J.

of Supercritical Fluids 34 (2005) 109117

Supercritical technology in Brazil: system investigated (19942003)

Paulo T.V. Rosa, M. Angela A. Meireles
LASEFI-DEA/FEA (College of Food Engineering), UNICAMP (State University of Campinas), Cx. Postal 6121,
13083-970 Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil

Abstract
In this work, a review of the Brazilian scientific production in the past 10 years in the field of supercritical fluid is presented. The historical
facts associated with the previous edition of the Brazilian Meeting on Supercritical Fluids are discussed. Because of the importance of the
other South America countries contribution to the filed, a summary of the research published in the past 5 years by all South America countries
is also presented.
In the past 5 years (19992003) 82 papers from South American countries were published in journals indexed in the Web of Science data
base. Of these, 26 papers were related to the use of supercritical fluids as an analytical tool. Supercritical extraction from a variety of vegetable
raw material contributed with 38 papers and the petroleum industry added 2 papers to the field. Reactions contributed with 3 publications
while thermodynamics and fundamental studies were responsible for 13 publications. The Brazilian contribution represented 5384% of the
publications in the above areas.
2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Brazil; High pressure phase equilibria; Process parameters; Reaction under supercritical conditions; Solubility data; Supercritical fluids; Supercritical
fluid extraction

1. Historical facts
The first Brazilian Meeting on Supercritical Fluids
(EESPN94) was held in August 2223, 1994. It was organized by LASEFI (Lab Physical Separations), DEA (Department of Food Eng)/FEA (College of Food Engineering), UNICAMP (State University of Campinas), with the
intent of being a space to discuss the research being done
in Brazil. At that time the six invited speakers were R.
Dorhn (Technische Universitat Hamburg, Harburg, TUHH)
from Germany and L.E.D.N. Sutter (Liquid Carbonic Industrias S.A.), E. Cassel (PEQ, COPPE/Federal University of
Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ), J.V. Oliveira (DEQA/Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC), F.M. Lancas (Institute of
Chemistry, IQ/University of Sao Paulo, USP), and G.L.V.
Coelho (Department of Chemical Technology, DTQ/Federal
Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRRJ) from Brazil.
EESPN94 was sponsored by FAEP (UNICAMP Research
Foundation), FAPESP (State of Sao Paulo Science Founda

Corresponding author. Tel.: +55 19 3788 4033; fax: +55 19 3788 4027.
E-mail address: meireles@fea.unicamp.br (M.A.A. Meireles).

0896-8446/$ see front matter 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.supflu.2004.11.003

tion), SucoCitrico Cutrale Ltda, Liquid Carbonic Industrias

S.A., and SBCTA (Brazilian Society of Food Science and
Technology). The number of abstracts submitted was 24 (16
poster and 8 oral presentations); the official language was Portuguese. The journal Ciencia e Tecnologia de Alimentos
published a special issue with 21 papers (196 pages) containing the papers presented in EESPN94 [121]. In August 45,
1997 LASEFI, DEA/FEA, UNICAMP organized the second
Brazilian Meeting on Supercritical Fluids (EESPN97). The
invited speakers were E.J.S.G. Azevedo (Centro de Qumica
Estrutural, Instituto Superior Tecnico) from Portugal and
R. S. Mohamed (College of Chem. Eng., FEQ/UNICAMP)
from Brazil. EESPN97 was sponsored by FAEP, UNICAMP,
FAPESP, CAPES, CNPq (Brazilian National Science Foundation), and SBCTA. The number of abstracts submitted increased to 61 (21 oral and 40 poster presentations). At this
time, contributions came also from Argentina, France, and
Germany. Again, the journal Ciencia e Tecnologia de Alimentos published a special issue containing 31 papers presented in the EESPN97 [2252]. The third Brazilian Meeting
on Supercritical Fluids (EESCPN99) was held from November 29 to December 1st, 1999 and was organized by DEQ,

110

P.T.V. Rosa, M.A.A. Meireles / J. of Supercritical Fluids 34 (2005) 109117

EQ/UFRJ. The invited speakers were G. Brunner (Technische

Universitat Hamburg, Harburg) from Germany, E. Macedo
(Universidade do Porto) from Portugal, G. Davidson (University of Nottingham) from England, and M.A.A. Meireles
(FEA, UNICAMP) from Brazil. EESCPN99 was sponsored
by CNPq, White Martins, Embrapa, IFF, FAPERJ (State of
Rio de Janeiro Science Foundation), Swim, Banco do Brasil,
and Souza Cruz. The number of manuscripts remained the
same (25 oral and 35 poster presentations); nonetheless,
the number of non-Brazilian contributions increased; contributions from Germany, Portugal, Chile, and England were
among the presentations of EESCPN99. The Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering published an issue in 2000 containing 14 papers presented in the conference [5366]. The
fourth edition of this conference, the IV Brazilian Meeting on
Supercritical Fluids (IV EBFS 2001) was organized by Department of Chemistry/Federal University of Bahia, UFBA
and Institute of Technology/University of Tiradentes, UNIT.
IV EBFS was held in Salvador (Bahia) in October 911, 2001.
The official conference language was English and of the 110
contributions several were non-Brazilian contributions from
Chile, Argentina, Holland, USA, Germany, Portugal, Italy,
and Japan. The international nature of the conference can be
observed by the invited speakers: C.J. Peters (Delft University
of Technology) from Holland, I. Kikic (DICAMP/University
of Triestre) from Italy, J.F. Brennecke (University of Notre
Dame) from USA, A.M.F. Palavra (Centro de Qumica Estrutural/IST) from Portugal, F.L.P. Pessoa (DEQ, EQ/UFRJ)
and M.A.A. Meireles (FEA/UNICAMP) from Brazil.

of the South American countries were used as a restriction.

The search returned 102 journal papers for the 19992003
period. Because the word SFE is also used as abbreviation
for ferrous sulfate or stacking fault energy a manual
search was done to detect these papers. Therefore, from the
102 articles, 20 articles were removed because they were
review papers or did not deal with supercritical extraction.
To evaluate the importance of supercritical fluids worldwide, a broad search using the word supercritical fluid(s) in
the ISI Web of Science database was done. The query returned
5511 documents for the period 19942003. Using a more restrictive query including the word extraction in the following context: supercritical fluid(s) extraction, compressed
carbon dioxide extraction, pressurized carbon dioxide (extraction), pressurized CO2 , supercritical CO2 resulted in
3678; when the search was restricted to the title 1669 publications met the criteria. The South American countries contributed with 153 papers being 122 from Brazil.
Table 1 shows the evolution of the publications in South
America in the area from 1994 to 2003; in the table review articles were not included. The papers were classified into four
groups: analytical methods, extraction from solids substratum (ExSS), thermodynamics and fundamental studies, and
reactions. In the last 10 years, 36% of the scientific production
in this field was related to analytical methods (66 articles),
40% to extraction (74 articles), 2% to reaction (4 articles),
and 22% to thermodynamics (40 articles). Considering only
the past 5 years, 48% of the articles were classified under
ExSS (43 articles) while 29% were classified under analytical methods (26 articles), 5% dealt with reactions (4 articles
studying hydrolysis and alcoholysis) and 18% studying the
Thermodynamics and fundamental aspects of supercritical
technology (16 articles).
The sources of the reference data classified as discussed
above were: analytical methods [69,3438,67123]; extraction [2,45,1011,18,19,21,22,2429,3133,3941,45,50,
52,53,55,5759,61,62,66,124165]; thermodynamics and
fundamental studies [3,1217,20,23,30,4244,4649,51,54,
56,60,6364,166182]; reaction in supercritical media
[65,183185]. The majority of the extraction data are related
to food processing applied to the production of aromas,
flavors, functional foods, etc.
Table 2 shows a compilation of experimental data published by Brazilian researchers (19942003) with the relevant information for process design. The data were organized

2. Supercritical uid extraction: a data summary

(19942003)
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) applied to the
processing of natural products such as natural pigments,
aromas, and so on has received a lot of attention in the past
two decades. In the South American countries, it has found
several applications mainly due to the rich biodiversity of
these countries. In order to attain a measure of the size of the
area in this region, a literature survey was performed using
the Web of Science database. The words used were supercritical fluid(s) extraction, compressed carbon dioxide
extraction, pressurized carbon dioxide (extraction), pressurized CO2 , supercritical CO2 , and SFE; the names

Table 1
Numbers of publications related to supercritical fluids originating in South America
Field

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

Total

Analytical methods
ExSS
Reactions
Thermodynamics and fundamentals
Total

8
9

8
25a

2
11

12
19

11
42b

8
2

3
13

5
6

2
13

7
13
2
8
30

6
7
1
2
16

4
10
1
2
17

4
8

2
14

66
74
4
40
184

a
b

Including papers published in Cienc. Tecnol. Aliment. 14 (suppl.).

Including the papers published in Cienc. Tecnol. Aliment. 17 (4).

Table 2
Experimental data obtained in SFE units using laboratory scale extractor vessel (VE > 50 mL) in Brazil
Raw material

Volatile oil

VE 106
(m3 )
385

dB 103
(m)
64

HB 103
(m)
130

Oleoresin

26.4

10.5

305

29

0.080.11

Fatty acids and

carotenoids
Volatile oil
oleoresin

170

60

60

100

203

39.6

165.5

97.5

n.a.

Caffeine,
theobromine and
cocoa butter
Methylxanthines

50

50

Target component

Black pepper
Buriti

Mauritia exuosa

Chamomileb

Coal

Chamomilla
recutita L.
Rauschert

Cocoa beanse

Theobroma cacao

Cocoa beansc

Theobroma cacao

Anise seedb

T
( C)
30

80140

QCO2 105
(kg/s)
1.236.12

1100

3040

150300

0.121.05

0.212.38

590

4055

200300

3043

75
.4

0.270.54

370

3040

100200

3.336.66

n.a.

40

0.851.18

410

325400

70125

4.67

n.a.

n.a.

0.32

60.0

70

400

9.5

n.a.

n.a.

0.3152.00

60.0

5070

400

F 103 (kg)

P (bar)

Yielda
(%)
3
.110.7

4
.77.8
2
.54.33

[143]

[136]

300

46

180

115

n.a.

383.3

50

152248

2.2

47

Gingerb,c

Zingiber ofcinale
Roscoe
Zingiber ofcinale
Roscoe
n.a.

Oleoresin

232

27.6

387

80

0.390

350

2535

200250

5.90

Oleoresin

243

28.3

387

80

1.02

339

3040

150250

5.26.0

Caffeine

50

n.a.

n.a.

0.6301.00

60.0

4070

100400

9.50

1
.932.65
2
.13.0
98d

[156]

9.5

Cocoa butter

Guarana seedsc

[133]

[162]

Theobroma cacao

Ginger

[128]

2
.28.5
37
.466.4d ,
13.9 29.9, 2748
20d

Cocoa beans

Ref.

[135]

[137]

[140]
[126]
[137]

Guarana seeds

n.a.

Caffeine

50

n.a.

n.a.

0.6301.00

100.0

4070

400

15.67

98

Lippia sidoidesb

Lippia sidoides
Cham.
Ilex paraguariensis

Volatile oil

220

21.6

600

120

0.334

546

1025

66.778.5

0.623.16

[138]

Methyl-xanthines

50

n.a.

n.a.

0.3152.00

40

4070

400

9.5

1
.473.11
98d

Volatile oil

200

n.a.

n.a.

25

n.a.

125

2040

100200

1.67

235

28.3

375

56

n.a.

238

4555

200300

2.03.3

Passion fruit seeds

Passiora edulis

Fatty acids
carotenoids
Fatty acids

208

80

130

500

0.181.19

2400

4470

200300

25

0
.201.50
1
.765.29
1128

[127]

Palm

Majorana hortensis
Moench
Elaes guineensis

Spirulina

Spirulina maxima

370

50

130

173f

0.301.18

940

2070

150180

3.3

Thymus vulgaris

50

n.a.

n.a.

1012

0.130.32

200240

40

200

1.45.7

Turmericc

Curcuma longa L.

Oleoresin

50

17.6

198

20

0.2

750

2530

250300

1124

Curcuma longa L.

Oleoresin

232

27.4

375

126

0.69

30

300

0.84

0
.300.95
0
.511.93
4
.522.5
77

[131]

Thyme

Fatty acids and

carotenoids
Oleoresin

Stevia rebaudiana
Bertoni
Stevia rebaudiana
Bertoni

Volatile oil and

glycosides
Volatile oil and
glycosides

232

27.6

387

62

0.83

270

1030

120200

5.05.6

235

28.3

375

6982

0.98

400

1645

120200

4.82

Mate leaves
Marjoram

Turmericc
b,c

Stevia leaves

Stevia leaves
a
b
c
d
f

[137]

[151]
[4]

[66]
[149]
[165]
[130]
[55]

111

Mass of extract/mass of feed.

Solubility data reported.
Indicates the use of cosolvent.
Percentage of the extractable material.
Data using ethane is also available.
Plus 0.173 kg of glass beads.

0
.381.63
0
.123.

[137]

P.T.V. Rosa, M.A.A. Meireles / J. of Supercritical Fluids 34 (2005) 109117

B
(kg/m3 )

191

dp 103
(m)
0.3550.71

Botanic name
(or variety)
Pimpinella anisum
L.
Peper nigrum L.

200360

1.122.20

n.a.

[74]
4070
143
n.a.
1
n.a.
Isoflavones

n.a.

References

Mass of extract/mass of feed.

Solubility data.

Soybean flour

Rosemary

Pupunha

Nutmeg

Black pepperb

The authors are grateful to FAPESP for the financial support (1999/01962-1). P.T.V. Rosa thanks CAPES for the pos
doctorate fellowship (AUX-PRODOC-046/02-7).

34.7
7
200300
69.6
Extract

58

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

913
2831
20
Fatty acids

29

29

44

250300

[125]
3050
120

0.60

1.57.0
0.901.50
90
1724
Volatile oil fatty
acids

35

21

100

23

[57]
4550
688

0.301.45

n.a.
0.121.15
150300
29
Oleoresin

26.4

10.5

305

3060

[159]
485685

0.080.11

0.38
1.425.67
1.5

Baccharis dracunculifolia
Piper nigrun
L.
Myristica
fragrans
Houttuyn
Guilielma
speciosa
Rosmarinus
ofcinalis
IAC-12 variety
Baccharia

Volatile oil

n.a.

n.a.

90120

Yielda
QCO2 105
(kg/s)
P (bar)
dp 103
(m)
F 103
(kg)
HB l03
(m)
dB 103
(m)
VE 106
(m3 )
Target
component (m3 )
Botanic name
(or variety)
Raw material

Table 3
Experimental data obtained in SFE units using small extractor vessel (VE < 50 mL) in Brazil

[154]
1100

0.2

Acknowledgments

[148]
4060
215

alphabetically with respect to the common name of the solid

substratum. The following information is given: the geometry
of the extractor vessel expressed in terms of the extractors
volume (VE ), the diameter (dB ), and the height (HB ). The
amount of solid used (F), the size of the particles (dp ), the
temperature and the pressure used were also listed. The bed
apparent density (B ), the solvent flow rate (QCO2 ), and the
yield (Xo ), if not provided, were estimated. Table 3 shows
similar information for the data obtained in analytical scale
extraction vessels (VE < 50 mL).
In spite of the technical expertise and the raw material
availability in both good quality and price, there is no industrial scale supercritical extraction unit in South America.
Supercritical fluid extraction is known to be an expensive
process due to the high investment associated to high pressure operations and, in general, this process is disregarded
at the early stages of process development even before a
technicaleconomical analysis. Therefore, the availability
of fast way to estimate the cost of manufacturing (COM)
extracts by supercritical fluid extraction may keep SFE as an
alternative among the various extraction techniques [186].

Ref.
T ( C)

P.T.V. Rosa, M.A.A. Meireles / J. of Supercritical Fluids 34 (2005) 109117

B (kg/m3 )

112

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113

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