DC CIRCUITS

Experiment Number 2

Sarujan k.
EN14084928

Introduction
This experiment is to analyse the basic concepts of DC circuits using thevenins theorem and
Kirchoffss Law.

Thevenins Theorem
Maximum Power Transfer
Mesh Analysis
Nodal Analysis

Thevenins Theorem
Any combination of batteries and resistances with two terminals can be replaced by a single
voltage source Eth and a single series resistor Rth. The value of Eth is the open circuit voltage at
the terminals, and the value of Rth the resistance seen at terminals AB with the voltage sources
replaced by short circuit and current sources replaced by open circuit.
Maximum Power Transfer
Maximum power transfer theorem states that to obtain maximum external power from a source
with a finite internal resistance, the resistance of the load must be equal to the resistance of the
source.
Mesh Analysis
This is a method to measure the current or the voltages.
Nodal Analysis
This is a method to measure the voltages in the nodes of the circuit.

The calculated and the measured values were tabulated under results and
observations. For thevenins theorem the power was calculated for load
resistor using experimental and theoretical values and graph was plotted for
load power and normalized resistance by using the values.

Sarujan k. [EN14084928]

LOAD
RESISTA
NCE
R(L)
[ohms]
10

MEASURED
ORIGINAL
NETWORK
V(RL
I(RL)
)
0.9V
84.7mA

47

3.25V

81

4.93V 67.01mA

Load Power100Normalized
5.50V
(W)
power
130
(RL/Rth)6.18V
0.07875
0.07
180
7.13V
0.23188
0.36
0.27846 220 0.63
7.64V
0.28594
0.76
0.27946 330 0.99
8.84V
0.28188
1.38
470
9.65V
0.27501
1.69
0.23637
2.53
1000
10.44
0.19752
3.61V
0.10689
7.68

68.7mA

57.14mA
46.89mA
39.64mA
38.34mA
26.66mA
20.68mA
10.81mA

MEASURED THEVENINS
EQUIVALENT
V(RL)

I(RL)

0.90V

87.5m
A
68.9m
A
57.18
mA
53.15
mA
48.10
mA
39.37
mA
35.67
mA
26.77
mA
20.56
mA
10.70
mA

3.38V
4.87V
5.38V
5.81V
7.16V
7.71V
8.83V
9.61V
9.99V

CALCULATED THEO

Power(m
W)
78.75
232.88
278.46
285.94
279.46
281.88
275.01
236.37
197.58
106.89

V(RL
I(RL)
Pow
)
W
0.81V 87.12m
75
A
3.23V 68.92m
22
A
4.71V 57.55m
27
A
5.29V 53.05m
28
A
6.09V 46.93m
28
A
7.08V 39.36m
27
A
7.66V 34.87m
26
A
8.75V 26.53m
23
A
9.56V 20.34m
19
A
10.79 10.80m
11
V
A

Results and Observation

Thevenins Equivalent Circuit

Load Power
(W)

Sarujan k. [EN14084928]

Measured:

0.07579
0.22262
0.27110
0.28064
0.28583
0.27872
0.26711
0.23217
0.19449
0.11657
Calculated:

Normalized
power
(RL/Rth)
0.07
0.36
0.63
0.76
0.99
1.38
1.69
2.53
3.61
7.68

Mesh Analysis
QUANTITY

MEASURED

CALCULATED

E1
E2
VR1
VR2
VR3
VR4
VR5
VR6
IR1
IR2
IR3
IR4
IR5

18.04V
9.98V
3.04V
12.50V
3.41V
9.08V
-0.89V
2.53V
25.59mA
15.08mA
10.38mA
19.16mA
-8.98mA

18.0V
10.0V
3.0V
12.3V
3.3V
8.93V
-0.90V
2.5V
25.0mA
15.0mA
10.0mA
19.0mA
-9.0mA

Sarujan k. [EN14084928]

Nodal Analysis
QUANTITY

MEASURED

CALCULATED

E1
E2
VR1
VR2
VR3
VR4
VR5
IR1
IR2
IR3
IR4
IR5
IR6

18.08V
9.48V
15.53V
12.51V
9.09V
9.98V
-2.54V
25.59mA
15.08mA
10.38mA
19.36mA
-3.48mA
25.11mA

18.0V
10.0V
15.471V
12.477V
9.058V
10.0V
-2.579V
25.28mA
15.16mA
10.14mA
19.33mA
-19.28mA
25.29mA

Sarujan k. [EN14084928]

Discussion
This lab session is about how to apply thevenins theorem to solve complicated circuits, and to
solve loop circuits using nodal and mesh analysis.
The circuits were made using breadboards, and power was supplied using power supplies and the
values of the voltage and current were measured using Digital Multi meters (DMM).The
measurement across resistors with lower resistance were taken faster to avoid over heating of the
resistors. After the measurements were taken, the values were calculated using the theorems
mentioned above, and graphs were plotted (are attached with this report).
When the theoretical and the experimental values were compared there are difference in them,
these may have mainly occurred due to the following

The meters were considered to be ideal (practically they are not).

Continuous usage
Improper connection between resistors and breadboard
Tolerance of multimeter

References
www.wikipedia.com
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html

Sarujan k. [EN14084928]