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Food like corn not only provides energy for the body, the sugar in the corn can
undergo fermentation (~M) to produce an alcohol that can be used as a fuel to
power vehicles. This Ibiofuel' (~~~~4) releases less air pollutants upon burning and
is being developed in many countries.
respiration is a chemical
process that releases
energy from food inside
cells
comparison between
burning and respiration
NOT required
in Com. Sci.
Chemical E
Respiration
---------------------> ATP
m What is respiration?
A. Burning Glucose
---> Flame !!!!!!
enzymes
glucose + oxygen - - - -... carbon dioxide + water + energy (ATP)
chemical Energy
02~
~C02
~H20
D How does our body obtain energy from the food we eat?
. 7
II How is alcohol produced from corn by fermentation.
.'
. ' ade by photosynthesis. What is the relationship
sugar corn IS m
11 The
h .
between respiration and photosynt eSls.
02~
glucose
glucose -------(in the cell)
~ I ATP I
~C02
~H20
In
22- 3
II
22
NOT required
in Com. Sci.
Resp
ATP <------------- ADP + Pi
Respiration takes place in all living cells all the time. It can take
place with or without oxygen. Respiration that requires oxygen is
called aerobic respiration (~i(~~'&) . In aerobic respiration, glucose
is completely broken down into carbon dioxide and water. A large
amount of energy is released .
Respiration
A. Aerobic Resp
cell division
muscle contraction
in Com. Sci.
B. Anaerobic Resp
- (1) Muscle cell
(2) Germinating seed
(3) Fermentation of Yeast
,"e.,~
NOT required
lealining;
What is respiration?
... Respiration is the process by which organisms release chemical energy
from food through the controlled oxidative breakdown of food .
2
What are the differences and similarities between burning and respiration?
Respiration
Burning
Similarities
ATP
breakdown
phosphorylation
(!iAM1t:)
An oxidative process
Oxygen is needed
A one-step reaction
A series of reactions
No enzymes involved
~
Differences
~
ADP + P
once
~
gradually
~ Energy released is used to form
22- 4
An oxidative process
22- 5
II
**
NOT required
in Com. Scr.
eili
.' 22.1
3D .model
Syllabus: ***
Sites of respiration
Cytoplasm and
mitochondrion
B. Krebs cycle
Liver
C. Oxidative Phosphorylation
22
Respiration
Most energy in food is released by the reactions which occur inside the
mitochondria. Therefore, active cells such as muscle cells (Fig 22.8), liver
cells and sperm contain a lot of mitochondria.
AL: 04(I)Q8a
A. glycolysis
mitochondria
1.
NOT required
in Com. Sci.
high Metabolism
) SBA CD
Assessment checklist 22.1
:
intermembrane space
Practical 22.1
DRAW Diagram
mitochondrial
matrix (jt)
Identify various structures of the mitochondrion and draw a high power diagram.
folds (packed
with enzymes)
Adaptation to respiration
~
Mitochondrial matrix
(x58 000)
Krebs cycle
22- 6
22- 7
II
NOT required
in Com. Sci.
~~
, ~----------~
Glycolysis
In Greek, 'g/yco' means
'sugar', 'lysis' means 'spl it'.
Glycolysis
cytoplasm:
Pyruvate
glucose (6-C)
1 breakdown of glucose
to triose phosphate
,n Com. Sc,.
(3ATP)
U
-----n
------.. .
2 pyruvate (3-C)
2 ATP
The two molecules of pyruvate still store most of the energy of glucose.
They will be further oxidized to release more energy in the subsequent
stages.
glucose (6-C)
2 NADH
2 ADP + 2 P
NOT required
Respiration
As the breakdown of glucose into two triose phosphate uses two ATP
and the oxidation of the two triose phosphate forms four ATP, glycolysis
produces a net amount of two ATP .
22
Site: Matrix
Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA
Krebs cycle
NAD
coenzyme A
e2 oxidation of triose
phosphate to pyruvate
2 pyruvate (3-C)
22- 8
22- 9
II
22
NOT required
NOT required
in Com. Sci.
in Com. Sci
pyruvate (3-C)
coenzyme A
NAD
NADH
r co
acetyl-CoA (2-C)
eOA)
Teaching notes
The tricarboxylic acid is citric
acid ( t~M ) . Therefore,
the Krebs cycle is also called
the citric acid cycle.
Respiration
-----'---+.
6-C compound
combination of
acetyl-CoA with
4-C compound
+ release of CO2
3 NAD
ADH
-. .!.)~____U
_
ADP + P ATP
____=------+.
FAD
4-C compound
Krebs cycle
6-C compound
2 regeneration of
4-C compound
FADH~
4-C compound
coenzyme A
FAD
3NAD
3NADH
FADH
ATP ADP+P
In each cycle, three NADH, one FADH and one ATP are formed from
one pyruvate molecule. Since each glucose molecule generates two
pyruvate molecules, a total of six NADH, two FADH and two ATP are
formed from one glucose molecule.
Energy stored in ATP formed in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle is readily
usable by the cell. The energy stored in NADH and FADH will be
released in the final stage of aerobic respiration.
his work at
httpJl nobelprize.orglnobel_prizeslmedicinellaureates
22- 10
Teaching notes
m Oxidative phosphorylation
Remind Ss that
'phosphorylation ' means
addition of a phosphate
group to a molecule. This
process needs energy.
22- 11
II
22
NOT required
in Com. Sci.
Fig 22.13 shows the overall process of aerobic respiration. You can see
that carbon dioxide is released from the Krebs cycle, and oxygen is only
used in oxidative phosphorylation. However, without oxygen as the final
acceptor of hydrogen, the cell cannot regenerate NAD and FAD, and
both the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation cannot operate.
NADH and FADH formed in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle lose their
hydrogen and are oxidized to NAD and FAD respectively. The hydrogen
passes through a series of hydrogen carriers located in the inner
membrane and is finally accepted by oxygen to form water. In this
way, NAD and FAD are regenerated to accept hydrogen in glycolysis and
the Krebs cycle again.
As the hydrogen from NADH and FADH passes from one carrier to
another, energy is released to form ATP. Most ATP formed by respiration
comes from oxidative phosphorylation, which can form about 34 ATP
for each molecule of glucose that undergoes glycolysis (see table below).
Number of hydrogen
donor formed
Stage
Number of ATP
formed
Glycolysis
2NADH
2x3=6
Pyruvate to acetyl-eoA
2NADH
2x3=6
6NADH
6 x 3 = 18
2FADH
2x2=4
Krebs cycle
Total:
Teaching notes
The equation on the right
shows that glucose is oxidized
to carbon dioxide (removal of
H) while oxygen is reduced to
water (addition of H).
in Com. Sci.
enzymes
6 O 2 ~-----.....)o 6 CO 2 +
oxygen
cytoplasm
carbon dioxide
water
energy
Glycolysis
glucose
2 ATP +-------l
Anaerobic
Resp
2 NADH
34ATP
NOT required
2 Fonnation of ATP
Teaching notes
Respiration
2 pyruvate
2 NADH
mitochondrion
2 CO2
The oxidation of each NADH can generate about three ATP wh ile that of FAD can generate
about two ATP.
2 acetyl-CoA
intermembrane - {
space
innmmembffine ~ ~~~~~~-~
~~
~~-f-~
~~~~
~~~~
~~~
~~-hY-d-ro-g-e-n~~~~~
1~~~~----'::::"-'--------~~~~--"=~~~~--'1
NADH
NAD
FADH
6NADH
carner
ADP + P ATP
FAD
2 FADH
+
mitochondrial
matrix
Final e- donor
Krebs cycle
2 formation of ATP
34 ATP ......f - - - - - - - - - - - - - --IIOxidative
PhOSPhOrylation ~
H20
02 ---=t
Fig 22.12 Oxidative phosphorylation
22- 12
Final e- acceptor
22- 13
II
NOT required
in Com. x i.
~ Teacher'S
~ SBACD
Practical 22.2
DVD 3
..
Respiration
Practical 22.3
NOT required
in Com. xi.
22-6
) Teacher's DVD 3
Video 22.3
Seeds germinate when conditions are favourable. During germination, their respiration greatly
speeds up to release more energy to support growth.
Video 22.2
Assessment checklist 22 .2
..
22
) SBA CD
Carbon dioxide turns lime water milky. The air breathed out by a mouse is passed through
lime water to see whether the mouse has produced carbon dioxide or not.
1
2
Place a mouse on a glass plate and cover it with a bell jar. Smear the edge of the bell jar with
vaseline to make the bell jar airtight.
> 0.03 %
Yellow
Red/orange
< 0.03 %
Purple
Set up the apparatus as shown. Note the colours of the solutions in flasks A, Band C.
to suction pump
air in
-----+
Absorb
incoming
CO2
3
-----+
Set up the apparatus as shown. Leave the tubes for a few hours.
bell jar
Wear a pair of
thick gloves when
handling the mouse .
potassium
hydroxide
solution
lime water
(clear)
Sure no CO2 present
A
living mouse
lime water
wire gauze
Potassium
hydroxide solution
is corrosive. Avoid
contact with skin.
(milky)
CO2 from respiration
of mouse
Turn on the suction pump to draw a stream of air through the apparatus for 30 minutes.
Record any colour changes in the flasks.
Kill micro-organism
x resp from micro-org.
2
hydrogencarbonate
indicator
A
RED
No Resp
22- 14
22- 15
II
22
~ SBACD
in Com. Sci.
Practical 22.4
NOT required
'fe~ lealinin~
in Com. S<i.
~ Teacher's DVD 3
Video 22.4
graph paper
clip
arm B
arm A
insulator
cotton wool
Stage of
respiration
Reactions involved
Net amount of
ATP formed/
glucose molecule
Site of occurrence
Glycolysis
Cytoplasm
Mitochondrial matrix
Krebs cycle
Mitochondrial matrix
Wear a pair of
thick gloves when
handling the mouse.
Oxidative
phosphorylation
Open the clips on both sides of the thermometer. Wait until the coloured liquid levels in arms
A and B become the same.
living mouse
Respiration
Inner membrane of
mitochondrion
34
Close the clips. Record any changes in the liq uid levels after 10 minutes.
form water
Teaching notes
Suggested procedure for Practical 22.5 :
1
vacuum
~as k
~ Teacher's DVD 3
Practical 22.5
NADH
~I~rr- seeds
boiled
hermometer
x y
Water formation
_ p. 12, 13
A
22- 1 6
(surface
sterilized)
From Practical 22.4, we know that a living mouse produces heat when it carries out respiration. D o
germinating seeds produce heat during respiration as well?
_ p.8
O2
Video 22.5
ATP
Aerobic
~ SBACD
22- 1 7
II
NOT required
in Com. Sci.
~ Teacher's DVD 3
~ SBACD
Video 22.6
Assessment checklist 22 .6
Teaching notes
Put the seeds into a boiling tube and then place a piece of wire gauze. Fill the tube with paraffin
oil.
Invert the tube and insert it into a container of paraffin oil. Do not trap any air between the
seeds and the oil.
Respiration
NOT required
in Com. Sci.
respiration?
Anaerobic respiration is widely used in industry. For example,
~
No O2
22
boiling tube
~
soaked germinating
seeds (surface sterilized)
paraffin oil
Leave the tube for a few hours and record the change in oil level. Collect the gas as shown.
Red
gas
collected
--> Yellow
~~~ected
11/J
----t;J
hydrogen carbonate
indicator
Results an d discussion
The colour of the indicator changes from red/orange to yellow. This shows that the gas produced is
carbon dioxide. The germinating seeds can respire anaerobically when oxygen is absent.
22- 20
22- 21
II
NOT required
in Corn. Sci.
22
.. Assignment 22.1
Respiration
NOT required
in Com. S<i.
Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration
Similarities
~ Transfer energy to the energy carrier ATP, and some energy is lost as heat
~ Consist of a number of reactions controlled by enzymes
Differences
1. glycolysis
~ Occurs in cytoplasm and
2. Krebs cycle
mitochondria
~
Oxygen
is required
3. ETC
Biofuel development
Many countri es develop biofuel to meet the
increa sin g energy dema nd whil e redu ci ng the
dependence on foss il fuels. However, using
food as fuels may reduce the food supply. So me
governments are conside ri ng sw itching to non-food
materials, e.g. straw, for the production of biofue l.
1. Glycolysis
~
The muscle cells cannot carry out aerobic respiration due to a lack of oxygen.
The muscle cells can oxidize the lactic acid formed in anaerobic res piration.
Anaerobic respira tion provides additional energy for muscle contraction. (76%)
Which of the following correct ly describes the fate of pyruvate in the anaerobic
respiration in yeast?
A
It is reduced to ethanol.
_ p.19
c::::=======::::::::=======~=
- Q4,S (p. 29)
22- 22
~
_ p.18
I(;l
Q11 (p.31)
22- 23
II
22
Respiration
NOT required
in Com. x i.
in Com. xi.
oxygen
glucose
Teaching notes
Remind Ss that these
equations are highly
simplified . Respiration is not
the reverse of photosynthesis
as seen from the equations.
'Key learning' on p.26 shows
the differences between the
two processes.
Photosynthesis:
light energy
Light E
Chem E
Chem E
glucose + oxygen
Photosynthetic
organisms convert
light energy to
chemical energy
stored in organic food.
ATP
Through respiration ,
organisms break
down organic food
to release the stored
energy as ATP.
During photosynthesis, light energy from the sun, together with water
and carbon dioxide formed by respiration are converted to organic
compounds which store energy. The organic compounds are in turn
broken down in respiration to release energy for ATP formation
(Fig 22.23).
This exchange of molecules between photosynthesis and respiration
bridges the flow of energy from the environment to organisms and
allows the flow of energy in the ecosystem (Fig 22.24).
Fig 22.24 The flow of energy from the environment to organisms bridged b the
exchange of molecules between photosynthesis and respiration
:------------------------------------------~
E source
1
1
light
glucose - - - .
. pyruvate
ATP
chloroplast
1
1
1
in photosynthesis
--f-~
ATP
** Loss
cytoplasm
light energy
captured by _
chlorophyll
mitochondrion
ATP
energy stored
in organic
compounds
energy that
drives cellular
metabolism
1
1
ADP+ P
glucose - -- - - - - --,
ADP+ P
1
1
1
1
1
1
in respiration
22- 24
22- 25
II
in Com. Sci.
NOT required
in Com. Sci.
oxidation
heat
Photosynthesis
phosphorylation
aerobic respiration
anaerobic respiration
cytoplasm
Chloroplast-containing cells
Type of
metabolism
Energy change
Formation of
ATP
Calvin cycle:
Forms ATP
a 5-C compound
~
Uses NADPH
Uses ATP
Oxidative phosphorylation:
Photophosphorylation:
Final hydrogen
acceptor
NADH, FADH
Oxygen
excite an e-
Krebs cycle:
p. 3
respiration
Site of
occurrence
Cyclic reactions
rlfQ'&f"Fffl
What are the differences between the processes of respiration and photosynthesis?
Respiration
~J!.~ telims
lAt
p. 3
AA
p. 3
iWimrlfQ,&
ifJcm~fQ,&
p. 6
pg~~M
p. 8
pgMMe.
13 pyruvate
p. 6
p. 8
12 triose phosphate
p. 8
p. 8
~ ~R
15 hydrogen donor
p. 8
19 oxidative phosphorylation
~i~~e.t~~~J
MiS]:
Z,M
p. 10
p. 11
p. 14
p. 14
~LM-RM
IDl~~~
p. 18
p.19
mfl
25 alcoholic fermentation
~*~i~~=~:gM
m1t~M1t
{i~7.K
24 oxygen debt
p. 9
p. 9
27 ethanol
Z,Mc~M A
R~fsl~f~
17 Krebs cycle
26 yeast
22- 26
t.viJf.fI~
~M~4
23 muscle fatigue
p. 5
t.viJf$l~~
p. 5
p. 6
10 mitochondrial matrix
11 glycolysis
p. 4
p. 4
r.m.l@~
21 lime water
=~M
~M1t
20 hydrogencarbonate indicator
~'R:g
p.19
;gg~-RM
p.19
p.19
p.19
22- 27
NOT roquired
in Com. Sci.
NOT roquired
in Com. Sci.
p. T8
~xe~eise
;--_____~I
Respiration
i!--------
requires
oxygen
anaerobic
respiration
aerobic
respiration
releases
~~,r==
clip
"
chemical energy
both involve
heat
'-
some
stored in
II
ATP
glycolysis
I
I
p. T8
.-1--
1\
II
insect B
water bath
at 25C
sodium
hydroxide
solution
p. T8
if aerobic, then
followed by
if anaerobic, then
followed by
oxidative
phosphorylation
formation of
lactic acid
formation of
ethanol and
carbon dioxide
p. T8
mitochondria
use
use
use
use
a
a
a
a
occur in
cytoplasm
lactic acid
pyruvic acid*
carbon
dioxide and
water
carbon
dioxide and
water
pyruvic acid
lactic acid
pyruvic acid
carbon
dioxide and
water
lactic acid
pyruvic acid
lactic acid
carbon
dioxide and
water
occur in
heat released.
food consumed.
oxygen absorbed. (60%)
carbon dioxide released.
_ p. 14
Krebs cycle
U-tube filled
with coloured
water
insect A-t-perforated
platform sodium
hydroxide
solution
_ p.18, 19
r,::= [;JIl
If
mostly
as
is
oxidative breakdown
of food
Multiple-choice questions
2 molecules of ATP.
2 molecules of ADP.
38 molecules of ATP.
38 molecules of ADP.
(2) pyruvate
(3) triose phosphate
A
(1) only
(2) and (3) only
B
D
22~ 28
22- 29
NOT roquired
NOT roquired
in Com. Sci.
p. T8
p. T8
B
C
A
B
C
Lactic acid
fermentation
Alcoholic
fermentation
produces carbon
dioxide
by-products will be
further metabolized
by-products will
not be further
metabolized
_ p.19
.:::r:.
::l
Q)
OJ
>-
'0
-~----S---
10
15
20
25
yeast and
boiled glucose
solution
~-- living
C
D
p. T8
in
in
in
in
rises
rises
drops
glucose is (19%)
consumed
drops
B
C
D
area
area
area
area
* 15
R
P + area R
R + area S
Q + area S + area T
_ p.19
ATP
(amino acids
triose phosphate
pyruvate
-----+-~
lactate*
acetyl coenzyme A
l~
proteins
ADP + P, ~
glucose + oxygen) (
_ p.19
p. T9
p. T8
p. T8
_ p.4, 19
Short questions
30
time (minute)
--I
---16---- clamp
_ p. 19, 20
_ p.4
Q)
Q)
ro
a.
involve enzymes.
consume glucose.
release energy.
produce carbon dioxide.
_ p.23
p. T8
processes
processes
processes
processes
_ p.18,19
pipette
Both
Both
Both
Both
14 a
rubber tube
in Com. Sci.
p. T8
produces ATP
(label this arrow 'ATP out').
(2 marks)
_ p.8, 9,18
Refer to p.31.
22- 30
22- 31
NOT required
NOT reqUIred
in Com. Sci.
in Com. Sci.
p. T9
glucose
The diagram below shows an experimental setup used by John to study the changes in the
rate of respiration of mealworms at different
temperatures. During the experiment, the
position of the plunger remained unchanged.
p. T9
2H+ATP
** 20
Structured questions
pyruvate
r---~2 H --".3ATP
1-----2 ATP
2H+X
acetyl-GoA
6-carbon
compound
4-carbon
compound
ATP~
X
6H
ii
b
5-carbon
compound
~x
arne substance X.
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(final acceptor
of hydrogen
..... ~~I---l--
water bath
1 ATP
final product
b
Name carrier Z.
ii
p. T9
(1 mark)
~-l'=-=-+--
~==--==+--
mealworms
wire gauze
soda lime
glass tubing
- -------
'--I=-=-+--
8 H - - . . 11 ATP
formation of ATP
plunger
1-=-:=+l=-=:-UJ.1.JU== t - syringe
L - _ - - . ._ _- - l
carrier Z
cm 3 pipette
f----
carrier Z + hYdrogen)
water droplet
1----_ 2 H - - 3 ATP
:c
.s
_ p.6, 12, 18
~ 2
a.
If)
'0
Q)
(1 mark)
Name substance X.
p. T9
* 19
ii
~
O~---.---~---__~___~
10
(3 marks)
_ p.8-11
20
30
40
50
ii
22- 32
22- 33
NOT required
NOT required
in Com. Sd.
in Com. Sci.
* 22
ii
d
to air
pump
air in
_ p.14
Essays
p. T10
p. T9
*23
2 ATP
2 NAD)
( 2 ADP+P,
4 ADP+P i
2 reduced NAD
potassium
hydroxide
solution
drying
agent
rat
lime
water
potassium
hydroxide
solution
Bell jar
Flask B
Flask C
x
Flask AU-tube
A rat was first put into the bell jar and the
weight of flask A was measured. Air was then
pumped through the set-up for 30 minutes and
the weight of flask A was measured again.
4ATP
2 reduced NAD)
I
I
2 NAD
' :
I
I
I
I
I
I
25
30
I
I
I
I
40
45
50
10
15
20
35
- --
time (min)
N arne process X.
a
ii
(1 mark)
211.8
211.8
206.7
206.1
(without rat)
_ p.19
Experimental
Control
Final weight
of flask A (g)
(with rat)
ii
Set-up
Initial
weight of
flask A (g)
(1 mark)
.. p.18
22- 34
22-35
NOT requirod
in Com. 5ci.
Questions
p. T10
Explain the difference in the amount of mitochondria in fast-twitch and slow-twitch fibres.
(2 marks)
p. T10
Explain why the leg muscles of a sprinter usually contain more fast-twitch fibres than
those of a marathon runner.
(3 marks)
p. T10
22- 36
If you want to strengthen your heart and lungs, would you choose doing aerobic or
anaerobic exercise regularly? Explain.
(3 marks)
NOT required
in Com. Sci.
Questions
p. T10
Explain the difference in the amount of mitochondria in fast-twitch and slow-twitch fibres.
(2 marks)
p. T10
Explain why the leg muscles of a sprinter usually contain more fast-twitch fibres than
those of a marathon runner.
(3 marks)
p. T10
12- 36
If you want to strengthen your heart and lungs, would you choose doing aerobic or
anaerobic exercise regularly? Explain.
(3 marks)