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Abstract
A model of release of the gas dissolved in the liquid phase during two-phase flow through a Venturi tube is proposed. Using
several simplifying assumptions, the analytical solution for a proposed model for the pressure drop is obtained. This solution can
be used for estimating the flow conditions at which the contribution of the pressure drop due to the gas release is significant compared
with that due to the flow acceleration. The dimensionless parameters appearing in the solution can be used for interpretation of
the experimental data on gases flashing during flows through differential pressure devices and other flow constrictions. 2002
Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Venturi meter; Two-phase flow; Gas release; Mass transfer
1. Introduction
The accurate measurement of the flow rates of multiphase fluids in the petroleum industry is of great importance for reservoir production management. The most
reliable measurement technique for multiphase flow is
mixture separation and use of conventional single-phase
measuring devices. However, in many cases the separation is not practical from both technical and economical
points of view. An alternative solution is the multiphase
flow metering system. Usually, such a system consists
of a combination of devices for phase fraction measurement and phase velocity measurement. The former uses
the essential difference of some physical property of the
phases in deriving the mixture composition, and they are
unique for multiphase measuring techniques. The velocity measurement in multiphase flows is often performed
by means of conventional single-phase flow devices
complemented with an appropriate two-phase flow
model.
A survey of existing solutions in multiphase flow met-
0955-5986/02/$ - see front matter 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 9 5 5 - 5 9 8 6 ( 0 2 ) 0 0 0 1 3 - 4
14
release of the gases may significantly increase the volumetric flow rate of the mixture. Moreover, the mass
transfer changes the momentum transfer between the
phases. Both effects will give rise to the pressure drop
with subsequent incorrect interpretation of the flow
meter readings unless the effects of the dissolved gas
release are allowed for. The aim of the present study is
to qualitatively investigate the two-phase flow through
a Venturi meter in the presence of dissolved in liquid
gas, and to obtain a criterion indicating when the gas
release should be taken into account in the measurement process.
2. Basic equations
In the most general form, the motion of one-dimensional two-phase flow can be described using the twofluid model, when the single-phase flow theory is applied
to each phase separately. The governing equations are
as follows:
Continuity equation for phase i (i G, L):
d
(r a u A) ij
dz i i i
(1)
and
Momentum conservation equation:
dp
dui
riui rigcos(g,z) fi,
dz
dz
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
dP
1 dA
2U2
2NCNMUC
dZ
AdZ
d(C)
NM
1 dP
C
dZ
(1a)U
EudZ
(6)
where P (p0p) / 1 / 2rmu20 is the dimensionless pressure difference, Z z / D0 is the distance, A (D / D0)2
is the cross-sectional area, U u / u0 is the mixture velocity, and C (CCp) / Cp0 is the concentration difference normalized by the saturation concentration at inlet
conditions. The dimensionless parameters in Eq. (6) are
the Euler number, Eu P0 / 1 / 2rmu20; the ratio of gas
concentrations in liquid and gaseous phases, NC
Cp0 / rG; the dimensionless volumetric mass transfer
coefficient, NM D0kLa / u0; and rm stands for the mixture homogeneous density, rm arG (1a)rL. The
initial conditions for the system described by Eq. (6) are
C0 0, P0 0.
The first approximation to the solution of the system
described by Eqs. (6) can be obtained by observing that
the second term on the right-hand side (RHS) of the first
equation, i.e., the pressure drop due to gas release, is
much smaller than the pressure drop due to acceleration.
Thus, it is possible to solve for the concentration difference using the initial approximation for the pressure
drop P 11 / A2 and assuming that the mass transfer
coefficient and gas void fraction remain nearly constant
during the flow. This yields
1 dA
2
exp[b(h)b(Z)] 3 dh,
C(Z)
Eu
A dh
0
where
(7)
b(Z)
NM
A(Z)dZ.
1a
(8)
For the general shape of the profile A(Z) the concentration difference along the Venturi is represented by an
incomplete gamma function. However, in the particulate
case A (1 KZ) 1, where coefficient K is determined by the Venturi outlet to inlet area ratio, Eq. (7) can
be integrated analytically to yield
C
NM
2
2
Eu
(1a)K
NM
A2A(1a)K .
(9)
4NMNC 2
(b 2b4 1),
EuK
(10)
(1 2b2).
Pa
EuK
15
(13)
(11)
4. Conclusions
3. Model evaluation
kLaD
0.5 0.5
L
18.75e
0.79
e 0.05atm / s
,
e0.05atm / s
(12)
16
at moderate velocities the correction for this phenomenon can be of the order of several percent.
Although the model was developed using several simplifying assumptions which are not always valid in real
flows, there are still several applications in which the
solution obtained can be used. First, it can be employed
to estimate the limit when the models used in the metering process should be allowed for the effect of the gas
release. Such an estimation will be reliable for bubbly
flows where the assumptions of low void fraction and
flow homogeneity hold. It has also been shown that the
effect of gas release in flows with high void fraction is
minor. Further, the non-dimensional parameters, NC and
NM, appearing in the solution [Eq. (11)] can be used for
correlating the experimental data and developing the corrections for use in multiphase flow metering.
Acknowledgements
This study was partially supported by Agar Corporation (Houston, TX, USA).
References
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[2] G.C. Carofano, H.N. McManus, An analytical and experimental
study of the flow of airwater and steamwater mixtures in a
convergingdiverging nozzle, Progress in Heat and Mass Transfer 2 (1969) 395417.