KANESS (016-4573342 )

10, JLN TPT 10, TAMAN PUCHONG TEKALI,

47150, PUCHONG, SELANGOR

Form 1 SCIENCE
Chapter 1
UNDERSTANDING SCIENCE

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What is science ? Science is a field of knowledge that relates to the world around us. It
explains all phenomena.
Natural phenomena are occurrences in nature involving living thing and also non-living thing.
Examples are :* Ice melting
* Ball falling to the ground
* Growth of human from babyhood to adulthood
Sciences enable us to develop new technologies.
Careers related to sciences are :Doctor
Biochemist
Engineers

HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES

Hazard warning symbols used to show the danger of the substances.

It found on labels of bottles in the laboratory.

FLAMMABLE
- Burn easily
CORROSIVE
- May destroy living tissues on contact with them
EXPLOSIVE
- Explodes easily
POISONOUS
- Causes harm or death if com contact with skin, swallowed or inhaled.
IRRITANT
- Cause rashes and discomfort to the body
RADIOACTIVE
- Releases radiation
LABORATORY APPARATUS
1. TEST TUBE
- to contain small quantities of liquid
2. BEAKER
- to contain liquids
3. CONICAL FLASK
- to contain liquids
4. MEASURING CYLINDER
- to measure the volume of liquid
5. BURETTE
- to measure the volume of a liquid accurate to 0.1cm
6. PIPETTE
- to measure a fixed volume of liquid
- example, 10cm or 25cm

7. FILTER FUNNEL
- to flow liquid to the container such as test tube, beaker and conical flask
8. RETORT STAND AND CLAMP
- to hold apparatus with a clamp at different heights
9. BUNSEN BURNER
- to heat things in the laboratory
10. FLAT-BOTTOMED FLASK and ROUND-BOTTOMED FLASK
- to contain chemical used in preparing gases if the process requires no heating.
11. TRIPOD STAND
- to support beaker or flask while heating
12. CRUCIBLE WITH LID
- container in which substances are heated to very high temperature
13. EVAPORATING DISH
- to evaporate liquids
14. WIRE GAUZE
- to spread out the heat of the flame evenly over the bottom of a vessel.
15. GAS JAR
- to collect gases
16. TEST-TUBE HOLDER
- to hold a test tube
17. CRICIBLE TONGS
- to hold hot crucible and lids
18. STOPWATCH
- to record time
19. TEST-TUBE HOLDER
- to place test tube
20. THERMOMETER
- to record temperature
21. GLASS TUBE
- to stir liquids in beaker or flask
STEPS IN A SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
1. IDENTIFYING PROBLEMS
- determine what I want to find out
- in the form of question
- example: How does a pendulums swing change when its length is changed?
2. FORMING A HYPOTHESIS
- smart prediction
- (relation between manipulated variables and the responding variables)
- possible explanation for a phenomena
- if hypothesis is accepted, it become a theory
- if hypothesis is rejected, a new hypothesis has to be formed
- all hypothesis can be test
3. PLAN THE EXPERIMENT
- planning an investigation how to test the hypothesis
- need to list out the material and apparatus that required for the experiment
- need to know how to put them together

4. CONTROLING VARIABLES
- Factors in the experiment
- 3 types of variable:
(a) constant variable
~ factor that kept constant throughout the whole experiment
(b) manipulated variable
~ factor that change during the experiment
~ is used to test the hypothesis
(c) responding variable
~ factor that respond due to the manipulated factor in the experiment
5. CARRYING OUT THE EXPERIMENT (INVESTIGATION)
* COLLECTING DATA
- data is collected through observation and also by taking accurate measurement
- examples are quantity of chemicals, length of an object, time taken, colour of
chemicals, ect.
* ANALYSING AND INTERPRETING DATA
- data analysis the step which studies information by breaking it down into smaller part
- data collected is presented in various form such as a table, chart, or graph.
- When interpreting data, all interaction between variables are stated accurately based
on observation or measurements.
* MAKING CONCLUSION
- accurate statement describing the problem is made
- the acceptance or the rejection of hypothesis is stated.
6. REPORTING
- is made after carrying out a scientific investigation based on a certain format.
Aim: ..
Statement of problem: .......
Hypothesis:
Variables
(a) manipulated:
(b) responding: ..
(c) constant: ..
Material:
Apparatus: .
Procedure: (a)
(b) ....
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Result / Observation: .
(table or graph)
Conclusion:

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND THE

INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI)

Physical quantity
length
mass
temperature
electric current
time

SI unit
meter(m)
kilogram(kg)
second(s)
kelvin(K)
ampere(A)

Prefixes are used in measurement include centi, mili, and kilo.

Symbol for prefixes are sign that identify each prefix.
The value is usually written in standard form.

PREFIX
mega
kilo
desi
centi
milli
micro
nano

SYMBOL
M
k
d
c
m

TRUE VALUE OF
THE SYMBOL
1 000 000
1 00
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.000 001
0.000 000 001

VALUE OF THE SYMBOL IN

STANDARD FORM
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

CONCEPT OF WEIGHT
* Weight is force of the gravitational pull that acts on the object
* Weight can differs from place to place as it depend on gravitational force
* The SI unit for weight is Newton (N)
* Weight of an object is measured using spring balance or a compression
balance

CONCEPT OF MASS
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Mass of an object is the quantity of matter that present in the object.

Mass of object is fixed as it does not influenced by gravitational force.
SI unit for mass is kilogram. Other unit are gram(g) and milligram(mg).
Mass of an object is measured using lever balance, beam balance, and electronic
Balance.

MEASUREMENT OF LENGTH
* Length is the distance between two point
* Length is measured in units of millimeter(mm), centimeter(cm), meter(m),
kilometer(km)
* Meter ruler and tape is used to measured straight line.
* A length of thread and ruler used to measured curved line.
* A pair of internal caliper and a ruler used to measured internal diameter of a
container.
* A pair of external caliper and a ruler is used to measure the external diameter of
an object.
* 2 wooden blocks and a ruler or 2 set squares and a ruler are used to
measured diameter of spherical object
* Vernier caliper is used to measure small distances
VERNIER CALIPER
* Measure short object accurately

* Internal jaws are used to measured internal diameter of an object

* External jaws are used to measured external diameter of an object
* Its accuracy up to 0.01 cm
* It has 2 scale. The main scale is graduated in centimeter units. The vernier scale
is 9mm and has 10 division.
How to use..

Measurement Of Area
1. Area is the total surface or space occupied by an object.
2. Area is measured in square meter(m), square centimeter(cm) and square
millimeters(mm).

Area of regular shapes

* AREA OF A SQUARE
AREA = LENGTH BREADTH
* AREA OF A TRIANGLE
AREA = BASE HEIGHT
* AREA OR IRREGULAR SHAPE