1

PROFILE OF MUSCLE STRENGTH, ENDURANCE,

EXPLOSIVE POWER AND FLEXIBILITY OF BANDUNG CITY
RHYTMIC GYMNASTICS ATHLETE ACCORDING TO KONI
(NATIONAL SPORT COMITTE OF INDONESIA) STANDARD
Reni Farenia, Dwi Putri Larasati
Departement of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran

Address for correspondence :

Reni Farenia ,dr.,M.Kes.,AIF
Bagian Ilmu Faal Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Padjadjaran
Jl Raya Jatinangor Sumedang Km 21 . Jatinangor
email : renirudi@yahoo.co.id

MUSCLE STRENGTH, ENDURANCE, EXPLOSIVE POWER

AND FLEXIBILITY PROFILE OF BANDUNG CITY RHYTMIC
GYMNASTICS ATHLETE ACCORDING TO KONI
(NATIONAL SPORTS COMITTEE OF INDONESIA) STANDARD
Reni Farenia, Dwi Putri Larasati
Departement of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran
ABSTRACT
Physical fitness is the ability of an athlete to fulfill the physical activities that
is needed for the sport without becoming weary. This is a very important thing that
determines athletes performance. The predominant component of physical fitness for
rhythmic gymnastic are muscular endurance, muscle strength, power and flexibility.
The study aimed to gather information regarding the physical fitness profile of
Bandung City rythmic gymnastic athlete before competing in Pekan Olah Raga
Daerah Jawa Barat (PORDA Jabar) XI event in 2010.
The descriptive study was conducted using survey method. Subjects consist of
9 female Bandung City rythmic gymnastic athletes. Muscle endurance, muscle
strength, power, and flexibility were measured using appropiate tests and tools, and
then grouped according to Standard KONI Pusat.
The results of this study showed that most of the rythmic gymnastic athletes
were in this categories: perfect for arms and shoulders muscle endurance, average
for stomach muscle endurance, below standard for muscle strength of the hands,
average for muscle strength of arms and shoulders, good and very good for muscle
strength of the back, average for muscle strength of the legs, below average and
average for arms and shoulders power, very good for legs power, and perfect for
flexibility.
As conclusion, the performance of Bandung City rythmic gymnastic athlete
can be improved by increasing the training that are spesific for each of the physical
fitness component.
Keywods: physical fitness, muscle endurance, muscle strength, power, flexibility,
rythmic gymnastic
INTRODUCTION

Rhytmic gymnastics of Indonesian athlete prestige is not so good, especially

in the regional or international rhytmic gymnastics competition. To increase the
prestige in the competition , atlete need to have a good physical fitness ,so they must
have a good of component predominant for that sports.
Rhytmic gymnastics is a gymnastics that developed from the konvensional
gymnastic.1 This sports using some properties just like, ribbons,ball, thread, a tool.
That properties combined with many movement of rhytmic gymnastics to make a
harmony in gymnastics.
Physical fittness for gymnastic athlete is ability to do physical activity that
need for the movement during gymnastic without fatique . The final common
determinant of success for an athlete in a gymnastic events is what strenght they can
give when it is needed, what power they can achieve in the performance of work, and
how long they can continue their activity. The component of fittness for a rhytmic
gymnastics is cardiovascular endurance, muscle strenght, muscle endurance, muscle
explosive power and flexibility. All of the component must at the best condition to be
the best athlete and have a good prestige.
All the predominant component of fittness for rhytmic gymnastics need a
training programme to increase the athlete performance. Rhytmic gymnastics athlete
from Bandung City have to do a training programme to face the Pekan Olah Raga
Daerah (PORDA) in the year 2010, a Regional Sport Competition. Physical
examination to know the predominant component for rhytmic gymnastics and than
according to KONI KONI Standard.
This study imply further investigation about the Bandung city Rhytmic
Gymnastics athlete condition . The aims of the study is to give information for the

athlete, official and the organization to make evaluation and to prepare training
programme.
METHODS
Subject
Nine female Rhytmic Gymnastics from Bandung city, aged between 10- 18
years old. The study before the beginning of their competitive season (PORDA) .
After the potential risks were explained, the subjects gave a voluntary written and
informed consent to partisipate to the protocol approve by the institutions ethics
committee of Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran, the subject were
explained about the beneficial of the study, the location of study, what kind of
componen measured. The component of fittness for a rhytmic gymnastics is
cardiovascular

endurance, muscle strenght, muscle endurance, muscle explosive

power and flexibility.

Inclusion criteria :
-already join training minimal 6 month.
-exercise 3 times/week
-healthy athlete
Descriptive survey study in Sports Physiology to know the profile of muscle strenght,
muscle endurance, explosive power and flexibility
Gymnastics athlete according to KONI Pusat

of Bandung city Rhytmic

Research variable :
1. Response Variable
- Muscle strength is the force or tension a muscle or more correctly a muscle
group can exert against a resistance in one maximal effort. Measure by hand
dinamometer, grip dinamometer, leg dinamometer. .
- Muscle endurance is the ability or capasity of a muscle group to perform
repeated contraction (isotonic, isokinetic or eccentric) against a load or to
sustain a contraction (isometric) for an extended period of time. Push-up is
to measured muscle endurance of the arm and shoulder .Sit up is to measure
abdominal muscle endurance.
- Muscle explosive power is the ability for maximal contraction in a very short
time. Measured by pushing medicine ball.
- Flexibility is the range of movement about a joint. Measurement by sut and
reach test.
2.

Control Variable
a. Physical characteristic
- Age(year)
- Body weight(kg)
- Height (cm)
- Body Mass Index (kg/m2)
b. Physiological characteristic
- Pulse rate (frekwensi/menit)
- Blood Pressure : Systolic and Diastolic (mmHg)

From the study we collect the data about muscle strenght from the arm,
shoulder and leg muscles, muscle endurance from the arm and shoulder, and the
flexibility of the vertebrae. After that the data were collcted and make a category
according the KONI pusat Standard.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Physical Characteristic of the athlete include :
age (year),
body weight (kg), height(cm),
Body Mass Index(BMI) ( kg/m2),
pulse rate (pulse/mnt) ,
Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg),
Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg),
All the Data are summarized in Table 1

Tabel 1
Physical Characteristic
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
X
SD

Note:

Age
(year)
10
12
13
13
14
14
15
17
18
14
2,45

BW(kg) Height(cm) BMI(kg/m2) Pulse(/mnt)

29,2
40,2
43,7
38,9
32,1
41,6
45,5
50,9
50,4
42,5
6,51

139,4
154,8
153,5
149
153,5
153
153,6
155,2
154
151,78
4,97

15
17
19
18
18
18
19
21
21
18,35
2,00

108
78
92
96
96
96
72
88
96
91,33
10,77

BP (Rest)(mmHg)
Sistolic Diastolic
100
60
110
70
120
80
100
70
110
70
100
70
110
70
110
70
120
70
108,89
70
7,82
5,00

- BW : Body weight
- Height: Body height
- BMI : BodyMass Index
- X : mean
- SD : Standard Deviasi

281
Athlete Profile of upper arm , shoulder and abdomen muscles endurance
according to KONI Standard

All Data according to KONI standard and the percentage is summarized in figure 1
and figure 2
Figure 1
Profile Persentage of fore arm , shoulder and abdomen muscles endurance
Persent N Atlet

athlete according to KONI Standard

120%
100%

100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%

0%
Under standard
KONI

0%
Poor

0%
Fair

0%
Good

0%
Very goodi

excellent

Category according to KONIStandard

As summarized in figure 1 . All athlete were in excellent condition in muscle

endurance of arm and shoulder according to KONI Standard

Figure 2
Profile Persentage of abdomen muscles endurance Rhytmic Gymnastics athlete
according to KONI Standard

Per
sent
age
N
Atle
t

80%

66.67%

70%
60%
50%
40%
30%

22.22%

20%
10%
0%

11.11%
0%
Under
Standard KONI

Poor

Fair

iGood

0%

0%

Very good

Excellent

Category according to KONIStandard

As summarized in figure 2, we found that most of the rhytmic gymnastics

athlete have abdominal muscle endurance is fair category 66,67%, poor category
11,11% and category good 22,22%

Figure 3
Profile Persentage of hand grip muscles strength

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Perc
enta
ge N
athl
ete

of Rhytmic Gymnastics athlete according to KONI Standard

120%
100%

100%
88.89%

80%
right grip

60%

left grip

40%
20%
0%
Under
standard
r
KONI

11.11%
0%

0% 0%

Poor

fair

0% 0%

0% 0%

0% 0%

Good

Very good

Excellent

Category according KONIStandard

As summarized in figure 3, we found that most of the rhytmic gymnastics athlete

have right hand grip muscle strength is under standard category 88,89% and 11,11%
poor category. Left handgrip muscle strength 100% under category KONI standard.

Figure 4
Profile Persentage of arm and shoulder muscles strength

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Percentage N Atlet

of Bandung city Rhytmic Gymnastics athlete according to KONI Standard

60%

55.56%

50%

44.44%

44.44%

40%
Pull

30%

22.22%

22.22%

Push

20%
11.11%
10%
0%

0%
Underr
Standard KONI

0%
Poor

Fair

Good

0% 0%
Very good

0% 0%
Exellent

Category according KONI Standard

As summarized in figure 4, we found that most of the rhytmic gymnastics athlete

arm and shoulder muscles strength for pull is poor category 44,44%, Fair category
55,56%. ,according KONI standard.
Arm and shoulder muscles strength for push is under standard category 11,11%, poor
category 22,22%, Fair category 44,44%, Good category 22,22% according KONI
standard.

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Figure 5
Percentage Profile of back muscle strength Bandung city Rhytmic Gymnatics

P
er
ce
nt
a
g
e
N
At
hl
et
e

athlete according KONI Standard

33.33%

35%

33.33%

30%
25%
20%
15%

11.11%

11.11%

11.11%

10%
5%
0%

0%
Under
Standard KONI

Poor

Fair

Good

Very good

excellent

Category according KONI standard

As summarized in Figure 5, Back muscle strength of athlete 33,33% Very

good category, 33,33% Good category. 11,11% Excellent category, 11,11% Fair
category and 11,11% Poor category.

Figure 6

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Profile Persentage of leg muscles strength Bandung city Rhytmic Gymnastics

P
er
ce
nt
a
g
e
N
At
hl
et
e

athlete according to KONI Standard

50%
45%

44.44%

40%
35%

33.33%

30%
25%
20%

22.22%

15%
10%
5%
0%

0%
Under KONI
Standard

Poor

Fair

Good

0%

0%

Very good

Excellent

Categori according to KONI standard

As summarized in Figure 6, we found that most of the athlete have Fair category
44,44%, Good category 33,33% and Poor category 22,22%

Figure 7

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Profile Persentage of Muscles Explosive Power Bandung city Rhytmic

P
er
ce
nt
a
g
e
N
at
hl
et
e

Gymnastics athlete according to KONI Standard

55.56%

60%
50%

44.44%

44.44%

40%

Arm and shoulder muscles

30%
20%
10%
0%

22.22%
11.11%

11.11%

11.11%

0%
Under KONI
Standard

Leg muscles

0% 0%
Poor

Fair

Good

0%
Very Good

0%
Excellent

Category according to KONI Standard

As summarized in Figure 7, we found that muscle explosive power of arm and

shoulder are in fair category 44,44%, Poor category 44,44% and under standard
category 11,11%. Muscle explosive power of leg are in very good category 55,56%,
Fair category 22,22%, Excellent category 11,11% and Poor category 11,11%.

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Figure 8
Percentage Flexibility Profile of Bandung city Rhytmic Gymnastics athlete

Percentage N Atlet

according KONI standard

120%
100%

100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%

0%
Under KONI
Standard

0%

0%

Poor

Fair

0%
Good

0%
Very Good

Excellent

Category according KONI standard

As summarized at Figure 8, all athlete have excellent flexibility according to KONI

standard.
.

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Discussion
Derajat Profil Daya Tahan Otot Lengan dan Bahu serta Perut pada Atlet Senam
Ritmik Kota Bandung Menurut Standar KONI Pusat
Dari Grafik 4.1 didapatkan hasil bahwa semua atlet senam ritmik Kota
Bandung memiliki daya tahan otot lengan dan bahu yang berada dalam kategori
sempurna menurut Standar KONI Pusat. Hal ini tidak sesuai dengan profil kekuatan
otot lengan dan bahu yang dimiliki atlet tersebut, dimana didapatkan bahwa sebagian
besar berada dalam kategori cukup, baik untuk tarikan maupun dorongan.
Berdasarkan pengamatan peneliti, hasil yang tidak sesuai ini kemungkinan
disebabkan oleh kurang telitinya pemeriksa dalam melakukan pencatatan hasil
pemeriksaan fisik pada subjek.
Sedangkan dari Grafik 4.2 didapatkan hasil bahwa untuk daya tahan otot
perut, sebagian besar atlet senam ritmik Kota Bandung berada dalam kategori cukup,
namun masih ada sebagian atlet yang masih berada dalam kategori kurang. Hal ini
mengindikasikan bahwa latihan untuk melatih daya tahan otot perut yang dilakukan
belum memadai untuk mencapai hasil yang maksimal.
Derajat Profil Kekuatan Otot Tangan, Kekuatan Otot Lengan dan Bahu,
Kekuatan Otot Punggung, Kekuatan Otot Tungkai pada Atlet Senam Ritmik
Kota Bandung Menurut Standar KONI Pusat
Dari Grafik 4.3 didapatkan hasil bahwa sebagian besar atlet senam ritmik
Kota Bandung memiliki kekuatan tangan yang masih berada di bawah Standar KONI
Pusat, dan hal ini mengindikasikan kurangnya latihan kekuatan tangan yang telah
dilakukan.

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Dari Grafik 4.4 didapatkan hasil bahwa sebagian besar atlet senam ritmik
Kota Bandung memiliki kekuatan otot lengan dan bahu yang termasuk ke dalam
kategori cukup. Namun masih ada sebagian yang berada dalam kategori kurang, dan
ada pula yang masih berada di bawah Standar KONI Pusat. Hal ini mengindikasikan
bahwa latihan untuk melatih kekuatan lengan dan bahu yang telah dilakukan masih
kurang.
Dari Grafik 4.5 didapatkan bahwa sebagian besar atlet senam ritmik Kota
Bandung memiliki kekuatan otot punggung yang termasuk ke dalam kategori baik
dan baik sekali, dan sisanya berada dalam kategori kurang, cukup, dan ada pula yang
termasuk ke dalam kategori sempurna. Derajat profil kekuatan otot punggung yang
bervariasi tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa latihan kekuatan otot punggung yang
telah dilakukan kurang sesuai dengan kebutuhan masing-masing atlet.
Dari Grafik 4.6 didapatkan bahwa sebagian besar atlet senam ritmik Kota
Bandung memiliki kekuatan otot tungkai yang termasuk ke dalam kategori cukup,
namun masih ada yang berada dalam kategori kurang. Hal ini mengindikasikan
kurangnya latihan kekuatan tungkai yang telah dilakukan.
Derajat Profil Daya Ledak Otot Lengan dan Bahu serta Daya Ledak Otot
Tungkai pada Atlet Senam Ritmik Kota Bandung Menurut Standar KONI Pusat
Dari Grafik 4.7 didapatkan bahwa sebagian besar daya ledak otot lengan dan
bahu yang dimiliki oleh atlet senam ritmik Kota Bandung termasuk ke dalam kategori
kurang dan cukup, serta masih ada yang berada di bawah Standar KONI Pusat. Hal
ini sesuai dengan profil kekuatan lengan dan bahu yang ada, dan mengindikasikan
kurangnya latihan untuk kekuatan otot lengan dan bahu turut berpengaruh kepada
kurang baiknya kemampuan daya ledak otot lengan dan bahu pada subjek.

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Sedangkan untuk daya ledak otot tungkai didapatkan bahwa sebagian besar
berada dalam kategori baik sekali, namun ada pula sebagian yang termasuk ke dalam
kategori kurang. Dilihat dari profil kekuatan otot tungkai yang ada, tampak bahwa
kekuatan otot tersebut kurang berpengaruh kepada kemampuan daya ledak otot
tungkai pada subjek. Ditinjau dari kepustakaan, dimana daya ledak otot dipengaruhi
oleh kombinasi dari kekuatan otot dan kecepatan, maka kemungkinan latihan
kecepatan yang dilakukan sudah memadai sehingga dapat meningkatkan performa
subjek. Namun karena masih ada sebagian dari subjek yang berada dalam kategori
kurang, hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa latihan yang telah dilakukan kurang sesuai
dengan kebutuhan masing-masing atlet.
Derajat Profil Kelentukan Atlet Senam Ritmik Kota Bandung Berdasarkan
Standar KONI Pusat
Dari Grafik 4.8 didapatkan hasil bahwa semua atlet senam ritmik Kota
Bandung memiliki kelentukan yang termasuk ke dalam kategori sempurna menurut
Standar KONI Pusat. Menurut pengamatan peneliti hal ini disebabkan karena
banyaknya porsi latihan kelentukan yang dilakukan oleh subjek tersebut.
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
Conclusion of this study are :
1.

Muscle strength profile of Bandung city Rhytmic Gymnastics athlete according

to KONI Standard :.
-

Muscle arm strength most of them under KONI Standard.

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Muscle upper arm strength and shoulder strength most of them is fair
category, but there is also a poor category and some is under standard
KONI.

Muscle back strength most of them is good and very good category , but
some is poor category.

Muscle leg strength most of them is fair category , but some is poor
category.

2.

Profile of muscle endurance Bandung city Rhytmic Gymnastics athlete

according to KONI Standard is
- Muscle arm and shoulder endurance are excellent.
- Muscle abdominal endurance most of them are fair category, but some are
poor category

3.

Muscle arm and shoulder explosive power profile of Bandung city Rhytmic
Gymnastics athlete according to KONI Standard most of them is poor and fair
category, but there is also under standard .
Muscle leg explosive power of Bandung city Rhytmic Gymnastics athlete
according to KONI Standard, most is very good category, but there is also under
standard .

4.

Flexibility profile of Bandung city Rhytmic Gymnastics athlete according to

KONI Standard is excellent category.

SUGGESTION
1. Training programme to increase muscle strength (arm, shoulder) more intensive.
2. Training programme to increase muscle endurance (arm shoulder, back,abdominal,
leg) more intensive.

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3.Training programme to increase muscle explosive power more intensive.

4.Training programme to increase flexibility more intensive to maintain the exellent
flexibility.

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