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4. Skeletal packstone
This lithofacies is interpreted on basis of thin
section petrographic analysis of a sample from
KRID-04 well at 4635 MD. The sample has a
grain supported fabric, dominated by echinoid
and mollusc skeletal material (>50%) with,
minor micrite, quartz, and plagioclase (Figure6).
5. Benthic foraminifera packstone
This lithofacies is interpreted on basis of thin
section petrographic analysis of samples from
KRIE-02 well at 5770 , 5786 , and 5793 MD.
These consist predominantly of benthic
foraminifera, quartz, calcite and minor skeletal
fragments (Figure-7).
Facies Association
Seismic sections from north to south, flattened on
the Gumai Formation, show the geometry of the
UBR carbonate to be mound-shaped (Figure-4).
Because of the shape, this had been previously
interpreted and reported as reefal carbonate
(Lemigas, 1985). However, findings from this study,
based on thin section petrographic analysis, and
confirmed by Park (pers. comm. 2014), found no
reefal fragments, corals, red algae, etc., among the
UBR facies associations represented here.
To identify the mound boundary more clearly,
support from seismic data, in terms of seismic
attributes, was needed. Some seismic attribute
processing was run on a 3D seismic data cube using
PSTM seismic class at the UBR (UBR-LBR) level.
This reservoir level was investigated using 10
different attributes. The best results were achieved
by using Mean Amplitude attribute at the UBR level
(Figure-9). Mean amplitude is a post-stack
computation of the arithmethic mean of the
amplitudes of a trace within a specified window.
This can be used to observe changes in amplitude
related to, or provide indications of lateral facies
change, and hence define the boundary between
adjacent facies association geometries. Furthermore,
the trace bias could indicate the presence of bright
spots (DHI).
Figure-9 shows the mound geometry at platforms D
and E at Krisna Field, here indicated by higher
amplitude values (green-yellow) compared with
lower amplitudes values for the slope to basin (bluepurple).
The mean amplitude attribute display
shows high production wells at Krisna Field
platforms D and E correspond to high amplitude
values and the plugged and abandoned wells are
associated with low amplitude values.
1600
1200
800
400
0
100
80
60
40
20
0
2010
11
12
13
2010
11
12
13
Figure 3 - Variance of liquid and water cut production profile in Krisna UBR wel
ls.
Liquid Rate (Cal. Day) (bbl/d)
KRID-01:BR
KRID-03:BR
KRID-06S:BR
KRID-07:BR
KRID-08:BR
KRID-09:BR
KRID-12:BR
KRIE-02:BR
KRIE-04:BR
KRIE-07:BR
KRIE-08:BR
KRIE-09:BR
Water Cut (%)
KRID-01:BR
KRID-03:BR
KRID-06S:BR
KRID-07:BR
KRID-08:BR
KRID-09:BR
KRID-12:BR
KRIE-02:BR
KRIE-04:BR
KRIE-07:BR
KRIE-08:BR
KRIE-09:BR
Figure 4 - Seismic section flattened on Gumai Fm.
Figure 5 - Thin section analysis for lithofacies foraminifera shale (A1), plankt
onic foraminifera packstone
(B1, B2, B3).
Figure 6 -Thin section analysis for lithofacies skeletal wackestone (C1, C2, C3)
, skeletal packstone (D1).
Figure 11 - Cross plot PGS method between (k/f)0.5 with C, UBR identified has 6
rock types.
Figure 12 - J-Function curves have no correlation with rock type in UBR.
Figure 13 - Cross plot porosity vs permeability with clear variation of rock typ
es in UBR.
Figure 14 - Rock types resulted from PGS method have no correlation with lithofa
cies.
Figure 21 -Formula from each rock type in cross plot porosity vs permeability, t
hat used to determine
permeability from porosity model.
Figure 22 - Distribution of permeability in UBR limestone, Krisna D&E.