BEKU 2431 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 1

FOURIER SERIES BEKU 2431

LABORATORY

REPORT

(LAB

2)
Mohamad Azrul Nizar Bin Azhar (B011410039), Mohd Akmal Hakim Bin Nor Rahim
(B011410291), Mohd Hafizul Bin Che Roslan (B011410050)

Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Industrial Power)

Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka

azrulnizar93@gmail.com,

email pijo, emel akmal

1.0 Abstract: In this experiment, there are two parts which Part 1 is Fourier series and Part 2 is
Fourier transform with MATLAB symbolic toolbox. The purpose of this experiment is how
to construct Fourier series using MATLAB software to show that any periodic signals can be
presented as a series functions and how to approximate periodic function using finite number
of sinusoidal function.

[1] Signal and analysis by M.J Robert (mcGraw.Hill international edition).

[2] Lecture note, Signal and System, BEKC 2433.

BEKU 2431 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 1

[3]Weisstein, Eric W. "Fourier Series." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource.
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/FourierSeries.html
2.0 Objective
1. To show that any periodic function (or signal) can be represented as a series of sinusoidal
(or complex exponentials) function.
2. To show and to study how to approximate periodic functions using a finite number of
sinusoidal function and run the simulation using MATLAB.

3.0 Scope
In those two parts of this experiment, is focused on understanding of using MATLAB software in
order to produce waveforms of each function. Student should understand and analyze each of
command of function of Fourier Series. The knowledge of Signal and System is applied.

4.0 Project Background

A Fourier is an expansion of a periodic function f(x) in terms of an infinite som of sine and
cosine. Fourier series make use of the orthogonally relationship of the sine and cosine functions.
The computation and study of Fourier Series is known as harmonic analysis and is extremely
useful as a way to break up an arbitrary periodic function into a set of simple terms that can be
plugged in, solve individually and then recombined to obtain the solution to the original problem
or an approximation to it accuracy is desired or practical. Examples of successive
approximations to common functions using Fourier series are illustrated by figure below.

BEKU 2431 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 1

Figure 1: Examples of successive approximations to common functions using Fourier series

As a prior preparation for this experiment, is knowledge about Fourier series is necessary.
General form of Fourier series:
x(t )

a e

jk 0 t

a e

jk ( 2 / T ) t

k = -,, 0, , (or = -N,, 0, , N)

k= N, ak and a-k are both referred to as the Nth harmonic components.
Example of x(t) with highest harmonic values = 2
x(t ) a 2 e j0t a 1e j0t a 0 a1e j0t a 2 e j0t

BEKU 2431 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 1

7.0 Analysis and Discussion

Task 1
Question 1: The result shows that the half rectifier sine wave is more accurate due to change as
higher order terms added. Output changes depend on the value of term add.

ak
Question 2: For Task 2, the

ak
was changed with the given equation listed in the table, the

is

the Fourier coefficient which depending on the value of k. The shape of the graph varies
according to the value of k which is either even or odd.
The harmonic value is importance in the complex exponential Fourier series of half-rectified sine
wave, the output waveform will change as the harmonic value varies. The slope of the graph is
small and will increase as the harmonic value is increase, at maximum harmonic = 2.

ak
For task 2, the

is the Fourier coefficient which depending on the value of k, the shape of the

ak
graph varies according to the value of k which is either even or odd. The

was changed with

the given formula listed. For part 2, task 1, the graph obtain is an exponential graph. Dirac.m ,
Heaviside.m , and Setcurve.m was used to fix some plotting problems in Matlab. Function u(t) is
a step function, which in Matlab is represented by Heaviside (t). For figure 3 shows a signal
which is successively closer approximation to square wave. The waveform obtained was smooth
square wave if the desired harmonic values were high enough.
The command if-else was used in order to obtain a square wave. This command limits the
continuity of a function. Square wave is a discontinuous signal to be represented by a
continuous-time Fourier series (CTFS). The harmonic value increase when the ripple is confined
ever closely in the vicinity of the discontinuity. The height of the overshoot is constant in the
limit and the signal power of the error approaches zero as harmonic value approaches infinity.

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For a triangular wave, it is impossible to distinguish the CTFS partial-sum approximation from
the original signal at lower harmonic by observing a graph on this scale. Periodic convolution is
the function that used in this experiment.