-N nitrile, C=C aromatic ring, C=C alkyne, NO2.
Table 6 indicated the differences of wavelength sift of the chemical compounds that
contained in the polyethersulfone (PES) membrane for heating temperature 180C and
heating time 15 seconds and 25 seconds. Wavelength shift of the absorption area indicates the
provision of heat treatment and heating time give effect on the membrane morphology
sturcture and absorbtion area. It shows the amount of intensity that indicates the interaction

between water molecules and the presence of water content. Therefore, the smaller the area of
the absorption field shows the smaller interaction between water molecules in the membrane,
which means the lower water content presence in membrane. Heating that given to the
polyethersulfone (PES) membrane are post-treatment that conducted after the membrane is
formed. (Kusworo et al., 2008; Murphy and de Pinho, 1995).
4. Conclusion
Heat treatment on polyethersulfone (PES) membrane makes the pore shrinkage so
increase the rejection value and decrease the membrane flux. The length of heating time
towards the performance of polyethersulfone (PES) membrane affect the value of flux and
rejection, polymer chain molecular rearrangement so the membrane becomes more dense and
stable and give results decreasing flux value and increasing rejection value. The results of
SEM analysis of polyethersulfone (PES) membrane shows membrane pore shrinkage due to
heating. While the results of the FTIR analysis shows membrane polyether sulfone (PES) has
group of O-H carboxylic acid, C-H alkanes, C-H alkenes, C-H aromatic ring, C-O
alcohol/ether/carboxylic acid/ester, C-N amine/amide, C-N nitrile, C=C aromatic ring, C=C
alkyne, and NO2.
Acknowledgements
The acknowledgements give to Waste Treatment Laboratory for the contribution of this study.
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