CHAPTER 4 : MATTER AND SUBSTANCE

1. Matter : Anything that has

and
STATES OF MATTER
SOLID

Arrangement
of particles

LIQUID

.. arrangement
Movement of
particles

VIbrate.and rotate in
a fixed position

Forces of
attraction
Kinetic
energy of
particles
Density

GAS

closely packed, .
. in an orderly
arrangement ,

.packed in an

Move freely..

strong

.. strong

Very low

moderate

Very high

moderate

.. far apart , in
an orderly arrangement ,
Move freely.and
rapidly..
Very .
Very high
Very low

CHANGES IN STATES OF MATTER

Process

Change of state

Factor
Heat is absorbed

Melting

Solid Liquid

Heating
Heat is absorbed

Boiling/ evaporation

Liquid Gas

Heating

Freezing

Liquid Solid

Cooling

Heat is released

Heat is released
Condensation

Gas Liquid

Cooling

Sublimation

Solid Gas

Heating

Sublimation

Gas Solid

Cooling

Heat is absorbed

Heat is released

Exercise
State whether the processes below released or absorbed heat energy?
(a) boiling: ..
(b) sublimation:
(c) condensation: .
2. State the change in the state of matter that occurs during the following process:
(a) melting : .
(b) boiling : ..
(c) freezing : .
Experiment
Aim :To study the changes in the states of matter
Materials : and apparatus : Ice cubes, thermometer, 50 mf beaker, wire gauze, Bunsen
burner, tripod stand

1. Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram.

2. Heat the ice cubes slowly.
3. Record the temperature reading every two minutes until the water boils.

Results :
Time ( min)
Temperatur
e( )

10

12

14

16

Discussion
a) Based on the results of this activity, draw a graph of the temperature against time.
b) Based on the graph in 1, state the relationship between the temperature and time
after the ice melts and before the water boils.
c) Predict the temperature of the water at the 21st minute.
Conclusion : The ice

and the water

when heated

3. A student carried out an experiment to determine the boiling point of a solution. The table
below shows the result of the experiment.
Time / minute

10

Temperature / oC

28

48

68

88

102

102

(a) Based on the table above, draw a graph of temperature against time.
(b) What is the relationship between the temperature of the solution and time in the first 6
minutes?

(c) Based on the graph in (a), determine the boiling point of the solution.
Mark the boiling point of the solution on the graph.
Boiling point =

The structure of atoms

Atom is a small ,

Discover electron

Discover proton

Discover neutron

Discover orbit

J.J THOMSON

ERNEST

JAMES

NIELS BOHR

RUTHERFORD

CHADWICK

indivisible particle

JOHN DALTON

Activity
Match the name with the correct description
4

NAME

DESCRIPTION

J.J
thomson

[A] Discover proton

Ernest
Rutherford

[B] Atom is a small , indivisible particle

James
chadwick

[C] Discover electron

John
dalton

[D] Discover neutron.

[E] Discover orbit

Niels Bohr

THREE SUBATOMIC PARTICLES

electro
n
proton
neutron

SUBATOMI
C
PARTICLES
Proton
Neutron
Electron

SYMBO
L

CHARG
E

POSITI
ON

p
+1
nucleus
n
0
nucleus
e
-1
orbit
Atom
Number of electrons = number of
protons
Eg : number of electrons = 2
Number of protons= .

PROTON NUMBER AND NUCLEON NUMBER

NUCLEON NUMBER :
PROTON NUMBER :
Number of protons :
Number of electrons :
Number of neutrons :
Draw the structure of atom of oxygen
-16

Complete the table

Element
Number of
protons
Hydrogen
1

Number of
neutrons
0

Helium

Lithium

Carbon

Nitrogen

Fluorine

10

Number of
electrons

Proton
number

Nucleon
number

Symbol of
element

IONS
POSITIVE ION : atom which loses electrons

Na+

Number of protons :
11 +
Number of electrons :
10-

NEGATIVE ION : atom which receives more electrons

2-

Number of protons : 8
+
Number of electrons :
10-

Deduce the numbers of protons, electrons and neutrons in the following atoms:
(a) Atom X with proton number 17 and nucleon number 35
(b) Magnesium atom with proton number 12 and nucleon number 24
Solution
(a) For atom X
Number of protons = Proton number =
Number of electrons = Number of protons =
Number of neutrons = Nucleon number -Proton number
=35 - 17
=
(b) Number of protons =
Number of electrons =
Number of neutrons =

ISOTOPES

Atoms of the same

element that have the
same number of
protons but different
number of neutrons
Chemical properties
= same
Physical properties
=different

Examples of isotopes
Element

Hydrogen

Carbon

Oxygen

Isotopes

Proton number

Nucleon number

Hydrogen-1

Hydrogen-2

Hydrogen-3

Carbon-12

12

Carbon-13

13

Carbon-14

14

Oxygen-16

16

Oxygen-17

17

Oxygen-18

18

Uranium-235

92

235

Uranium-238

92

238

Number of neutrons

Uranium

EXERCISE
1. Name three subatomic particles in an atom.
Subatomic particles
7

2. What are the subatomic particles inside the nucleus of an atom?

.........................................................................................................................................
3. State the charge of
(a) protons: ..
(b) electrons: ...
(c) neutrons:
4.
Particle

Number of protons

Number of electrons

Number of neutrons

10

16

13

13

14

Based on the table above, identify

(a) neutral atom:

(b) positive ion : (c) negative ion : .

5. (a) Complete the table below.

Number of
electrons

Number of
neutrons

Particle

Number of protons

10

10

11

(b) What are the proton number and nucleon number of element Z?
(i) proton number :

(ii) nucleon number : ..

(c) (i) Identify a pair of isotopes from the table above?

(ii) State an inference for your answer in (c)(i).

..
6. Complete the number of subatomic particles for isotopes of carbon.
Element

Isotope

Number of
protons

Number of
electrons

Number of
neutrons

Carbon-12
C
Carbon

Carbon-14

8
8

C
7. Figure below shows the structure of the lithium atom.
nucleus
proton
electron

neutron

orbit
What are the proton number and nucleon number of lithium?
Proton number

Nucleon number

The table below shows the subatomic particles of some element.

Element

Proton number
Nucleon number
Number of electrons

6
14

Number of neutrons

10

(a) Complete the table above.

(b) Which of the elements is an isotope ?
(c) Define what isotopes are?

Extra notes
a) Atoms and ions

b) Isotopes :
Eg : carbon-12 and carbon-13

THE CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE

10

 Elements are arranged in increasing .

Divided into , .. and

GROUPS : vertical column of elements

PERIOD: horizontal row of elements

Elements of the same group will have :

a) same .
b) different

11

Exercise
1. Study the periodic table below.

(a) What are represented by the following numbers in the periodic table?
(i) 1 18 in vertical column

(ii) 1 7 in horizontal column

(iii) 1 113 in element symbols

(b) How are elements arranged in the periodic table?

.
(c) What similarities are shown by elements in the same groups?
..
(d) Identify the group of elements that
(i) is most reactive :
(ii) consists of halogens: .
(iii) consists of noble gases:
2. The diagram below shows the top half of the Periodic Table. The letters used are not
chemical symbols.
12

K
A
B

F
C

Write True or False in the space provided for the following statements regarding the
Periodic Table above.
(a) Elements in the Periodic Table are arranged in decreasing proton number. [.]
(b) A and B are elements in the same group.

[.]

(c) Elements C, D and E are transition elements.

[.]

(d) Element F is carbon.

[.]

(e) Elements K, L, M and N are in group 17.

[.]

(f) Elements H, I and J have the same chemical properties.

[]

3 Explain how elements in the Periodic Table are arranged.

Figure 4.19 shows a Periodic Table.

(a) Name an element which is in

(i) Group 1:
(ii) Period 5 :
(b) Which two elements have similar chemical properties? Why?
(c) Which element is a
(i) metal? :
(ii) non-metal?:
(iii) semi-metal?:
(d) State the proton number for atom:
(i) A :
(ii) E :
(e) Draw a Periodic Table and label the locations of metals, non-metals and semimetals.

THE PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES

13

Substances made of atoms

High melting and boiling points ( metals)
-The atoms are held together by strong
metallic bonds
-More heat energy is needed to overcome
the forces of attraction
Low melting and boiling points ( noble
gases )
-The molecules are held together by weak
Van der Waals forces
-Less heat energy is needed to overcome
the forces of attraction
Able to conduct electricity in both molten
and solid states
There are electrons which can move freely
within the metal to conduct electricity

Physical state
-solid ( for all metals except mercury)
-Gas ( for all noble gases)

Melting and boiling point

Substances made
of molecules
Low melting and
boiling points
-The molecules are
held together by
weak Van der
Waals forces
-Less heat energy is
needed to overcome
the forces of
attraction

Substances made of ions

High melting and boiling
points
-the ions are held together by
strong electrostatic force
-More heat energy is needed to
overcome the forces of attraction

Cannot conduct
electricity
There are no
charged particles in
them

Do not conduct electricity in

their solid state
-In a solid state, ions are held in
a fixed position and cannot move
freely
Conduct electricity in molten
or solution
-The ions can move freely
Physical state
Physical state
-solid , liquid
and
Procedure -solid
gas
1. Set up the apparatus as shown in diagram
2. Heat the lead powder in the crucible strongly
until it melts.
3. Record the melting point of the lead
4. Repeat steps 1 and 2 by using sulphur
powder and lead bromine powder.
Result
Substance
Lead
Sulphur
Lead bromide

Melting point (C)

327
114
373

14

Electrical conductivity
Procedure
1. Set up the apparatus as shown in diagram
2. Switch on the circuit and observe whether the bulb lights
up or not.
3. Then switch off the circuit and heat the lead strongly until
it melts. Switch on the circuit and observe whether the
bulb lights up or not again.
4. Steps 1 to 3 are repeated using sulphur powder and lead
bromide powder.

Substance
Lead
Sulphur
Lead
bromide

Solid

Observation (does the bulb light up or not)

Yes

Liquid

Yes

Solid
Liquid
Solid

No
No
No

Liquid

Yes

Inference
Conducts electricity in
both solid and molten
states
Cannot conduct
electricity
Only conducts electricity
in molten state

Activity
Oxygen, sodium oxide, carbon dioxide, copper sulphate, hydrogen, magnesium, water, lithium, helium,
lead, iron oxide
Which of the substances in the above list are made of
(a) atoms?
(b) molecules?
(c) ions?
The physical properties of substances L, M and N are stated below.
Substance
Melting point

L
High

Electrical conductivity

Yes

M
High
Only in molten state or
when dissolved in water

N
Low
No

Which of the substances could be

(a) sulphur?
(b) iron?

15

(c) lead chloride?

Give reasons for your answers in (a), (b) and (c).

Why can substances made of ions conduct electricity when melted or dissolved in water, but are unable to
do so in the solid state?

METALS AND NON-METALS

Elements

Metals
Eg:
Iron,
Lead,
copper,
sodium,

Non-Metals
Eg:
oxygen,
carbon,
chlorine,
bromine,

magnesium,
gold,
mercury,
tin,

Metals
Shiny surface (luminous)
Malleable and ductile
High density
High tensile strength
Good thermal conductor
Good electrical conductor
High melting and boiling points

nitrogen,
sulphur,
argon,
iodine,

The properties of
Non-metals
Dull surface
Brittle and non-ductile
Low density
Low tensile strength
Poor thermal conductor
Poor electrical conductor
Low melting and boiling points

Ductile - Can be drawn into wires / can be stretched

Malleable - Can be bent or shaped without breaking

Brittle Hard but breaks easily
Tensile strength - Ability of an object to bear weight or tension without breaking

Luminosity
The surface of a copper rod and a carbon rod are
rubbed with a piece of sandpaper.

Observation
Non-metal
The surface of the copper
rod becomes shiny.

Non-metal
The surface of the
carbon rod
remains dull.

16

Ductility and tensile strength

1. The length of a copper rod is measured.
2. The apparatus as shown in diagram below is
set up. One end of the copper rod is pulled to
determine whether it becomes longer and
thinner.
3. The length of the copper rod is measured
again.
4. Then, it is pulled harder to determine whether it
can snap easily or not.
5. Steps 1 to 4 are repeated using carbon rod.

The copper rod becomes

longer and thinner. It does
not snap when a greater
force is applied.

The carbon rod

cannot be pulled to
become longer and
thinner. It snaps
easily when a
greater force is
applied.

Malleability
1. A strip of copper wire is bent to form a circle
2. Step 1 is repeated using a pencil lead

The copper wire can be

bent easily.

The pencil lead

cannot be bent. It
breaks easily.

Electrical conductivity
1. The apparatus as shown in diagram below is set
up.
2. Both ends of an iron rod are connected to the
crocodile clips to complete the circuit. The bulb is
observed to determine whether it lights up or not.
3. Steps 1 and 2 are repeated using a block of

The bulb lights up. This

shows that iron conducts
electricity.

The bulb does not

light up. This
shows that sulphur
does conduct
electricity.

17

sulphur.

Heat conductivity
1. One end of an iron rod and a carbon rod are
dipped into a beaker of hot water as shown in
diagram A
2. The rods are left in the hot water for 10 minutes.
3. The other ends of the rods are tested by hand to
find out whether they are hot or not as shown in
diagram B

The iron rod is hot.

Differences between metals and non-metals

Metals
In terms of
Luminosity
Density
Melting and boiling point
Ductility
Malleability
Tensile strength
Electrical conductivity
Heat conductivity

The carbon rod is

not hot.

Non-metals

Uses of metals

Metal
Copper

Aluminium
Iron

Properties
Excellent conductor of heat and
electricity
Highly ductile and malleable
Low density
Ductile and malleable
Good heat and electrical
conducts
Malleable and ductile
High tensile strength

Uses
Making electrical wires and
water
Making kitchen utensils
Copper tooling and statues
Making cooking utensils
Making soft drink cans
Making the bodies of aircrafts
Making electrical cables
Building vehicles and machines
Used as building material for
buildings, bri railway tracks

18

Tin

Malleable and ductile

Corrosion resistant

Lead

Malleable and ductile

Good conductor of electricity

Zinc

Gold and silver

Uses of non- metals

Non-metal
Chlorine

Malleable and ductile

Good electrical conductor
Corrosion resist
Shiny
Corrosion resistant (SPM)
Malleable

Properties
Poisonous
Dissolves easily in water to
form acids
Can make things turn pale or
white

Neon

Non-reactive

Helium

Non-reactive
Low density

Carbon in the form of

diamond

Strong and hard

Carbon in the form of

graphite

Soft and flaky

Conducts electricity

Sulphur

Reacts easily with oxygen to

form acidic compounds

Making stainless steel

Making tin-plated cans
Making pewter
Making electrodes of car
batteries
Storage containers for
radioactive substana
Making casings of dry cells
Making galvanised iron as
roofing material
Making jewellery
Making decorative items

Uses
As a disinfectant to kill germs in swimming
pools and water treatment plants
Making organic solvents
Making plastics
As a bleaching agent in making detergent
Making advertising lamps and electronic
appliance
Used to fill up weather balloons
Making jewellery
Cutting glass and stones (SPM)
Making pencil lead
As electrodes in dry cells
As a lubricant in machines
Making electrolytes in car batteries
Making detergents, paints, dyes and
fertilisers
Making vulcanised rubber

19