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APPENDIX B

DEVELOPMENT OF WANG-REESE EQUATIONS

The development of the Wang-Reese equations for evaluating ultimate passive resistance for soldier
beams embedded in cohesionless soils and cohesive soils is presented in this appendix. This
presentation is based largely on information and details provided in FHWA-RD-97-130 (1998). The
relevant equations have been implemented into spreadsheets which are included at the end of this
appendix.
Cohesionless Soils
The Wang-Reese equations for ultimate passive resistance of cohesionless soils consider three
potential failure mechanisms. These mechanisms include: (1) a wedge failure in front of an
individual shaft (figure B-1); (2) an overlapping wedge failure for deep or closely-spaced shafts
(figure B-2); and (3) plastic flow around the shaft (figure B-3). For design, the ultimate passive
resistance available to resist the reaction force, R, is the minimum resistance for each of these
mechanisms at any depth.
Figure B-1 shows the wedge failure for a single soldier beam in sand. The passive force, Fp, is given
by Equation B-1.

K d tan sin

tan b d
K o d tan
(tan sin tan )
Fp = d 2 o
+
+ tan tan +
3

3 tan ( ) cos tan ( ) 2 3


(Equation B-1)
where: = total unit weight;
b = soldier beam diameter or width;
d = depth of the bottom of the soldier beam;
Ko = at-rest earth pressure coefficient;
= drained friction angle of the soil;
= 45+/2; and
= for dense sands, /3 to /2 for loose sands.
Equation B-1 is differentiated to give the ultimate soil resistance, Ppu at depth, d.
K d tan sin

tan
Ppu = d o
+
(b + d tan tan ) + K o d tan (tan sin tan )
tan( ) cos tan( )
(Equation B-2)

B-1

Figure B-1. Passive wedge failure for a soldier beam in sand (after Reese et al., 1974).

B-2

Figure B-2. Intersecting failure wedges for soldier beams in sand (after Wang and Reese, 1986).
B-3

A-A
Wedge failure
A

A
Plastic flow
B-B

Figure B-3

Plastic flow around a soldier beam toe (after Wang and Reese, 1986).

Figure B-2 shows individual failure wedges intersecting. This may occur, based on the analysis
method, for a case where adjacent soldier beams are relatively close to each other or where the depth
of the bottom of the soldier beam is relatively large. Equation B-3 gives the depth of the
intersection, di, of adjacent wedges.

di = d

sc
2 tan tan

(Equation B-3)

where sc is the clear spacing between adjacent soldier beams.


When di is positive, the failure wedges intersect. If di is negative, the failure wedges do not intersect.
At depths greater than di, passive resistance is not affected by adjacent soldier beams, and may be
computed using equation B-2. Above the point of intersection, passive resistance is reduced to
account for the intersection of the failure wedges. To account for the intersection of the wedges,
passive resistance computed using equation B-2 is reduced by the resistance computed for a wedge
with a height di, and a soldier beam with a width of zero. The resistance down to the depth di, is
given by equation B-4.
K d tan sin 1

sin 2
d tan tan
Ppu = d o
1
K
d

+
tan (tan + 1) (Equation B-4)

o
tan( )
cos
tan( ) cos
where: d < di

B-4

At depth, the ultimate lateral resistance will be limited to the resistance that can develop before soil
flows between the soldier beams (figure B-3). The ultimate lateral flow resistance is given by:

Ppu = K A bd tan 8 + K o d tan tan 4

(Equation B-5)

Lateral resistance cannot exceed the passive resistance provided by a continuous wall in cohesionless
soil, i.e.
Ppu = K P d (s c + b)

(Equation B-6)

Cohesive Soils

Figure B-4 shows the failure wedge for a single soldier beam in clay. Reese (1958) developed the
expression for the passive resistance, Fp,
Fp = S u db[tan + (1 + K ) cot ] +

where:

1
bD 2 + S u D 2 sec
2

(Equation B-7)

Su = average undrained shear strength; and


K = a reduction factor to apply to Su to give the adhesion between the clay and the soldier
beam.

Assuming = 45 and the shaft friction, K = 0, equation B-7 is differentiated to give the ultimate
soil resistance at depth d:
Ppu = 2S u b + bd + 2.83S u d

(Equation B-8)

The assumption of K=0 implies that no shear strength is mobilized on the plane EFDC (see figure B4).
If adjacent soldier beams are sufficiently close to each other, it may not be possible to mobilize the
full shear resistance (forces F3 and F4 in figure B-4) on the sides of the wedge directly in front of the
soldier beam. Figure B-5 shows the passive wedges in front of each soldier beam and the wedge of
soil between the beams (block FDBGHI). If the space between the beams is large, block FDBGHI
will be adequate to resist the side shear forces F3 and F4 from the wedges in front of the beams. If
block FDBGHI is small, it is assumed that the ground in front of the wall will move together and the
individual wedges in front of each beam will not develop. Equation B-9 gives the critical spacing,
scr, where the behavior changes from single beam behavior to group behavior.
s cr =

2.83S u d
d + 6S u

(Equation B-9)

Passive resistance for a soldier beam considering group behavior is given by Equation B-10.
Ppu = 2S u (b + s c ) + d (b + s c ) + S u s c

B-5

(Equation B-10)

Figure B-4. Passive wedge failure for a soldier beam in clay (after Reese, 1958, discussion of Soil
Modulus for Laterally Loaded Piles by McClelland and Focht, Transactions, Volume 123,
Reprinted by permission of ASCE).
B-6

Figure B-5. Failure wedges for soldier beams in clay (after Wang and Reese, 1986).

B-7

If the spacing between soldier beams becomes zero and the soldier beam width is taken as unity,
Equation B-10 becomes Equation B-11, the passive earth pressure equation for a continuous wall.
Ppu = 11S u b

(Equation B-11)

The soil may flow around the beam as it moves through the soil if the toe of the soldier beam
becomes sufficiently deep. The failure is similar to that shown in figure B-3. Wang and Reese
(1986) approximated the passive flow resistance in clay to be:
Ppu = 2S u + d

(Equation B-12)

For a wall in clay, the passive resistance at any depth d, cannot exceed the passive resistance
provided by a continuous wall.
Ppu = (2S u + d ) (s c + b)

(Equation B-13)

Wang and Reese's equations are based on horizontal force equilibrium. The active pressure acting
on the wall as it moves away from the retained ground is included in the calculation for cohesionless
soils, but not for cohesive soils. As the Wang-Reese equations were developed for stiff clays at
relatively shallow depths, the active earth pressures are negative. In neglecting the active pressure
term, the tensile strength of the soil is ignored.

B-8

Passive Resistance Calculations (Sands)

H
b
s
Sc
toe reaction

Toe Depth
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6

16.93
9.15
0.305
2.44
2.135
223

Active
Pressure
53.75
56.69
59.62
62.56
65.50
68.44
71.37
74.31
77.25
80.18
83.12
86.06
89.00

(kN/m3)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(kN/m)

Active
Force
0.00
8.42
17.29
26.61
36.37
46.58
57.24
68.35
79.91
91.91
104.36
117.26
130.61

==

Rankine
Continuous (Eq. di
B-6)
0.00
59.53
119.06
178.58
238.11
297.64
357.17
416.69
476.22
535.75
595.28
654.81
714.33

tan
tan
tan
tan (-)

29.0
59.5
9.7
30.5

(Eq.
B-3)
-3.69
-3.19
-2.69
-2.19
-1.69
-1.19
-0.69
-0.19
0.31
0.81
1.31
1.81
2.31

Wedge
Resistance
(single pile)
(Eq. B-2)
0.00
13.90
40.72
80.45
133.10
198.66
277.15
368.55
472.86
590.10
720.25
863.31
1019.30

Wedge
Reistance
(d=di)
(Eq. B-2)
297.12
215.65
147.10
91.47
48.75
18.95
2.06
-1.90
7.05
28.91
63.70
111.40
172.01

0.554
1.698
0.170
0.589

Wedge
Resistance
(d=h1, alpha=0)
(Eq. B-2)
137.82
96.58
62.41
35.32
15.30
2.35
-3.53
-2.33
5.93
21.27
43.69
73.17
109.72

Ko
Ka
Kp

Wedge
Resistance
(intersecting
wedges)
0.00
13.90
40.72
80.45
133.10
198.66
277.15
368.55
471.75
582.46
700.23
825.08
957.01

Flow
Resistance
(Eq. B-5)
0.00
67.93
135.86
203.79
271.72
339.65
407.59
475.52
543.45
611.38
679.31
747.24
815.17

0.515
0.347
2.882

Minimum
Wang-Reese
Passive
Resistance
0.00
13.90
40.72
80.45
133.10
198.66
277.15
368.55
471.75
535.75
595.28
654.81
714.33

Passive Resistance Calculations (Sands)

PASSIVE RESISTANCE CALCULATIONS (SANDS)

B-9

Broms
Passive
Resistance
(figure 41b)
0.00
22.32
44.65
66.97
89.29
111.61
133.94
156.26
178.58
200.91
223.23
245.55
267.88

Total Passive
Force (W-R)
0.00
3.47
17.13
47.42
100.81
183.75
302.70
464.12
674.20
926.07
1208.83
1521.35
1863.63

Total
Passive
Force
(Broms)
0.00
5.58
22.32
50.23
89.29
139.52
200.91
273.46
357.17
452.04
558.07
675.27
803.63

FS (W-R)
0.00
0.02
0.07
0.19
0.39
0.68
1.08
1.59
2.23
2.94
3.69
4.47
5.27

FS (Broms)
0.00
0.02
0.09
0.20
0.34
0.52
0.72
0.94
1.18
1.44
1.70
1.98
2.27

Passive Resistance Calculations (Clays)

H
b
s
Sc

20.73
9.15
0.61
3.05
2.44

Active
Toe Depth Pressure
0
0.00
0.305
0.00
0.61
0.00
0.915
0.00
0.9150001
0.00
1.22
0.00
1.525
0.00
1.83
0.00
2.135
0.00
2.44
0.00
2.745
0.00
3.05
0.00
3.355
0.00
3.66
0.00
3.965
0.00
4.27
0.00
4.575
0.00
4.88
0.00
5.185
0.00
5.49
0.00
5.795
0.00
6.1
0.00

(kN/m3)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)

Active
Force
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

Su
toe reaction
depth of
disturbance (Broms)

Rankine
Continuous
(Eq. B-13)
437.49
456.78
476.06
495.34
495.34
514.63
533.91
553.20
572.48
591.76
611.05
630.33
649.62
668.90
688.19
707.47
726.75
746.04
765.32
784.61
803.89
823.17

71.72
270

(kPa)
(kN/m)

0.915

(m)

scr
(Eq. B-9)
0.00
0.14
0.28
0.41
0.41
0.54
0.67
0.79
0.91
1.03
1.14
1.25
1.36
1.47
1.57
1.67
1.77
1.86
1.96
2.05
2.14
2.22

Wedge
Resistance
(single pile)
(Eq. B-8)
87.50
153.26
219.02
284.78
284.78
350.55
416.31
482.07
547.83
613.59
679.36
745.12
810.88
876.64
942.40
1008.17
1073.93
1139.69
1205.45
1271.21
1336.98
1402.74

Wedge
Resistance
(group
effects)
(Eq. B-10)
612.49
631.77
651.06
670.34
670.34
689.63
708.91
728.19
747.48
766.76
786.05
805.33
824.61
843.90
863.18
882.47
901.75
921.03
940.32
959.60
978.89
998.17

Broms
Passive Force
Passive
over Depth of
Flow
Minimum WangResistance Reese Passive Total Passive Resistance Disturbance
Resistance
Force (W-R) (figure 41c)
(Broms)
(Eq. B-12)
481.24
87.50
0.00
0.00
393.74
481.24
153.26
36.72
0.00
393.74
481.24
219.02
93.49
0.00
393.74
481.24
284.78
170.32
0.00
393.74
481.24
284.78
170.32
393.74
393.74
481.24
350.55
267.21
393.74
393.74
481.24
416.31
384.15
393.74
393.74
481.24
481.24
521.03
393.74
393.74
481.24
481.24
667.81
393.74
393.74
481.24
481.24
814.59
393.74
393.74
481.24
481.24
961.36
393.74
393.74
481.24
481.24
1108.14
393.74
393.74
481.24
481.24
1254.92
393.74
393.74
481.24
481.24
1401.70
393.74
393.74
481.24
481.24
1548.48
393.74
393.74
481.24
481.24
1695.26
393.74
393.74
481.24
481.24
1842.04
393.74
393.74
481.24
481.24
1988.81
393.74
393.74
481.24
481.24
2135.59
393.74
393.74
481.24
481.24
2282.37
393.74
393.74
481.24
481.24
2429.15
393.74
393.74
481.24
481.24
2575.93
393.74
393.74

Passive Resistance Calculations (Clays)

PASSIVE RESISTANCE CALCULATIONS (CLAYS)

B-10

Total
Passive
Force
(Broms)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
120.09
240.18
360.27
480.37
600.46
720.55
840.64
960.73
1080.82
1200.92
1321.01
1441.10
1561.19
1681.28
1801.37
1921.46
2041.56

FS (W-R) FS (Broms)
0.00
0.00
0.14
0.00
0.35
0.00
0.63
0.00
0.63
0.00
0.99
0.44
1.42
0.89
1.93
1.33
2.47
1.78
3.02
2.22
3.56
2.67
4.10
3.11
4.65
3.56
5.19
4.00
5.74
4.45
6.28
4.89
6.82
5.34
7.37
5.78
7.91
6.23
8.45
6.67
9.00
7.12
9.54
7.56

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