Soal tentang matahari

1. In April 2, 2008 one of telescope (10 cm diameter, f/10) at Bosscha Observatory

observed an active region 0987 (following to the NOAA number) appeared at South
8o and West 40o of solar disk. It was recorded with CCD SBIG ST-8 (1600x1200
pixels, 9 m). It sized 5x4 pixels. According to almanac the solar diameter is 32 arc
min. How large the corrected area of sunspot in unit of millionth of solar hemisphere
(msh)?
a. 15

b. 35

c. 55

d. 75 (optional for multiple choices)

Answer:
Pixel size () = 206265 x pixel size (m) / (1000 x focal length (mm))
= 206265 x 9 / (1000 x 1000) = 1.86 arc sec
= 1.86 x 720 km = 1339.2 km
Solar diameter = 32 x 60 arc sec / 1.86 arc sec/pixel = 1034 pixels
Radius
= 1034/2 = 517 pixel = 700000 km
1 pixel ~ 700000/517 ~ 1354 km

(estimate 40 deg W; R=517 pix = 90 deg 40 deg = 40x517/90=229.7 = 230 (330)

8 deg = 8x517/90 = 45.95 = 46 (100)
Area should be corrected to the foreshortenings
Disk area
= R2
Hemispheric area = 2 R2
Am = As . 106 / (2 R2 cos B cos (L))
= 20 pixel2 x 106/ (2 x 3.14 x 5172 x cos 8 x cos 40)
cos 40 = 0.76604444311897803520239265055542
cos 8 = 0.99026806874157031508377486734485
= 15.69 msh
The result is the same if pixel converts to m

The area of a flare is commonly measured in units of one millionth of the visible solar
hemisphere. One millionth of the hemisphere is approximately 3 million square
kilometers (3.04x1016 cm2 ~ 2 R2 / 106; R= 700 000 km).
Am = As . 106 / (2 R2 cos B cos L)
As = 2 R2 cos B cos (L) / 106 = 2 x 3.14 x 5172 x cos 8 x cos 40 / 106
= 1.27 pixel2 = 1.27 x 1.862 arc sec2 = 4.39 (5.86) arc sec2 x 7202 km
= 2.27 million square km.
In the past, the unit of heliocentric square degrees was also used. This is the square area
which subtends, at the solar centre, an angle of one degree of arc on each side. One
square degree so defined is equivalent to an area of 48.5 hemispheric millionths. An even
more obscure unit is the solid angle subtended at the Earth by one square degree on the
Sun at the centre of the solar disc. This solid angle is (16.73) square seconds of arc.
2

(Short question; tingkat kesulitan: mudah)

2. Assuming that the Sun and the Earth is a perfect blackbody, estimate the mean
temperature (K) and energy per area (watt/m2) of the outer Earths atmosphere that
determined by the solar radiation?
Answer:
Lsun = Tsun4 . 4 Rsun2
Fsun = Lsun/4d2 (where d = 1 AU)

Total flux received by the Earth:

Fearth = Fsun . Rearth2
Learth= Tearth4 . 4 Rearth2
Learth = Fearth

Tearth4 . 4 Rearth2 = Fsun . Rearth2

= Lsun/4d2 . Rearth2

= Tsun4 . 4 Rsun2 / 4d2 . Rearth2

Tearth4 = Tsun4 . Rsun2/4d2

With Tsun = 5780 K; Rsun=6.9x105 km; Rearth=6400 km; d= 1.49x108 km, then
Tearth = 278.77 K ~ 300 K
Eearth = Lsun / (4 d2) = 4 Rsun2 Tsun 4/ 4 d2
4
= (6,96x1010 cm)2 5,67x10-5 erg cm-2K-1s-1 x (5780 K)4 / (1,49597892x1013 cm)2
= 1369,8 watt/m2
Eearth = 4 Tearth4
(Short question; Tingkat kesulitan: mudah)

Soal tentang binary star and instrumentasi

3. A binary system consists of two stars A and B with a brightness ratio of 2. However,
they are not unresolved and we see them as a point of magnitude +5.0. What are the
magnitude of the star A and B, respectively?
a. 5.44 and 6.19 b. 7.13 and 8.0
c. 6.89 and 4.78
d. 7.39 and 4.01
(optional for multiple choices)
Answer:
Assume A and B have flux FA and FB
Formula: m1 m2 = -2.5 log F1/F2 5 = -2.5 log ((FA+FB)/FA)
FA = 2 FB
Then,
5 = -2.5 log 3/2 + MA MA = 5.44
5 = -2.5 log 3 + MB MB = 6.19

5
5

(Short question; Tingkat kesulitan: mudah)

4. A variable star exhibits light variations of 60 sec and longer with amplitude of 0.02
magnitudes. In session A at 7 UT, the readout time is 2 sec and the read noise is 17
electrons. In session B at 8 UT, the readout time of CCD camera is 10 sec and the
read noise is 3 electrons. In session C at 10 UT, the readout time is 17 sec and the
read noise is 4 electrons. In the last session D, the readout time is 17 sec and the read
noise is 30 electrons In 10 sec, the star produces 1500 counts. Assuming the star
occupies 1 pixel and the gain is 3 electrons per count. The sky count can be neglected.
Which is session could have the highest possibility to resolve the variability?
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
(optional for multiple choices)
Session A: For 2 sec readout, star produce 1500 counts every 10 sec or 150 count/sec.
Nstar = 2 sec x 150 count/sec = 300 count and
Nsky is neglected
2
Formula Noise 2 = gain x Nstar + Npixel x Nnoise2
= 3 x 300 + 1 x 172 = 900 + 289
= 34.48
2
Formula signal to noise S/N = gain x Nstar /
= 900/34.48 = 26.10
m = -2.5 log F + C m = -2.5 log F/F F = -2.5 F/(F ln 10)
F ~ gain x Nstar = 3 x 300 count = 900 count
F ~
=2.5 x / (gain x Nstar ln 10) = 2.5 x 34.48/ (3 x 300 x 2.3025) = 0.0416 2
Session B: for 10 sec readout
Nstar = 10 x 150 = 1500
2 = 3 x 1500 + 1 x 9 = 4509 = 67.15
S/N = 3 x 1500 / 67.15 = 67.01
m = 2.5 x / (gain x Nstar ln 10) = 2.5 x 67.15/ (3 x 1500 x 2.3025) = 0.016
2
Session C: For 17 sec readout

 Nstar = 17 x 150 = 2550

2 = 3 x 2550 + 1 x 16 = 87.56
S/N = 3 x 2550 / 87.56 = 87.37 (highest S/N ratio)
m = 2.5 x / (gain x Nstar ln 10) = 2.5 x 87.56 / (3 x 2550 x 2.3025) = 0.012
2
Session D: For 17 sec readout
Nstar = 17 x 150 = 2550
2 = 3 x 2550 + 1 x 900 = 8550 = 92.47
S/N = 3 x 2550 / 92.47 = 82.73
m = 2.5 x / (gain x Nstar ln 10) = 2.5 x 82.73/ (3 x 2550 x 2.3025) = 0.012
2
So, the session C could resolve the amplitude variable star due to the largest S/N (and
smaller m)
(Long question; Tingkat kesulitan: sedang)
5. One student carried out observations with a CCD camera of a star whose magnitude is
known to be +10 visual mag. In the final CCD images, the star occupies 10 pixels of
which data number are (30, 36, 37, 29, 40, 35, 38, 31, 39, 32). The nearby reference
pixels are (4, 5, 7, 1, 3, 9, 2, 8). Assuming the gain is 1 electron per count.
a. Determine the total flux of the star (with the background subtracted) with its
error using the above data number
b. Now lets assume he observe a second star with the same CCD. The data
numbers from the second star are (120, 130, 114, 124, 117, 116, 139, 122, 110,
101) and those from the nearby reference pixels are (7, 8, 6, 3, 5, 9, 8, 7, 4).
Assuming exposure times for the two stars are identical. Whats the magnitude
of this second star and its error?
Answer:
a. Formula:

Nstar = Nsum Nmed x Npixel

Nsky2 = (ni - <n>)2 / N (for nearby reference pixels)
2 = gain x Nstar + Npixel x Nsky2
Nsum = (30, 36, 37, 29, 40, 35, 38, 31, 39, 32) = 347
Nmed = median (4, 5, 7, 1, 3, 9, 2, 8) = 4.5
Npixel= 10
Nstar1 = 347 4.5 x 10 = 302
Nsky12 = 58.875/8 = 7.359375 Nsky1 = sqrt (7.359375) = 2.713
2 = 1 x 302 + 10 x 7.359375 = 375.5938 1 = sqrt(375.5938) = 19.38

2
b. Second star
Nsum = 1193
Nmed = 7
Nstar2 = 1193 7 x 10 = 1123
Nsky2 = 1.66
2 = 33.9
Since Nstar ~ F; m1 = 10; F1=302; F2=1123
m2 10 = -2.5 log 1123/302 m = 8.57

2
2

(Short question; Tingkat kesulitan: sedang)