A GIS BASED EVALUATION OF UNIVERSITY OF

ILORIN PRIMARY WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

(Approved Final Year Project Proposal)

By

Adeleye Emmanuel OLAOYE (10/30GB074)

Department of Civil Engineering
University of Ilorin
Ilorin, Nigeria

Advisor:
Dr Olayinka Okeola
Department of Water Resources &
Enviromental Engineering
University of Ilorin, Nigeria
January 2015

A GIS BASED EVALUATION OF UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN PRIMARY

WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
By
OLAOYE A.E.
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
1. Introduction
Theres no piped water for two-third of the worlds population (Reddy, 1987). Its not norm
for the most of the world to have a piped supply of first-class water continuously available.
Piped supply of water is inadequate or wholly lacking in developing countries and in many
parts of large and small towns. It is possible to survive without food for some days, but its
not possible to survive without water for much of time. It is a free gift of nature to human
race and it has also helped ancient civilizations developed because it has provided drinking
water and for domestic uses and also for irrigational purposes. The water supplied by
modern municipalities perform many functions, such as, supply physical needs, preserve
bodily cleanliness, ensures the cleanliness of all personal and municipal environments,
furnishes a means of fire protection and meets the needs of the industry.
Distribution system is a network of pipelines that distribute water to the consumers. They
are designed to adequately satisfy the water requirement for a combination of domestic,
commercial, industrial and firefighting purposes. A good distribution system must satisfy the
following: (1.) Adequate water pressure at the consumer's taps for a specific rate of flow,
(2.) Pressures should be great enough to adequately meet firefighting needs, but not
excessive as it results in high cost and leakages, (3.) Purity of distributed water should be
maintained. This requires distribution system to be completely water-tight. Maintenance of
the distribution system should be easy and economical. Water should remain available
during breakdown periods of pipeline. System of distribution should not be such that if one
pipe bursts, it puts a large area without water. If a particular pipe length is under repair and
has been shut down, the water to the population living in the down-stream side of this
pipeline should be available from other pipeline. During repairs, it should not cause any
obstruction to traffic. In other words, the pipelines should not be laid under highways
carriage ways but below foot paths.
Researchers in the field of water distribution are continuously concerned with performance
improvement of distribution networks, analyzing specifically the inadequacies related to
water demand and leakage reduction, corrosion growth, water hammer and impacts, pump
failures. Drawing parallels with medicine may therefore not be so ridiculous; it is almost that
the average life expectancy of water users could be brought into a proportion with the
average lifetime of the network components. Some futuristic research topic could aim at
possible correlations between the condition of distribution networks and medical records of
the population supplied from them. It is not quite clear how feasible such a research could
Final Year Project Proposal

Department Of Civil Engineering

AE Olaoye

be, but it is very clear that computer models would be playing essential role in it (Trifunovic,
2012).
Hydraulic modeling software launched massively in the developed countries in early eighties
has been speedily introduced all over the world. Water quality modeling applications that
followed with the delay of some 10-15 years are nowadays equally available in practice.
Such breakthrough allowed a single water distribution expert to analyze dozens of design
and operational scenarios for the same time that would be required by a dozen of experts to
analyze a single one in the era of manual calculations and hydraulic tables and diagrams
being daily practice just a couple of decades ago. The trend accelerated significantly by the
end of the millennium and the challenges of water distribution in the 21st century go even
beyond optimization of design and operation of selected layouts. New possibilities are
opened to look deeper into the mechanisms of corrosion, sediment transport and other
phenomena that are affecting maintenance practices and eventually play role in the overall
ageing of the system (Trifunovic, 2012).
Based on what has been achieved only within the last decade, it is fair to believe that a
model that could simulate full behavior of distribution network throughout a longer period
of time than just a few days is not necessarily a dream. Apart from readily available results
showing the network hydraulic performance, such model could suggest how the network
should be managed throughout its entire design period. The prerequisites for having such a
model, very likely sorted according to the degree of research complexity is to have complete
picture of complex mechanisms that take place in pipes (Trifunovic, 2012). This study will
evaluate the primary water distribution network of the University of Ilorin with the aim to
get an insight to cost-effective evaluation of the system and the general efficiency of the
system.
2. Aim and Objectives
The aim of this project is to evaluate the current status primary water distribution of
University of Ilorin in terms of hydraulic efficiency in meeting the demands sustainably. The
following are the specific objectives of the study:
1. To identify the network system, appurtenances, storage and service reservoirs
2. To estimate flows at nodes to ensure adequate supply of water quantity and residual
pressure available in the system
3. To investigate the maintenance and operating cost
3. Scope and Limitation of Study
This study will only cover the University of Ilorin primary water distribution network.
4. Problem Statement
The University of Ilorin now runs (2014) one campus system. There is the need to evaluate
the water distribution network that now serving pre and post single campus with increase in
population to ascertain the extent of satisfactory service delivery. The interaction with the
department in charge of operating the water supply scheme indicated the challenges facing
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water rationing and network maintenance. Thus this implies that a multidisciplinary
approach from planning stand point would be required for the problem to abate. In view of
this, this study intends to use Geographic Information Systems (GIS) as a planning tool for
evaluating the adequacy of primary distribution network meeting the water demand of the
campus with the view to identify area needed attention. This study is expected to lead to
improve cost-effective operation of the system, provide a specific program for distribution
system, operation and maintenance for water network, provide adequate knowledge of
water networks information such as pipes types which feed the zonal distribution area,
control valves and a base data for water network information for the campus.
5. Literature Review
Water distribution systems convey water drawn from water treatment facility, to the point
where it is delivered to the users. The distribution system is a network of pipelines inside
the municipal limit and it consists of large size mains, arterials mains of intermediate size
and minors distributors together with valves, hydrants, service connections, etc. Pumps are
also required to pump water directly into the mains or to the elevated reservoirs (Singh, et
al. 2007). Unlike the transmission systems, these systems deal with water demand that
varies considerably in the course of a day. Water consumption is highest during the hours
that water is used for personal hygiene and cleaning, and when food preparation and
clothes washing are done. Water use is lowest during the night. This variation in flow can be
dealt with by operating pumps in parallel and/or building balancing storage in the system.
Water distribution networks serve many purposes in addition to the provision of water for
human consumption, which often accounts for less than 2% of the total volume supplied.
Networks are designed to meet peak demands. However, in parts of the network this
creates low-flow conditions that can contribute to the deterioration of microbial and
chemical water quality. To maintain microbial quality, the network should be designed and
operated to prevent ingress of contaminants, to maintain disinfectant residual
concentrations within a locally predetermined range and to minimize the transit time or age
of the water after leaving the treatment works (Chambers, et al. 2004). A distribution
system is one which can deliver adequate water pressure at the consumers tap. The choice
of the distribution system depends on the topography of the area of the distribution and
evaluation. The distribution systems can be classified as:
I. Gravity system
II.
Pumping system without storage
III.
Dual system with storage
There are basically two main layouts of a distribution network:
I. Branched configuration
II.
Looped (grid) configuration
A branched or dead end system consists of one supply or trunk main from which sub-mains
are taken. Branched are taken from sub mains and services connections are given to the
consumers from the branches. Diameters of mains, sub-mains, branches are all suitably
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designed according to the population they are to serve. This layout can be adopted for the
cities which have developed in a very haphazard manner. In this system, main lines run
along the main roads of the city. Sub-mains run along the main roads originating from the
main roads and on both sides of the road. Branch lines, similarly, run along streets and are
connected to the sub-mains. From the branches, service connections are given to the
individual houses (Singh, 2007).
A grid system is also called a reticulation or interlaced system. This method is a modified
form of branched system. All the dead ends of the mains, sub-mains and branches are interconnected with each other. Like dead end system, main lines run along main roads. Submains are taken in both direction along other minor roads and streets. From sub-mains and
mains, branches are taken out and are inter-connected (Singh, 2007). Points at which the
water is delivered to the users are called service connections. The number and type of
service connections has considerable influence on the choice of a network layout. The
following types of service connections may be distinguished: (i) house connection, (ii) yard
connection, (iii) group connection, (iv) public standpipe.
The purpose of a system of pipes is to supply water at adequate pressure and flow.
However, pressure is lost by the action of friction at the pipe wall. The pressure loss is also
dependent on the water demand, pipe length, gradient and diameter. Several established
empirical equations describe the pressureflow relationship (Chambers, et al. 2004), and
these have been incorporated into network modeling software packages to facilitate their
solution and use. When designing a piped system, the aim is to ensure that there is
sufficient pressure at the point of supply to provide an adequate flow to the consumer
(Trifunovic, 2012).
Water experts feel overall more confident to address the reliability concerns having at their
disposal powerful network modeling software. Some of these programmes are distributed
through the Internet at nominal costs or even free of charge. EPANET software developed
by the US Environmental Protection Agency is a well-known representative of this group
(Trifunovic, 2012). Other commercially available software includes direct interaction with
data available in geographical information systems and is able to process the results and
calibrate the model in more sophisticated manner. The current generation of computer
programmes in water distribution, includes optimization modules based on methods
applying genetic algorithms and offers a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art
water distribution network modeling practices.
Planning is made easier with the use of models that essentially represent the real world
phenomena. The models used frequently by water resource planners fall into general
categories based on mathematical and applicational distinctions. The art of modeling is in
selecting variables for analysis and determining their significance in explaining the
phenomenon under study. Water resources modeling applications generally focus on water
quality or water quantity, addressing areas such as: groundwater, water distribution,
demand forecasting, balancing supply and demand, watershed runoff, stream hydraulics,
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river and reservoir quality, multipurpose management and operation, and environmental
protection (Hillyer, et al. 1998).
Agboola (2013) worked on the analysis of demand of water with the aid of GIS taking
University of Ilorin environment as the case study. He collected data for the population of all
the students and staff in the environment and estimated the demand of water for each
department and found out that with the population of 28936, the total demand per capital
per day was 1302120L/C/D. He concluded from the results obtained that water demand can
be estimated after inputting the required parameters such as population, annual daily
demand, building name, building ID, etc. He recommended that Water resources
management should adopt the use of GIS application in keeping water resources data and
processing which will help in solving water related problems and in distribution.
Fatoye (2013) worked on water demand management with the aid of GIS taking of
University of Ilorin as a case study. He collected data for the population of all the students
and staff in the environment and estimated the demand of water for each department and
found out that with the population of 28936, the total demand per capital per day was
1395180L/C/D. He concluded from the results obtained that water demand can be
estimated after inputting the required parameters such as population, annual daily demand,
building name, building ID, etc. and can also plots different graphs and chats of various
types in the attribute table which makes it versastile more than all related softwares. He
recommended that there should be provision to increase the discharge and distribution
tanks to cater for the increase in the population, effort should made on database manage
after proper update and also, extensive work should be done to include more detailed
information of every building on University of Ilorin Main Campus.
Abdulkadir, et al. (2012) worked on the hydraulic system for water supply to the University
of Ilorin academic buildings with the aid of Epanet. He collected data for the population of
all the students and staff in the environment and estimated the demand of water for each
department and found out that with the population of 23391, the total demand per capital
per day was 1200 m3/d. He concluded from the results obtained using Epanet that some
academic buildings have residual pressures less than 12.5m. He recommended that a
distribution 300m3 tank at a height of 10.5 m above ground surface will take care of the
insufficient pressure in the system and will ensure water supply by gravity to all academic
buildings.
6. Study Area
University of Ilorin was established in 1975 and is located some 10km north-east of the
Ilorin township which is the capital of Kwara State. Ilorin lies between latitude 8 and 10 of
equator and longitude 224 and 615 east of the north central part of Nigeria. Physically,
University of Ilorin is situated on a land which in undulation gentle slopes. University Ilorin
main campus presently has 13 Faculties, some of which are: Faculty of Agriculture; Arts,
Basic Medical Sciences, Business and Social Sciences; Communication and Information
Sciences; Clinical Sciences; Education; Engineering and Technology; Law; Science; Pharmacy
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and Pharmaceutical Sciences; and Veterinary Medicine; Environmental. The population of

the Students and Staff is about 25,816 and 3120 respectively. Each of the faculties has
departments for different programmes. Also present the Administration wing, Postgraduate School, Bank buildings, Staff quarters, works department, Canteens, Health
Centre, e.t.c.
The entire University Community (figure 1) is served with potable water from both the
University water treatment plant and state municipal water scheme. Treated water is
supplied by pumping to the central distribution storage tanks located not too far from
Faculty of Education been the highest point on the University. Water is later supplied by
gravity to various academic area, staff quarters and student hostels. Water supply to
University main campus is made using three methods: Supply of treated water from
University treatment plant, municipal supply to tanks/reservoirs and boreholes (motorized
and manual). In case of shortage, water tankers are employed to serve the students
hostels.

Figure 1: Map showing University of Ilorin campus

7. Study Methodology
The methodological approach for this study involves field and desk studies. The field work
entails the physical identification of primary network system and appurtenances (figure 2)
such as gate valve, butterfly valve, non-return valve, pumps, fire hydrant, number of service
connections, pipe types, lengths and diameter. The desk study involves the use of goggle
earth, global mapper, arc-gis and epanet to develop system network hydraulic analysis to
estimate water demand, head loss, flow in pipes. The population data for both
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undergraduate and postgraduate students and staffs within the campus were obtained from
the records in the Directorate of Academic Planning, Housing Units and the Students Affairs
Office. The records of water supply will be obtained from the records in the physical
planning Unit of the university. The demand records will be based on the population of the
University. The population based demand estimate is to develop a relationship between
actual supply and estimated demand.
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Figure 2: Map layout showing University of Ilorin primary network system.

7.1 Hydraulic Analysis
7.1.1 Nodal Demand Estimations
In order to estimate the demand at each node, the population for each node is used to
multiply the per capita demand of the node. The daily demand is further translated into
liters per second (lps) for consistency with EPANET specifications. Also, during a fire
outbreak, large quantity of water is required to extinguish it, therefore provision is made in
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the water work to supply sufficient quantity of water or keep as reserve in the water mains
for this purpose. In the analysis for the total water demand, it is expected that provision of
about 10% be made for fire demand. In this case 10% of the population demand is added as
fire demand (Adeniran, et.al 2013).
7.1.2 Hardy Cross Method
The flow in all the pipes connected at one junction using any pipe formula can be computed
from the head differences which have been assumed and the excess deficiency of inflow
over out flow is calculated i.e. is calculated. The correction to be applied to the
assumed head loss is given as (Linsley, et al. 1992):
=
Where
= head loss due to friction in meters.
Q= flow in pipe in m3 /s.
K= head loss per unit flow

(Eqt 1)

7.1.3 Friction Losses

When a liquid flows through a pipeline, shear stresses build up between the liquid and the
pipe wall as a result of friction, and its magnitude is dependent on the properties of the fluid
that is passing through the pipe and the speed at which it is moves. The Darcy- Weisbach
head loss equation is given (Linsley, et al. 1992):
=

(Eqt 2)

Where,
= head loss.
L = length of pipe work.
D= inner diameter of pipe work.
f = friction factor.
g= acceleration due to gravity.
7.1.4 Minor Losses
Minor losses in a pipe network system are caused by sudden change in the flow geometry
due to changes in the pipe size, valves, bends and fittings of all types. Minor losses can be
neglected in long pipelines but are very crucial in short pipes. Minor losses are greater at
points where flow decelerates than where an increase in velocity occurs due the eddies
created by the separation of the flow from the conduit boundary (Linsley, et al. 1992).
7.2 Methodological Tools
7.2.1 Google Earth
Google Earth displays various satellite images of the Earth's surface which makes it possible
to see things like cities and houses looking perpendicularly down or at an oblique angle. The
degree of resolution available is based somewhat on the points of interest and popularity
but most land (except for some islands) is covered in at least 15 meters of resolution. It also
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maps the Earth by the superimposition of images obtained from satellite imagery, aerial
photography and geographic information system (GIS) 3D globe. For large parts of the
surface of the Earth only 2D images are available, from almost vertical photography.
Viewing this from an oblique angle, there is perspective in the sense that objects which are
horizontally far away are seen smaller. This tool is used to develop the satellite imagery of
the University campus, its features and for geo-referencing the campus.
7.2.3 Arc- Gis
Geographic information system (GIS) is an integrating tool which is employed by various
fields utilizing spatial analysis techniques for the capture, storage, retrieval at will,
manipulating, analyzing, modeling and displaying of geographically referenced data in
solving complex human related problem. GIS is well suited as a geographical tool for
studying spatial concepts because it integrates the spatial data of distributed features,
activities, or events with their attribute data. These bring about understanding spatial order,
organization and interaction within and between spatial subsystems to determine the
occurrence of and appearance pattern, phenomena, dynamic and static features among
others in the holistic view of spatial system (Laaro, 2014).
In recent times, GIS application have been developed for a huge variety of fields ranging
from land use planning and utility management at local level, to global warming and acid
deposition on a global scale. Current GIS applications tend to concentrate on storage,
management and presentation of spatial data and not the modeling or analysis applications.
This is partly due to the limited functionality in this regard provided by commercial GIS
software houses (Laaro, 2014). GIS will be used to determine and allocate water demand
values to the network model nodes, visualize, analyze and edit spatial data (fixed and
variable data). It will also integrates the data-base with accurate digital maps, integrating
the data for each component with AutoCAD maps, remote, control, and monitoring for all
water networks facility.
7.2.4 Epanet
EPANET is a computer program that performs extended period simulation of hydraulic and
water quality behavior within pressurized pipe networks. A network consists of pipes, nodes
(pipe junctions), pumps, valves and storage tanks or reservoirs. EPANET tracks the flow of
water in each pipe, the pressure at each node, the height of water in each tank, and the
concentration of a chemical species throughout the network during a simulation period
comprised of multiple time steps. EPANET is designed to be a research tool for improving
the understanding of the movement and fate of drinking water constituents within
distribution systems. It can be used for many different kinds of applications in distribution
systems analysis. Sampling program design, hydraulic model calibration, chlorine residual
analysis, and consumer exposure assessment are some examples. EPANET can help assess
alternative management strategies for improving water quality throughout a system.
Running under Windows, EPANET provides an integrated environment for editing network
input data, running hydraulic and water quality simulations, and viewing the results in a
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variety of formats. These include color-coded network maps, data tables, time series graphs,
and contour plots. Full-featured and accurate hydraulic modeling is a prerequisite for doing
effective water quality modeling. EPANET contains a state-of-the-art hydraulic analysis
engine that includes the following capabilities (Laaro, 2014):
I. Places no limit on the size of the network that can be analyzed
II. Computes friction head loss using the Hazen-Williams, Darcy-Weisbach, or ChezyManning formulas
III. Includes minor head losses for bends, fittings, etc.
IV. Models constant or variable speed pumps
V. Computes pumping energy and cost
VI. Models various types of valves including shutoff, check, pressure regulating, and
flow control valves
VII. Allows storage tanks to have any shape (i.e., diameter can vary with height)
VIII. Considers multiple demand categories at nodes, each with its own pattern of time
variation
IX. Models pressure-dependent flow issuing from emitters (sprinkler heads)
X. Can base system operation on both simple tank level or timer controls and on
complex rule-based controls.
This tool will be used to simulate the hydraulic and water quality behavior within the pipe
network system of the University campus, determine the pressure at each nodes and the
drinking water constituent throughout the network.
8. Expected Result.
At the end of this project, the effectiveness of the primary water distribution of University
campus in relation to the increased demand campus population would have been
determined. Information would have been made available on the pressure availability in the
system, supply of water to various areas of demand and operating and maintenance
assessment of the network system. An improvement strategy for service delivery on the
existing network would have been determined. Consequently, a new model of network
distribution would be developed that is cost effective.
9. Project cost.
The estimated budget for the duration of the project is shown in Table 1;
Table 1: Project cost
S/N
Item Description
Cost (N)
1. Printing of literature materials
5,000.00
2. Internet Subscription (8 months)
10,000.00
3. Acquisition of software
15,000.00
4. Training
15,000.00
5. Logistics
12,000.00
6. Miscellaneous
4,500.00
TOTAL
61,500.00
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10. Project Schedule.

The estimated duration of this project is 32 weeks. To achieve the desired result, early start,
proper planning and allocation of activities, resources and time is required. Therefore, work
breakdown schedule (figure 3) of the study is shown in Table 2:
Table 2: Project Work breakdown schedule
Activity
Code
H
H1
H1.1

H1.2
H1.3
H1.4
H1.5
R
R1

Activity Description

Resources

Harmattan Semester
Preliminary Study on Project Topic
Information gathering through internet
Sources and relevant textbooks
Reading and studying relevant materials
on project topic
Writing of final year project proposal
Review of project proposal for submission
Review of project proposal for final submission
Rain Semester
Reconnaissance of Unilorin network system

Duration
(Weeks)

AE
AE, DO

17
2
5

AE

AE
AE, DO
AE, DO

3
1
2
15
4

R1.1
R1.2

Compilation and Computation of data

Analysis of Data

AE, DO, LT,

AM, AF
AE, LT
AE, AJ, AM

R1.3
R1.4

Result discussion and conclusion

Project documentation

AE, DO
AE

TOTAL

Milestone

Milestone 1

Milestone 2

2
5

Milestone 3

2
2

Milestone 4

32

AE = Adeleye E. Olaoye
DO= Dr. O.G Okeola
LT = Lateef Sulaiman
AM= Mr. Adedayo
AF = Chief. Anifowose
AJ = Mr. Aro Joseph

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Figure 3: Gnatt Chart of Project Work Breakdown Structure

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11. References.
1. Abdulkadir, T.S. and Sule B.F. (2012). Improving the Hydraulic System for Water
Supply to the University of Ilorin Academic Buildings. Journal of Engineering, Volume
17 No. 2, June 2012, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ilorin.
2. Adeniran, A. E. and Oyelowo, M. A. (2013). An EPANET Analysis of Water Distribution
Network of the University of Lagos, Nigeria. Journal of Engineering Research,
Volume 18 No. 2 June 2013, Works & Physical Planning Department, University of
Lagos, Nigeria.
3. Akintayo, A.H (2013). The Impact of Climate Change on Ilorin Municipal Water
Supply. B.Eng. Project Report, Submitted to Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
4. Agboola, A.O. (2013). The Analysis of Demand of Water with the Aid of GIS Taking
University of Ilorin environment as the case study. B.Eng. Project Report, Submitted
to Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
5. Chambers, K., Creasey, J. and Forbes, L. (2004). Design and Operation of Distribution
Networks. Published by IWA Publishing, London, UK.
6. Fatoye, E.A. (2013). The Analysis of water demand management with the Aid of GIS
Taking University of Ilorin environment as the case study. B.Eng. Project Report,
Submitted to Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
7. Hiller, T.M. and Hofbauer, G.A. (1998). Water Supply Handbook. (Revised IWR Report
96-PS-4) Institute for Water Resources Water Resources Support Center U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers. Alexandria, Virginia
8. Laaro, A.M (2014). Water Distribution Modeling for University of Ilorin Using
Geographic Information System (GIS). Final year project report, Civil engineering
department, University of Ilorin.
9. Linsley, R. K., Franzini, J. B., Freyberg, D.L. and Tchobanoglous, G. (1992). Water
Resources Engineering. Published by McGraw-hill international editions, Singapore.
10. Oyegun, R. (1983). Water Resources in Kwara State, Nigeria. Published by Matanmi
& sons printing & publishing, Kwara state.
11. Reddy, P. (1987). Stochastic Hydrology. Published by Laxmi Publications, New Delhi
12. Singh, G., Singh, J. (2007). Water Supply and Sanitary Engineering. Published by
Standard publishers distributors, Delhi.
13. Trifunovic, N. (2012). Pattern Recognition for Reliability Assessment of Water
Distribution Networks. Published by CRC Press/Balkema, Netherlands.

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