Electrical Microgrids Design Session 4 Microgrid Modeling: Luis Ismael Minchala Avila

Electrical microgrids design
Session 4
Microgrid modeling
Luis Ismael Minchala Avila
Universidad de Cuenca
Departamento de Elctrica, Electrnica y Telecomunicaciones
ismael.minchala@ucuenca.edu.ec
Ismael Minchala A. (UCuenca)
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Agenda
1
Introduction
Power electronic converters
Diesel engine generator
Wind-driven generation system
Photovoltaic generation system
Battery system modelation
Microgrid benchmark model
Summary and questions
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Introduction
Introduction
Control engineering most of the times is model dependent.

Understanding the process, system or plant to be controlled is
fundamental for proposing proper control strategies.
Current strategies on load-sharing will not work to integrate RES due
to its peak-power and intermittent operation.
New control strategies for voltage/reactive-power and
load-sharing/frequency need to be developed; microgrid modeling is
the first steep prior advanced controllers design.
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Introduction
DG units modeling
A DG unit is conformed mainly of three components:

Microgeneration unit. Typical choices are: batteries, PV, WTG,
flywheels, fuel cells, etc.
Power conditioning system (PCS). PCS is related with power
conversion, ac/dc or dc/ac and its control techniques.
Coupling circuit. Interface elements, most of the times a filter, for
coupling the DG unit with the network.
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Introduction
DG units modeling
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There is a trend to adopt power electronics based interfaces which

convert the power from a DG unit, firstly to dc and then use an
inverter to deliver the power to the 60 Hz ac grid.
There are mainly three power electronic circuits that need to be
implemented in order to control voltage, power and frequency output
of a DG unit: ac/dc converter, dc/dc converter and voltage source
inverter (VSI).
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Three phase rectifiers
A three-phase, full-wave and phase-controlled rectifier will be studied.

SCRs are used in the rectifier instead of diodes. Each SCR must be
turned on by a gate signal in each cycle of the supply voltage.
Under the continuous conductance condition, the average output
voltage, Vo , of a controlled rectifier is given by:
Vo =
3
V
cos (f )
ll(peak)
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(1)
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uGrid modeling
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O u t p u t vo l t a g e vs ( V)
O u t p u t vo l t a g e o f t h e r ect i fi er
250
=
=
=
=
0
30
60
85
250
200
200
150
150
100
100
50
50
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
T i me ( s )
20
40
60
80
( de g r e e s )
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dc/dc power converters
There are mainly three types of dc/dc converters: buck, boost and
buck-boost.
Buck mode converters are used in applications where a reduced dc
voltage than the one fed into the input is needed.
Boost mode converters are able to increase the output voltage.
Buck-boost mode converters are able to increase or decrease the
output voltage with the particularity of presenting opposite polarity of
the main source.
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dc/dc power converters
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Buck converter model
= iL iC
Z
1
diL (t)
vC (t) =
iC dt;
L
= uVin vC (t)
C
dt
dvC (t)
1
=
vC (t) + iL (t)
dt
RC
diL (t)
1
1
= vC (t) + uVin
dt
L
L
"
#

dvC (t)
1
0
RC
1
vC (t)
dt
=
+ 1
Vin
diL (t)
iL (t)
L1 0
Lu
iR
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
dt
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Boost converter model
"
iR
vC (t)
R
dvC (t)
dt
diL (t)
dt #
dvC (t)
dt
diL (t)
dt
= iL iC
(6)
= (1 u) iL (t) C
dvC (t)
dt
1
1
vC (t) + (1 u) iL (t)
(7)
RC
C
1u
1
=
vC (t) + Vin
(8)
L
L

1
1
0
(1 u)
vC (t)
RC
C
=
+ 1 Vin (9)
iL (t)
L1 (1 u)
0
L
=
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Buck-boost converter model
dvC (t)
1
1
=
vC (t) + (1 u) iL (t)
(10)
dt
RC
C
diL (t)
1u
1
=
vC (t) + uVin
(11)
dt #
L
L
"

dvC (t)
1
1
0
RC
(1 u)
vC (t)
dt
C
=
+ 1
Vin
(12)
diL (t)
iL (t)
L1 (1 u)
0
Lu
dt
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Voltage source inverter
Integrating RES, e.g. PV arrays or WTG, to the main grid or into a

microgrid is mainly done through a combination of rectifiers and
inverters.
The microgeneration unit are then able to operate at unity-power
factor or any other leading/lagging power factor.
Two modes of operation can be distinguished in the VSI of the figure:
the square-wave mode, loosely related to the phase-control in
rectifiers, and the PWM mode.
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In the carrier-based sinusoidal PWM method (SWPM), three phase
sinusoidal waves are used for the modulating signals, and they are
compared with a high frequency triangular wave. Considering:
vA = Vm sin (t)

vB = Vm sin t

vC = Vm sin t +

2
3

2
(13)
the ratio between the amplitudes of the carrier signal and the control signal
is called modulation index,
m=
V1 =
Vm
Vc
(14)
mVdc
2 2
(15)
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In the carrier-based sinusoidal PWM method (SWPM), three phase
sinusoidal waves are used for the modulating signals, and they are
compared with a high frequency triangular wave. Considering:
vA = Vm sin (t)

vB = Vm sin t

vC = Vm sin t +

2
3

2
(13)
the ratio between the amplitudes of the carrier signal and the control signal
is called modulation index,
m=
V1 =
Vm
Vc
(14)
mVdc
2 2
(15)
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Volt age & c ur r e nt m =
250
1
2
Volt age & c ur r e nt m = 2

250
Phase voltage
Phase current
200
200
150
150
100
100
50
50
V, A
V, A
Phase voltage
Phase current
50
50
100
100
150
150
200
200
250
0.2
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25
250
0.2
Time (s)
(a)
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25
Time (s)
(b)
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Voltage source inverter (control

A more efficient PWM approach could also be used, e.g. voltage space
vector PWM (SVPWM). Parks transformation is used to represent the
three-phase voltages in a vectorized way:
vd
vq
v

vAB
vBC
vCA
=
=
vd + jvq
"
1
1
2
vA
vB
vC
(17)
Vdc
1
1
0
a
0
b
1
c
1
(18)
2
Vdc
1
3
1
1
2
1
1
a
1 b
2
c
(19)
1
0
1
vAN
vBN
vCN
3
2
(16)
21
23
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A diesel generator is the combination of a DE with an electrical

generator to produce electrical energy.
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Synchronous machine model
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Synchronous machine model

L
dx
dt
x
= Ax + BvF
id
= iq
iF
(Rs + RL )
Ls
0
Ls
(Rs + RL ) Lm
=
0
0
RF
L s 0 Lm
0 Ls 0
=
Lm 0 LF

0
0
=
1
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(20)
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Diesel engine model
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Diesel engine model
Ka u(t) = Ta sx1 (t) + x1 (t)

Ka
1
u(t)
x 1 (t) = x1 (t) +
Ta
Ta
sx2 (t) = x2 (t) + Kb x1 (t )
(21)
x 2 (t) = Kb x1 (t ) x2 (t)

Ka

1
0
0
Ta
0
_
x(t) =
x(t ) + Ta u(t)
x(t) +
(22)
Kb 0
0
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Diesel engine model

Vo l t a g e a mp l i t u d e ( p u )
Fr equ en cy r es p o n s e ( p u )
1.02
1
1.015
1.01
0.8
1.005
0.6
1
0.995
0.4
0.99
0.2
0.985
0.98
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
T i me ( s )
T i me ( s )
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A horizontal axis WT has been chosen as prime mover and an
induction generator for energy conversion.
This combination of WT and asynchronous machine is the most
commonly WTG found in commercial versions for generating powers
ranging from a few kilowatts to 3 MW.
Combinations of several WTG form the so-called wind farms, with
generation capacities up to 200 MW.
Wind energy has some limiting characteristics such as:
non-schedulability, uncontrollable, etc. To obtain relatively constant
power, variable blade pitch angle controls are installed.
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Wind turbine model
Cp (, ) = 0.5716 [116 0.4 5] e 21 + 0.0068

1
0.035
=
+ 0.08 3 + 1
(23)
The dynamic output mechanical torque of the WT, Tm is expressed as:

Tm =
ARCp Vw2
2
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Wind turbine model

Me chanic al t or q ue = 0
Powe r c oe ffic ie nt
0.6
=
=
=
=
0
10
15
20
Vw
Vw
Vw
Vw
0.9
=
=
=
=
6
8
12
14
0.8
0.4
0.7
0.6
pu
0.2
0.5
0
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.4
10
12
0.5
1.5
Turbine speed (pu)

(b)
( a)
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Induction generator model
p
ds +
qs
b
b
qs +
ds
b
b

r
p 0
0
+
dr
+
b
b qr
vqs
= rs iqs +
(25)
vds
= rs ids
(26)
0
vqr
0
= rr0 iqr
0
vdr
p
r
b
Te
0
rr0 idr

+
r
b
0
qr
+
(27)
p 0
b dr
(28)
1
(Te T0 )
2H
0 0
0 0
= qr
idr dr
iqr
(29)
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(30)
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Induction generator model

S t a t o r cu r r en t ( p u )
R o t o r s p eed ( p u )
R o t o r cu r r en t ( p u )
10
10
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
2
0.3
0.2
0.1
10
0.4
10
0
T i me ( s )
0
0
T i me ( s )
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PV model
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PV model
Applying Kirchhoffs first law and a non-linear current relation of the diode
shown in Figure, iD , it is possible to find the mathematical relationship of
the PV current,
i(t) = iph iD
V +iRs
V + iRs
V + iRs
= iph Is e q AkT 1
Rsh
Rsh
(31)
where iph , Is , q, k, T , A, Rs and Rsh are the photocurrent,

diode

saturation current, Coulomb constant 1.602e 19 C , Boltzmanns

constant 1.38 1023 KJ , cell temperature (o K ), P-N junction ideality
factor, series and parallel resistances, respectively.
Photocurrent depends on the solar radiation and cell temperature,
iph =

S
iph,ref + CT (T Tref )
Sref
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(32)
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PV model

W
where S is the solar radiation m
2 ; Sref , Tref , iph,ref are the solar
radiation, cell absolute temperature and photocurrent
in standard test

conditions; CT is a temperature coefficient oAK .
Diode saturation current varies with cell temperature as follows:
Is = Is,ref
g
T 3 qE
e Ak
Tref
1
Tref
T1
(33)
where Is,ref , is the diode saturation current in standard test conditions and
Eg represents the band-gap energy of the cell semiconductor (eV ).

q

V
s
Np V
iRs
+ iR
AkT Ns
Np
1
+
i(t) = Np iph Np Is e
Rsh Ns
Np
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(34)
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PV model
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Battery system modeling
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Z
1
V0 = Rd i(t) +
[i(t) + iB (t)] dt
C
Z
1
[i(t) + iB (t)] dt
Vp (t) =
C
dVp (t)
1
1
V0 = R d C
+ iB (t) +
V0
dt
C
Rd C
dVp (t)
1
1
1
=
Vp (t) iB (t) +
V0
dt
Rd C
C
Rd C
VB (t) = Vp (t) RB iB (t)
uGrid modeling
(35)
(36)
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Battery voltage (discharge)
State of charge
2.2
100
Battery Voltage
Capacitor Voltage
2.1
95
1.9
1.8
90
1.7
1.6
0.1
0.2
0.3
iB(t) (A)
0.4
0.5
85
(a)
0.1
0.2
0.3
iB(t) (A)
0.4
0.5
(b)
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Benchmark model
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Benchmark model
3
x 10
0.04
Real
Reactive
0.15
3
x 10
1.5
1.5
x 10
x 10
2.5
0.03
3
2
pu
0.1
0.02
0.05
1.5
0.5
0.5
0.01
1
0.5
0
0
10
20
10
20
4
x 10
3
x 10
10
20
1.5
10
20
10
20
10
20
10
20
10
20
x 10
x 10
1.5
0.5
0
0
10
20
0
0
10
20
0
0
10
20
x 10
3
0.03
0.15
0
0
4
x 10
2.5
0
0
0.5
0
0
20
2.5
1.5
10
3
x 10
3
5
0.5
3
x 10
3
2.5
pu
10
20
x 10
1.5
x 10
1.5
0.025
1.5
pu
0.02
0.1
1.5
0.015
0.01
0.5
0.5
0.05
0.5
0.5
0.005
0
0
10
20
Time (h)
0
0
10
Time (h)
20
0
0
10
Time (h)
20
0
0
10
Time (h)
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20
0
0
10
Time (h)
20
Time (h)
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Benchmark model
Vo l t a g e a mp l i t u d e a t No d e- 1 ( p u )
Vo l t a g e a mp l i t u d e a t No d e- 9
1.04
1.02
1.02
1
1
0.98
0.98
0.96
0.96
0.94
0.94
0.92
0.92
0.9
0.9
0.88
0.88
0.86
0.86
0
10
15
20
T i me ( h )
10
15
20
T i me ( h )
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Benchmark model
D E G ge n e r at e d p owe r ( p u )
0.35
0.2
W T G p owe r ( p u )
P V1 p owe r ( p u )
0.02
0.19
0.018
0.18
0.016
0.17
0.014
0.16
0.012
0.15
0.01
0.14
0.008
0.13
0.006
0.12
0.004
0.11
0.002
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0
8 12 16 20 24
T i me ( h )
8 12 16 20 24
T i me ( h )
uGrid modeling
0
0
8 12 16 20 24
T i me ( h )
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Summary and questions
Summary
In this session we have studied:

Microgrids component models;
Simulations in MATLAB
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Appendix
Questions
Preguntas
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Electrical microgrids design

Ismael Minchala A. (UCuenca)

Power electronic converters

Diesel engine generator

Wind-driven generation system

Photovoltaic generation system

Battery system modelation

Microgrid benchmark model

Summary and questions

Ismael Minchala A. (UCuenca)

Control engineering most of the times is model dependent.

Ismael Minchala A. (UCuenca)

A DG unit is conformed mainly of three components:

Ismael Minchala A. (UCuenca)

Ismael Minchala A. (UCuenca)

Power electronic converters

Power electronic converters

There is a trend to adopt power electronics based interfaces which

Ismael Minchala A. (UCuenca)

Power electronic converters

Three phase rectifiers

A three-phase, full-wave and phase-controlled rectifier will be studied.

Ismael Minchala A. (UCuenca)

Power electronic converters

Three phase rectifiers

Ismael Minchala A. (UCuenca)

Power electronic converters

Three phase rectifiers

Power electronic converters

dc/dc power converters

Ismael Minchala A. (UCuenca)

Power electronic converters

dc/dc power converters

Ismael Minchala A. (UCuenca)

Power electronic converters

Buck converter model

Ismael Minchala A. (UCuenca)

Power electronic converters

Boost converter model

Ismael Minchala A. (UCuenca)

Power electronic converters

Buck-boost converter model

Ismael Minchala A. (UCuenca)

Power electronic converters

Voltage source inverter

Integrating RES, e.g. PV arrays or WTG, to the main grid or into a

Ismael Minchala A. (UCuenca)

Power electronic converters

Voltage source inverter

Ismael Minchala A. (UCuenca)

Power electronic converters

Voltage source inverter

Power electronic converters

Voltage source inverter

Power electronic converters

Voltage source inverter

Volt age & c ur r e nt m = 2

Power electronic converters

Voltage source inverter (control

Ismael Minchala A. (UCuenca)

Diesel engine generator

Diesel engine generator

A diesel generator is the combination of a DE with an electrical