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ISSN: 2319-1163
Abstract
A Mathematical model has been developed to study the dispersion of pollutants emitted from an area source and the point source on
the boundary in an urban area. The mathematical model has been solved numerically by using the implicit Crank-Nicolson finite
difference method. The results of this model have been analysed for the dispersion of air pollutants in the urban area downwind and
vertical direction for stable and neutral conditions of the atmosphere in the presence of mesoscale wind. The concentration of
pollutants is less in the upwind side of the centre of heat island and more in the downwind side of the centre of heat island in the case
of mesoscale wind when compared to without mesoscale wind. In the case of stable atmospheric condition, the maximum
concentration of pollutants is observed at the ground surface and near the point source on the boundary. Same phenomenon is
observed in neutral atmospheric condition but the magnitude of concentration of pollutants in the neutral atmospheric condition is
comparatively less than that of the stable atmospheric condition.
1. INTRODUCTION
width
2. MODEL DEVELOPMENT
The mathematical formulation of the area source air pollution
model is based on the conservation of mass equation, which
describes advection, turbulent diffusion, chemical reaction,
removal mechanisms and emission of pollutants. It is
assumed that the terrain is flat, large scale wind velocity is a
function of height i.e., u u z and mesoscale wind
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20
ISSN: 2319-1163
4.
C p
p
i.e., V
and
Ky
0 , where V is the
y
y
y
velocity in the y direction and K y is the eddydiffusivity coefficient in the y direction.
Horizontal advection is greater than horizontal
diffusion for not too small values of wind velocity,
i.e., meteorological conditions are far from
stagnation. The horizontal advection by the wind
dominates
over
horizontal
diffusion,
i.e.,
C
C
p
p
U
Kx
, where U and K x are the
x
x
x
horizontal wind velocity
and horizontal eddy
diffusivity along x direction respectively.
3. MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION
The basic governing equation of concentration of pollutants
can be written as
C p
C p
C p
C p
U ( x, z )
W ( z)
K z ( z)
k kwp C p .
t
x
z
z
z
(1)
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4. METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS
To solve equation (1) we must know realistic form of the
variable wind velocity and eddy diffusivity which are
functions of vertical distance. The treatment of equation (1)
mainly depends on the proper estimation of diffusivity
coefficient and velocity profile of the wind near the ground/or
lowest layers of the atmosphere. The meteorological
parameters influencing eddy diffusivity and velocity profile
are dependent on the intensity of turbulence, which is
influenced by atmospheric stability. Stability near the ground
is dependent primarily upon the net heat flux. In terms of
boundary layer notation, the atmospheric stability is
characterized by the parameter L (Monin and Obukhov 1954),
which is also a function of net heat flux among several other
meteorological parameters. It is defined by
u*3 c pT
,
(6)
L
gH f
where u * is the friction velocity, Hf the net heat flux, the
ambient air density, cp the specific heat at constant pressure, T
the ambient temperature near the surface, g the gravitational
acceleration and the Karmans constant 0.4. Hf < 0 and
consequently L > 0 represents stable atmosphere, Hf > 0 and
L < 0 represent unstable atmosphere and Hf = 0 and L
represent neutral condition of the atmosphere. The friction
velocity u * is defined in terms of geostrophic drag coefficient
cg and geostrophic wind ug such that
(7)
u* c g u g ,
where cg is a function of the surface Rossby number
R0 u* / fz 0 , where f is the Coriolis parameter due to
earths rotation and z0 is the surface roughness length. Lettau
ISSN: 2319-1163
(1959) gave the value of cgn, the drag coefficient for a neutral
atmosphere in the form
0.16
.
(8a)
cgn
log10 ( R0 ) 1.8
The effect of thermal stratification on the drag coefficient can
be accounted through the relations:
cgus = 1.2 cgn for unstable flow,
(8b)
cgs = 0.8 cgn for slightly stable flow and
(8c)
cgs = 0.6 cgn for stable flow.
(8d)
In order to evaluate the drag coefficient, the surface roughness
length z0 may be computed according to the relationship
developed by Lettau (1970) i.e., z0 Ha / 2 A , where H is
the effective height of roughness elements, a is the frontal area
seen by the wind and A is the lot area (i.e., the total area of
the region divided by the number of elements).
Finally, in order to connect the stability length L to the
Pasquill stability categories, it is necessary to quantify the net
radiation index. Ragland (1973) used the following values of
H f (Table 2.) for urban area.
Table -1: Net heat flux H f
Net radiating index:4.0 3.0 2.0
Net heat flux H f :0.24 0.18 0.12
(langley min 1 )
1.0
0.06
.
(10)
z
z
Substituting this in the equation (9), we have
KM
u* z
M
(11)
The function M depends on z / L , where L is MoninObukhov stability length parameter. It is assumed that the
z 0.1u* / f for neutral
surface layer terminates at
stability. For stable conditions, surface layer extends to z =
6L.
For the neutral stability condition with
(within surface layer) we have
z 0.1u* / f
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22
(12)
For the stable atmospheric flow with 0 < z/L < 1 we get
M = 1 +
(13)
and
KM
u* z
(14)
L
For the stable atmospheric flow with 1 < z/L < 6 we have
u* z
M = 1 + and K M
.
(15)
1
the
neutral
atmospheric
z 0.1u* / f we have
stability
u2
2
K M 0.1 * .
f
For the stable atmospheric flow with
mixing height, we have
condition
with
(16)
z>6L, upto H, the
6 u L
* .
(17)
1
Equations (11) to (17) give the eddy viscosity for the
conditions needed for the model.
KM
u* / | fL | .
ISSN: 2319-1163
6. MESOSCALE WIND
It is known that in a large city the heat generation causes the
rising of air at the centre of the city. Hence the city can be
called as heat island. This rising air forms an air circulation
and this circulation is completed at larger heights. But we are
interested only what happens near the ground level.
In order to incorporate somewhat realistic form of velocity
profile in our model which depends on Coriolis force, surface
friction, geosrtophic wind, stability characterizing parameter
L and vertical height z, we integrate equation (10) from z0 to
z + z0 for stable and neutral conditions. So we obtain the
following expressions for wind velocity.
In case of neutral atmospheric stability condition with
z 0.1 u* / f we get
z z0
(20)
ln
.
z0
It is assumed that the horizontal mesoscale wind varies in the
same vertical manner as u. The vertical mesoscale wind
We can then be found by integrating the continuity equation
and obtain.
z z0
(21)
ue a x x0 ln
,
z0
where a is proportionality constant.
Thus we have
u
z z0
(22)
U x, z u ue * a x x0 ln
z0
z z0
(23)
W z we a z ln
z z0 ln z z0
z0
z z0
u
`
(24)
u * ln
z .
z0 L
u
u*
z z0
ue a x x0 ln
z
z0 L
(25)
u
z z0
U x, z u ue * a x x0 ln
z
z0 L
(26)
z z0
2
W z we a z ln
z (27)
z z0 ln z z0
2 L
z0
z
For 1 6 we get
L
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23
u* z z0
ln
5.2 .
z0
(28)
z z0
ue a x x0 ln
5.2
z0
(29)
u
z z0
U x, z u ue * a x x0 ln
5.2
z0
(30)
z z0
W z we a z ln
z0 ln z z0 4.2 z
z0
(31)
Z / L 6 ,
above the
u u g usl
z zsl
usl ,
H zsl
(32)
(33)
U x, z u ue
p
z zsl
ug usl a x x0
1 a x x0 usl (34)
H z
sl
W z we a u g usl
z zsl z zsl
z usl
p 1 H zsl
(35)
p 0.35
0.5
Fig -2: A simulated urban heat island with the large scale and
mesoscale winds.
The above wind velocity profiles are valid only for
u* / a x x0 0 . This relation puts a limit on x. When
x
z z p
sl
u e a x x0
usl
H zsl
ISSN: 2319-1163
approaches
u* / a x0
the
Stream
lines
are
7. NUMERICAL METHOD
Equation (1) are solved numerically using the implicit CrankNicolson finite difference method in this paper. We note that it
is difficult to obtain the analytical solution for equation (1)
because of the complicated form of wind speed U(x,z) and
eddy diffusivity Kz(z) considered in this paper (see sections 56). Hence, we have used numerical method based on CrankNicolson finite difference scheme to obtain the solution. The
detailed numerical method and procedure to solve the partial
differential equation (1) is described below (Roache 1976,
John, F. Wendt 1992).
The governing partial differential equation (1) is
C p
C p
C p
U ( x, z )
W ( z)
t
x
z
C p
K z ( z)
k kwp C p .
z
z
Now this equation is replaced by the equation valid at time
step n 1 2 and at the interior grid points (i, j ) . The spatial
derivatives are replaced by the arithmetic average of its finite
difference approximations at the nth and (n 1)th time steps
and we replace the time derivative with a central difference
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24
C p
t
C p
1
U ( x, z )
2
x
ij
U ( x, z )
ij
C p
1
W ( z )
2
z
n 1
C p
x
W ( z)
ij
ij
n 1
ij
t
Bj
( K j K j 1 )
Wj ,
2
2 z
4 z
n
n 1
C p
C p
1
K z ( z)
K z (z)
2 z
z
z
z
ij
ij
1
n
n 1
k kwp C pij
C pij
,
2
for each i 2,3, 4,....i max, j 2,3, 4,.... j max 1, n 0,1, 2....
(36)
n
n
n
n 1
Fij C pin ij G j C pij
1 M ij C pij N j C pij 1 Aij C pi ij ,
C p
z
t
Gj
( K j K j 1 )
Wj ,
2
2
z
4
t
t
( K j 1 K j ) ,
Ej
( K j K j 1 ) , N j
4 z 2
4z 2
t
t
U ij
Wj
2x
2 z
Dij 1
Using
Cp
t
1
2
n 1
n
C pij
C pij
ij
C p
U ( x, z )
x
C p
U ( x, z )
x
W ( z)
W ( z)
C p
z
C p
z
ij
ij
(37)
n 1
ij
(38)
n 1
C pij
C pn i 11 j
U ij
,
x
(39)
n
C pij
C pn i 1 j
Wj
,
z
ij
C p
Kz z
z
z
(40)
n 1
C pij
C pn i 11 j
Wj
.
z
n 1
(41)
ij
1
n
n
n
n
K j 1 K j C pij
C p
Kz z
z
z
1
2 z
M ij 1
n 1
t
1
( K j 1 2 K j K j 1 ) k kwp ,
2
4 z 2
t
t
U ij
Wj
2x
2 z
n
C pij
C pn i 1 j
U ij
,
x
ISSN: 2319-1163
t
1
(K
2 K K j 1 ) k kwp .
j 1
j
2
4 z 2
Q1
for i 1, j js , js 1 n 0,1, 2,....
2U (i, j )
1
C npij
0 for i 1, j 1, 2,3,... js 1, js 2, js 3,... j max
ij
K j 1 K j
n 1
pij 1
n 1
n 1
n 1
C pij
K j K j 1 C pij
C pij
1 .
(43)
Equation (36) can be written as
n 1
n 1
n 1
B j C pij
1 Dij C pij E j C pij 1
n 0,1,2,........
(44a)
z
1 Vd Ws
Kj
n 1
z
n 1
,
C pij C pij
1 Q
Kj
(45)
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25
z n 1
n 1
1 p
C pij C pij
1 0 ,
K
j
(46)
n 1
pi 1 j
to
right hand side as seen in equation (44) and solve the system
first for i 2 and j 2,3, 4,....... j max 1 . Now C pin 11 j
values are known from the boundary condition (44a) and
hence it is known. Hence, all the terms on the right hand side
are known. Now the system of equations (44) for i 2 and
j 2,3, 4,....... j max 1 along with the relevant boundary
conditions (45) for i 2 and j 1 and (46) for i 2 and
i.e., C
-3
on the
right hand side is known from the previous step. Hence the
system still remains tridiagonal and solved using Thomas
algorithm. This argument can also be extended for each of the
remaining values of i 4,5,6,.......i max . Thus although the
system equations (44) with boundary conditions appears that
it is not tridiagonal, because of boundary condition it becomes
tridiagonal and the solution of the system is obtained using
Thomas algorithm.
z=22
140
Concentration(gm )
a=0
a=0.00004
160
vd=0.0, ws=0.0
Primary Pollutants Cp
180
ISSN: 2319-1163
120
100
80
60
40
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Distance(m)
Primary Pollutants Cp
vd=0.0, ws=0.0
a=0
a=0.00004
100
z=22
-3
Concentration(gm )
x 0 and height z zs
i.e., at the left boundary of the city. Since the point source is
assumed to be at an arbitrary point on the boundary and the
80
60
40
20
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Distance(m)
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26
ISSN: 2319-1163
50
Primary Pollutants Cp
20
45
40
vd=0.0,ws=0.0
35
Height(m)
200
Primary Pollutants Cp
x=150
x=225
-3
Concentration(gm )
150
x=375
100
30
40
25
20
80 60
50
15
60
20
80
10
0
10
20
30
100
40
1.4E2
1.6E2
Height(m)
1000
2000
Primary Pollutants Cp
1.2E2
40
1.8E2
3000
4000
5000
6000
Distance(m)
vd=0.0, ws=0.0
120
150
80
x=75
140
x=150
130
Primary Pollutants Cp
7.0
120
60
x=225
110
40
100
90
20
0
20
40
60
80
100
Height(m)
-3
Concentration(gm )
100
80
14
70
60
50
Height(m)
21
40
30
35
20
10
28
42
49
56 49
63
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Distance(m)
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REFERENCES:
[1]. Turner, D. B. 1970. Work book of Atmospheric dispersion
estimates. USEPA Report AP-26. US. Govt. Printing office,
Washington DC.
[2]. Carpenter, S. B., Montogmery, T.L., Deavitt, J.M.,
Colbough, W.D. and Thomas, F.W. 1971 Principal Plume
dispersion models: TVA powerplants. J. Air Pollut. Control
Ass. 21(8), 491.
[3]. Morgenstern P., Morgenstern L. N., Chang K. M., Barrett
D. H. and Mears C. 1975 Modelling analysis of power plants
for compliance extensions in 51 air quality control regions. J.
Air Pollut. Control Ass. 25(3). 287-291.
[4]. Pasquill, F. 1961 The estimation of dispersion of
windborne material. Meteorol Mag. 90, 33.
[5]. Hilsmeir, W. and Gifford, F. 1962 Graphs for estimating
atmospheric dispersion. USAEC, Division of Technical
Information, ORD-549.
[6]. Runca, E. and Sardei, F. 1975 Numerical treatment of
time dependent advection and diffusion of air pollutants.
Atmos. Environ., 9, 69-80
[7]. Arora, U., Gakkar S. and Guptha R.S., 1991. Removal
model suitable for air pollutants emitted from an elevated
source. Appl. Math. Modelling, 15, 386-389,
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BIOGRAPHIES
Pandurangappa C has obtained M.Sc.
degree (1998) and Ph.D. degree (2010) from
Bangalore University. He is having more
than 12 years of teaching experience.
Presently he is working as a Professor and
Head in the department of Mathematics at
Raja Rajeshwari College of Engineering, Bangalore. His area
of interest is atmospheric Science and has published several
papers in Journals of National/International repute.
Lakshminarayanachari K has obtained
M.Sc. degree (2000) and Ph.D. degree
(2008) from Bangalore University. He is
having more than 10 years of teaching
experience. Presently he is working as an
Associate Professor in the department of
Mathematics at, Sai Vidya Institute of Technology, Bangalore.
His area of interest is atmospheric science and has published
several papers in Journals of National/International repute
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