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VOL. 227, OCTOBER 26, 1993

391

Cuison vs. Court of Appeals

*

G.R. No. 88539. October 26, 1993.

KUE CUISON, doing business under the firm name and

style KUE CUISON PAPER SUPPLY, petitioner, vs. THE
COURT OF APPEALS, VALIANT INVESTMENT
ASSOCIATES, respondents.
Remedial Law; Appeal; It is elementary that in petitions for
review under Rule 45, the Court only passes upon questions of law.
This petition ought to have been denied outright, for in the final
analysis, it raises a factual issue. It is elementary that in petitions
for review under Rule 45, this Court only passes upon questions of
law. An exception thereto occurs where the findings of fact of the
Court of Appeals are at variance with the trial court, in which case
the Court reviews the evidence in order to arrive at the correct
findings based on the records.
Same; Evidence; Self-serving evidence is evidence made by a
party out of court at one time, it does not include a partys testimony
as a witness in court.The argument that Villanuevas testimony is
self-serving and therefore inadmissible on the lame excuse of his
employment with private respondent utterly misconstrues the
nature of self-serving evidence and the specific ground for its
exclusion. As pointed out by this Court in Co v. Court of Appeals, et
al., (99 SCRA 321 [1980]):
_______________
*

THIRD DIV ISION.

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392

SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

Cuison vs. Court of Appeals

Self-serving evidence is evidence made by a party out of court at

one time; it does not include a partys testimony as a witness in
court. It is excluded on the same ground as any hearsay evidence,
that is the lack of opportunity for cross-examination by the adverse
party, and on the consideration that its admission would open the
door to fraud and to fabrication of testimony. On the other hand, a
partys testimony in court is sworn and affords the other party the
opportunity for cross-examination (italics supplied).
Same; Same; Same; If a mans extrajudicial admissions are
admissible against him, there seems to be no reason why his
admissions made in open court, under oath, should not be accepted
against him.Furthermore, consistent with and as an obvious
indication of, the fact that Tiu Huy Tiac was the manager of the
Sto. Cristo branch, three (3) months after Tiu Huy Tiac left
petitioners employ, petitioner even sent communications to its
customers notifying them that Tiu Huy Tiac is no longer connected
with petitioners business. Such undertaking spoke unmistakenly of
Tiu Huy Tiacs valuable position as petitioners manager than any
uttered disclaimer. More than anything else, this act taken together
with the declaration of petitioner in-open court amount to
admissions under Rule 130 Section 22 of the Rules of Court, to wit:
The act, declaration or omission of a party as to a relevant fact may
be given in evidence against him. For well-settled is the rule that a
mans acts, conduct and declaration, wherever made, if voluntary,
are admissible against him, for the reason that it is fair to presume
that they correspond with the truth, and it is his fault if they do not.
If a mans extrajudicial admissions are admissible against him,
there seems to be no reason why his admissions made in open court,
under oath, should not be accepted against him.
Civil Law; Agency; One who clothes another with apparent
authority as his agent and holds him out to the public as such
cannot be permitted to deny the authority of such person to act as
his agent to the prejudice of innocent third parties dealing with
such person in good faith and in the honest belief that he is what
he appears to be.As to the merits of the case, it is a wellestablished rule that one who clothes another with apparent
authority as his agent and holds him out to the public as such
cannot be permitted to deny the authority of such person to act as
his agent, to the prejudice of innocent third parties dealing with
such person in good faith and in the honest belief that he is what he
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appears to be (Macke, et al. v. Camps, 7 Phil. 553 [1907]; Philippine

National Bank v. Court of Appeals, 94 SCRA 357 [1979]). From the
facts and the evidence on record, there is no doubt that this rule
obtains. The petition must therefore fail.
393

VOL. 227, OCTOBER 26, 1993

393

Cuison vs. Court of Appeals

Same; Same; Even when the agent has exceeded his authority,
the principal is solidarily liable with the agent if the former
allowed the latter to act as though he had full powers.Taken in
this light, petitioner is liable for the transaction entered into by Tiu
Huy Tiac on his behalf. Thus, even when the agent has exceeded
his authority, the principal is solidarily liable with the agent if the
former allowed the latter to act as though he had full powers
(Article 1911 Civil Code), as in the case at bar.
Same; Estoppel; A party cannot be allowed to go back on his
own acts and representations to the prejudice of the other party who
in good faith relied upon them.Tiu Huy Tiac, therefore, by
petitioners own representations and manifestations, became an
agent of petitioner by estoppel. Under the doctrine of estoppel, an
admission or representation is rendered conclusive upon the person
making it, and cannot be denied or disproved as against the person
relying thereon (Article 1431, Civil Code of the Philippines). A party
cannot be allowed to go back on his own acts and representations to
the prejudice of the other party who, in good faith, relied upon
them.
Same; Same; Same; As between two innocent parties, the one
who made it possible for the wrong to be done should be the one to
bear the resulting loss.Finally, although it may appear that Tiu
Huy Tiac defrauded his principal (petitioner) in not turning over
the proceeds of the transaction to the latter, such fact cannot in any
way relieve nor exonerate petitioner of his liability to private
respondent. For it is an equitable maxim that as between two
innocent parties, the one who made it possible for the wrong to be
done should be the one to bear the resulting loss.

PETITION for review of a decision of the Court of Appeals.

The facts are stated in the opinion of the Court.
Leighton R. Siazon for petitioner.
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Melanio L. Zoreta for private respondent.

BIDIN, J.:
This petition for review assails the decision of the
respondent Court of Appeals ordering petitioner to pay
private respondent, among others, the sum of P297,482.30
with interest. Said decision reversed the appealed decision of
the trial court rendered in favor of petitioner.
394

394

SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

Cuison vs. Court of Appeals

The case involves an action for a sum of money filed by

respondent against petitioner anchored on the following
antecedent facts:
Petitioner Kue Cuison is a sole proprietorship engaged in
the purchase and sale of newsprint, bond paper and scrap,
with places of business at Baesa, Quezon City, and Sto.
Cristo, Binondo, Manila. Private respondent Valiant
Investment Associates, on the other hand, is a partnership
duly organized and existing under the laws of the
Philippines with business address at Kalookan City.
From December 4, 1979 to February 15, 1980, private
respondent delivered various kinds of paper products
amounting to P297,487.30 to a certain Lilian Tan of LT
Trading. The deliveries were made by respondent pursuant
to orders allegedly placed by Tiu Huy Tiac who was then
employed in the Binondo office of petitioner. It was likewise
pursuant to Tiacs instructions that the merchandise was
delivered to Lilian Tan. Upon delivery, Lilian Tan paid for
the merchandise by issuing several checks payable to cash
at the specific request of Tiu Huy Tiac. In turn, Tiac issued
nine (9) postdated checks to private respondent as payment
for the paper products. Unfortunately, said checks were later
dishonored by the drawee bank.
Thereafter, private respondent made several demands
upon petitioner to pay for the merchandise in question,
claiming that Tiu Huy Tiac was duly authorized by
petitioner as the manager of his Binondo office, to enter into
the questioned transactions with private respondent and
Lilian Tan. Petitioner denied any involvement in the
transaction entered into by Tiu Huy Tiac and refused to pay
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private respondent the amount corresponding to the selling

price of the subject merchandise.
Left with no recourse, private respondent filed an action
against petitioner for the collection of P297,487.30
representing the price of the merchandise. After due
hearing, the trial court dismissed the complaint against
petitioner for lack of merit. On appeal, however, the decision
of the trial court was modified, but was in effect reversed by
the Court of Appeals, the dispositive portion of which reads:
WHEREFORE, the decision appealed from is MODIFIED in that
defendant-appellant Kue Cuison is hereby ordered to pay plaintiff395

VOL. 227, OCTOBER 26, 1993

395

Cuison vs. Court of Appeals

appellant Valiant Investment Associates the sum of P297,487.30
with 12% interest from the filing of the complaint until the amount
is fully paid, plus the sum of 7% of the total amount due as
attorneys fees, and to pay the costs. In all other respects, the
decision appealed from is affirmed. (Rollo, p. 55)

In this petition, petitioner contends that:

THE HONORABLE COURT ERRED IN FINDING TIU HUY TIAC
AGENT OF DEFENDANT-APPELLANT CONTRARY TO THE
UNDISPUTED/ESTABLISHED FACTS AND CIRCUMSTANCES.
THE
HONORABLE
COURT ERRED
IN
FINDING
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT LIABLE FOR AN OBLIGATION
UNDISPUTABLY BELONGING TO TIU HUY TIAC.
THE HONORABLE COURT ERRED IN REVERSING THE
WELL-FOUNDED DECISION OF THE TRIAL COURT. (Rollo, p.
19)

The issue here is really quite simple, and that iswhether

or not Tiu Huy Tiac possessed the required authority from
petitioner sufficient to hold the latter liable for the disputed
transaction.
This petition ought to have been denied outright, for in
the final analysis, it raises a factual issue. It is elementary
that in petitions for review under Rule 45, this Court only
passes upon questions of law. An exception thereto occurs
where the findings of fact of the Court of Appeals are at
variance with the trial court, in which case the Court
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reviews the evidence in order to arrive at the correct

findings based on the records.
As to the merits of the case, it is a well-established rule
that one who clothes another with apparent authority as his
agent and holds him out to the public as such cannot be
permitted to deny the authority of such person to act as his
agent, to the prejudice of innocent third parties dealing with
such person in good faith and in the honest belief that he is
what he appears to be (Macke, et al. v. Camps, 7 Phil. 553
[1907]; Philippine National Bank v. Court of Appeals, 94
SCRA 357 [1979]). From the facts and the evidence on
record, there is no doubt that this rule obtains. The petition
must therefore fail.
It is evident from the records that by his own acts and
admission, petitioner held out Tiu-Huy Tiac to the public as
the manager of his store in Sto. Cristo, Binondo, Manila.
More
396

396

SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

Cuison vs. Court of Appeals

particularly, petitioner explicitly introduced Tiu Huy Tiac

to Bernardino Villanueva, respondents manager, as his
(petitioners) branch manager as testified to by Bernardino
Villanueva. Secondly, Lilian Tan, who has been doing
business with petitioner for quite a while, also testified that
she knew Tiu Huy Tiac to be the manager of petitioners Sto.
Cristo, Binondo branch. This general perception of Tiu Huy
Tiac as the manager of petitioners Sto. Cristo store is even
made manifest by the fact that Tiu Huy Tiac is known in the
community to be the kinakapatid (godbrother) of
petitioner. In fact, even petitioner admitted his close
relationship with Tiu Huy Tiac when he said in open court
that they are like brothers (Rollo, p. 54). There was thus no
reason for anybody especially those transacting business
with petitioner to even doubt the authority of Tiu Huy Tiac
as his manager in the Sto. Cristo, Binondo branch.
In a futile attempt to discredit Villanueva, petitioner
alleges that the formers testimony is clearly self-serving
inasmuch as Villanueva worked for private respondent as
its manager.
We disagree. The argument that Villanuevas testimony
is self-serving and therefore inadmissible on the lame
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excuse of his employment with private respondent utterly

misconstrues the nature of self-serving evidence and the
specific ground for its exclusion. As pointed out by this
Court in Co v. Court of Appeals, et al., (99 SCRA 321
[1980]):
Self-serving evidence is evidence made by a party out of court at
one time; it does not include a partys testimony as a witness in
court. It is excluded on the same ground as any hearsay evidence,
that is the lack of opportunity for cross-examination by the adverse
party, and on the consideration that its admission would open the
door to fraud and to fabrication of testimony. On the other hand, a
partys testimony in court is sworn and affords the other party the
opportunity for cross-examination (italics supplied).

Petitioner cites Villanuevas failure, despite his commitment

to do so on cross-examination, to produce the very first
invoice of the transaction between petitioner and private
respondent as another ground to discredit Villanuevas
testimony. Such failure, petitioner argues, proves that
Villanueva was not only bluffing when he pretended that he
can produce the invoice, but that Villanueva was likewise
prevaricating when he insisted that
397

VOL. 227, OCTOBER 26, 1993

397

Cuison vs. Court of Appeals

such prior transactions actually took place. Petitioner is
mistaken. In fact, it was petitioners counsel himself who
withdrew the reservation to have Villanueva produce the
document in court. As aptly observed by the Court of
Appeals in its decision:
x x x However, during the hearing on March 3, 1981, Villanueva
failed to present the document adverted to because defendantappellants counsel withdrew his reservation to have the former
(Villanueva) produce the document or invoice, thus prompting
plaintiff-appellant to rest its case that same day (t.s.n., pp. 39-40,
Sess. of March 3, 1981). Now, defendant-appellant assails the
credibility of Villanueva for having allegedly failed to produce even
one single document to show that plaintiff-appellant and defendantappellant have had transactions before, when in fact said failure of
Villanueva to produce said document is a direct off-shoot of the
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action of defendant-appellants counsel who withdrew his

reservation for the production of the document or invoice and which
led plaintiff-appellant to rest its case that very day. (Rollo, p. 52)

In the same manner, petitioner assails the credibility of

Lilian Tan by alleging that Tan was part of an intricate plot
to defraud him. However, petitioner failed to substantiate or
prove that the subject transaction was designed to defraud
him. Ironically, it was even the testimony of petitioners
daughter and assistant manager Imelda Kue Cuison which
confirmed the credibility of Tan as a witness. On the witness
stand, Imelda testified that she knew for a fact that prior to
the transaction in question, Tan regularly transacted
business with her father (petitioner herein), thereby
corroborating Tans testimony to the same effect. As
correctly found by the respondent court, there was no logical
explanation for Tan to impute liability upon petitioner.
Rather, the testimony of Imelda Kue Cuison only served to
add credence to Tans testimony as regards the transaction,
the liability for which petitioner wishes to be absolved.
But of even greater weight than any of these testimonies,
is petitioners categorical admission on the witness stand
that Tiu Huy Tiac was the manager of his store in Sto.
Cristo, Binondo, to wit:
Court:
xxx
398

398

SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

Cuison vs. Court of Appeals

Q And who was managing the store in Sto. Cristo?

A At first it was Mr. Ang, then later Mr. Tiu Huy Tiac but
I cannot remember the exact year.
Q So, Mr. Tiu Huy Tiac took over the management.
A Not that was because every afternoon, I was there, sir.
Q But in the morning, who takes charge?
A Tiu Huy Tiac takes charge of management and if there
(sic) orders for newsprint or bond papers they are
always ref erred to the compound in Baesa, sir. (t.s.n.,
p. 16, Session of January 20, 1981, CA decision, Rollo, p.
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50, italics supplied).

Such admission, spontaneous no doubt, and standing alone,
is sufficient to negate all the denials made by petitioner
regarding the capacity of Tiu Huy Tiac to enter into the
transaction in question. Furthermore, consistent with and
as an obvious indication of, the fact that Tiu Huy Tiac was
the manager of the Sto. Cristo branch, three (3) months
after Tiu Huy Tiac left petitioners employ, petitioner even
sent communications to its customers notifying them that
Tiu Huy Tiac is no longer connected with petitioners
business. Such undertaking spoke unmistakenly of Tiu Huy
Tiacs valuable position as petitioners manager than any
uttered disclaimer. More than anything else, this act taken
together with the declaration of petitioner in open court
amount to admissions under Rule 130, Section 22 of the
Rules of Court, to wit: The act, declaration or omission of a
party as to a relevant fact may be given in evidence against
him. For well-settled is the rule that a mans acts, conduct
and declaration, wherever made, if voluntary, are
admissible against him, for the reason that it is fair to
presume that they correspond with the truth, and it is his
fault if they do not. If a mans extrajudicial admissions are
admissible against him, there seems to be no reason why his
admissions made in open court, under oath, should not be
accepted against him. (U.S. vs. Ching Po, 23 Phil. 578, 583
[1912]).
Moreover, petitioners unexplained delay in disowning
the transactions entered into by Tiu Huy Tiac despite
several attempts made by respondent to collect the amount
from him, proved all the more that petitioner was aware of
the questioned transactions. Such omission was tantamount
to an admission by silence under Rule 130 Section 23 of the
Rules of Court, thus: Any act or declaration made in the
presence of and within the
399

VOL. 227, OCTOBER 26, 1993

399

Cuison vs. Court of Appeals

observation of a party who does or says nothing when the
act or declaration is such as naturally to call for action or
comment if not true, may be given in evidence against him.
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All of these point to the fact that at the time of the

transaction, Tiu Huy Tiac was admittedly the manager of
petitioners store in Sto. Cristo, Binondo. Consequently, the
transaction in question as well as the concomitant
obligation is valid and binding upon petitioner.
By his representations, petitioner is now estopped from
disclaiming liability for the transaction entered into by Tiu
Huy Tiac on his behalf. It matters not whether the
representations are intentional or merely negligent so long
as innocent third persons relied upon such representations
in good faith and for value. As held in the case of Manila
Remnant Co., Inc. v. Court of Appeals, (191 SCRA 622
[1990]):
More in point, we find that by the principle of estoppel, Manila
Remnant is deemed to have allowed its agent to act as though it had
plenary powers. Article 1911 of the Civil Code provides:
Even when the agent has exceeded his authority, the principal
is solidarily liable with the agent if the former allowed the latter to
act as though he had full powers. (Italics supplied).
The above-quoted article is new. It is intended to protect the
rights of innocent persons. In such a situation, both the principal
and the agent may be considered as joint tortfeasors whose liability
is joint and solidary.
Authority by estoppel has arisen in the instant case because by
its negligence, the principal, Manila Remnant, has permitted its
agent, AU. Valencia and Co., to exercise powers not granted to it.
That the principal might not have had actual knowledge of the
agents misdeed is of no moment.

Tiu Huy Tiac, therefore, by petitioners own representations

and manifestations, became an agent of petitioner by
estoppel. Under the doctrine of estoppel, an admission or
representation is rendered conclusive upon the person
making it, and cannot be denied or disproved as against the
person relying thereon (Article 1431, Civil Code of the
Philippines). A party cannot be allowed to go back on his
own acts and representations to the prejudice of the other
party who, in good faith, relied upon them (Philippine
National Bank v. Intermediate Appellate Court, et
400

400

SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

Cuison vs. Court of Appeals

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al., 189 SCRA 680 [1990]).

Taken in this light, petitioner is liable for the transaction
entered into by Tiu Huy Tiac on his behalf. Thus, even
when the agent has exceeded his authority, the principal is
solidarity liable with the agent if the former allowed the
latter to act as though he had full powers (Article 1911 Civil
Code), as in the case at bar.
Finally, although it may appear that Tiu Huy Tiac
defrauded his principal (petitioner) in not turning over the
proceeds of the transaction to the latter, such fact cannot in
any way relieve nor exonerate petitioner of his liability to
private respondent. For it is an equitable maxim that as
between two innocent parties, the one who made it possible
for the wrong to be done should be the one to bear the
resulting loss (Francisco vs. Government Service Insurance
System, 7 SCRA 577 [1963]).
Inasmuch as the fundamental issue of the capacity or
incapacity of the purported agent Tiu Huy Tiac, has already
been resolved, the Court deems it unnecessary to resolve the
other peripheral issues raised by petitioner.
WHEREFORE, the instant petition is hereby DENIED
for lack of merit. Costs against petitioner.
SO ORDERED.
Feliciano (Chairman), Romero, Melo and Vitug, JJ.,
concur.
Petition denied.
Note.It is well-settled principle that the agent shall be
liable for the act or omission of the principal only if the
latter is undisclosed (Maritime Agencies & Services Inc. vs.
Court of Appeals, 187 SCRA 346).
o0o
401

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