Casing and Cement Course

Course Introduction
Chapter 1
Course Objectives I
Acquire Foundation Level Skills: Casing
Depth Selection
Size Selection
Load Determination
Preliminary Casing Design
Final Casing Design
Casing Running and Landing Practices
1-2
Course Objectives II
Acquire Foundation Level Skills: Cementing
Types of Cement and Testing
Cementing Equipment
Primary Cementing
Casing and Liner Cementing
Displacement of Mud
Stage Cementing
Special Cementing Operations

Squeezing
Plugs
1-3
The Course Manual

Same sequence as course
Casing
Cementing
First printing contains typos

Please help me find all the errors
CD copy of manual with color illustrations
1-4
Course Materials
One PC per two participants

MS Excel spreadsheets
Graph paper
Calculator participant furnished
You will be given a CD:
Excel Spreadsheet
Manual (in color)
Slides (in color)
Extras (Schlumber & Halliburton Cementing & Data
Handbooks)
1-5
Calculations & Formulas

Casing design & cementing require
calculations & formulas
Calculations are only learned and
understood if done manually
Computers will be used after we learn the
manual process
1-6
Units of Measure
Typical oilfield units
in., ft, gal., bbl, lb, ppg, psi, etc.
Not a good system, but prevalent in most of the world
and SPE literature
Conversion Factors
Chapter 12 of manual
Formulas
Conversion factors confuse formulas
Most formulas here do not contain conversion factors
We will show where they are needed
1-7
Quick Review of Casing

Primary Purpose: maintain borehole
integrity
Prevent collapse
Prevent fracture
Contain formation fluids
Secondary Purpose:
Sometimes support wellhead, other strings of
pipe, and even platform, i.e., structural role
1-8
API Casing
Many Sizes: 4 in, 5 in, 5 in, 7 in, 7 5/8
in, 8 5/8 in, 9 5/8 in, 10 in, 13 3/8 in, 16
in, 20 in, 24 in, and more
Various weights: 26 lb/ft, 47 lb/ft, etc.
Nominal weight includes couplings
Nominal weight is calculated with 20 ft joints
and API couplings
Nominal weight is never the actual weight of
the pipe
1-9
API Casing
Grade (Yield Strength): H40, J55, K55,
M65, L80, N80, C90, C95, T95, P110,
Q125
Connection: 8rd ST&C, 8rd LT&C,
Buttress, Extreme Line (X-line)
Length:
Range 1: 16 to 25 ft
Range 2: 25 to 34 ft
Range 3: 34 ft and longer
1 - 10
Proprietary Casing
Uses:
High pressures, high tensile and collapse loads
Corrosive applications
Special clearance problems
Proprietary Connections
Usually API except for connections
Special sizes
Special purpose alloys
Special wall thicknesses
1 - 11
Casing Applications
Conductor
Surface casing
Intermediate casing
Production casing
Drilling liner
Production liner
Tie-back casing
1 - 12
Cementing Review
Purpose: Seal the annular space between
casing and wellbore wall
Isolate formations
Support casing
Types of Cement
API Classes: A, B, C, G, H (D,E,F,J ?)
Special Cements: Pozzolans, Lightweight,
foam cement, latex, fine particle, etc.
1 - 13
Cementing
Tests:
Thickening time
Compressive strengths
Water loss
Free Water
Other
Cementing Equipment
Float equipment
Stage tools
Centralizers
Squeeze tools
Mixing & pumping equipment
1 - 14
Cementing Applications
Primary Cementing
Casing strings (conductor, surface,
intermediate, production, tie-back)
Liners (drilling, production)
Multistage cementing
Remedial Applications
Squeezes
Plugs
1 - 15
Basic Calculations
You should already understand:
Basic hydrostatics
Basic hydrostatic calculations in a wellbore
Hydrostatic pressure
Uniform in all directions at a point
Can only act perpendicular to a surface
1 - 16
Hydrostatic Pressure Example
Tube at 10,000 ft
2 inch diameter
Seals on bottom free
to move in packer
Air in annulus A
8.4 ppg water in B
Which tube weighs
more at the surface?
A? B? Same?
1 - 17
Hydrostatic Pressure
Calculate pressure at
10500 ft
Learn the 0.052
conversion factor
psi/ft
p = (12.5 ppg) 0.052
(10500 ft )
ppg
p = 6825 psi
1 - 18
Hydrostatic Pressure 2
Calculate hydrostatic
pressure at 10500 ft
psi/ft
p = (12.5 ppg ) 0.052
(10500 ft ) + (1100 psi )
ppg
p = 7925 psi
1 - 19
Hydrostatic Differential Pressure

Calculate static
surface tubing
pressure
psi/ft
p = (12.5 ppg) 0.052
(10500 ft ) + (1100 psi)
ppg
psi/ft
( 9.0 ppg ) 0.052
(10500 ft )
ppg
p = 3011 psi
1 - 20
10
The U-Tube Method

You can always use
a U-tube schematic
to visualize and
calculate hydrostatic
pressures
The column on the
left must balance the
column on the right
1 - 21
Gas Calculations
Gas density depends on
Type of gas
Pressure
Temperature
Density varies with depth

We will use methane
Molecular weight 16
Compressibility factor, z = 1 (approximately)
1 - 22
11
A Simple Gas Formula
p2 = p1 fg
fg = e
16 L
1544( 460 +T )
1 - 23
Beware of the Vacuum

Cannot cause casing collapse
Cannot suspend a column of liquid in an
annulus (maximum of 34 ft of water)
A vacuum is about 15 psi less than
atmospheric pressure
15 psi
1 - 24
12
It looks easy.
I am ready!
1 - 25
1 - 26
13
1 - 27
1 - 28
14
Casing Depth Selection

Chapter 2
Casing String
Depths
2-2
Casing Depth Criteria
Formation pore pressures

Formation fracture pressures
Borehole stability problems
Regulations
Accepted practice for an area or field
based on successful experience
2-3
Conductor Casing
One or two conductor strings
Provide borehole integrity for drilling
surface hole
Support wellhead and more in some cases
Typical Depths: 50 ft to 500 ft
Criteria for Depth Selection:
Common practice in area
Soil tests
2-4
Surface Casing
Provides initial pressure control
Protects fresh water aquifers
Depth Selection Criteria:
Regulations
Pore pressures & fracture pressures
Depth of next casing string
2-5
Intermediate Casing
Provides borehole integrity and pressure control
Used when mud densities must increase above
frac pressures of shallower zones
Used when mud densities must decrease below
pore pressures of shallower zones
Pore pressures & fracture pressures
Borehole stability problems
Depth of next casing
2-6
Production Casing
Provides full pressure protection for the
entire wellbore
A backup for the tubing
Depth of producing interval
Possible future completions in wellbore
2-7
Liners & Tie-backs

Liners and tie-backs are extensions of
other casing strings
Depth selection criteria:
Same as the string they are extending
Usually pore pressure and fracture pressure
are significant factors
2-8
Using Pore and Fracture

Pressures
Plot the pore pressure and fracture pressures
Casing Setting Depth Chart
Equivalent Mud Density (ppg)
8
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Pore Pressure
2000
Frac Press
True Vertical Depth (ft)
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
2-9
14000
Add Safety Margins

8
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
0
Pore Pressure
2000
Mud Density
Frac Press
Kick Marg
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
2 - 10
Determine Casing Depths

8
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
2000
b
c
Pore Pressure
Mud Density
Frac Press
Kick Marg
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
2 - 11
14000
Example Selecting Depths

Start at the bottom of the chart
The maximum mud weight at bottom must
not exceed the fracture gradient at any
point in the hole
At all points above about 1700 ft the
maximum mud weight at bottom exceeds
the fracture pressure (plus safety margin)
Select a casing point at 1700 ft
2 - 12
Comments
That example was straight forward and
easy
Most wells drilled in the world are exactly
like that simple and easy
Many are not so simple
2 - 13
Another Example
8
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
0
Pore Pressure
Mud Density
Frac Press
Kick Marg
2000
4000
6000
Fracture Pressure
8000
10000
Pore Pressure
12000
14000
16000
2 - 14
Example
This well requires three strings of casing
(plus conductor):
Production casing: 14,000 ft ft
Intermediate casing: 10,500 ft
Surface casing: 3,000 ft
There are alternatives with a production

liner or a production liner and tie-back
2 - 15
Alternatives
2 - 16
Data
Pore pressures
Actual measurements
Log data
Known gradients in area
Fracture Pressures
Actual measurements (leak-off tests, frac tests)

Lost circulation problems
Some log data
Known gradients in area
2 - 17
Precautions About Frac Pressure

Fracture pressure often comes from a number of
sources
They do not always measure the same thing
Leak-off pressure is usually not the frac pressure
Actual frac pressure depends on hole inclination
Once fracture is initiated it will reopen at the
fracture closure pressure which is lower
Fracture closure pressure is independent of
inclination
Sands usually fracture at lower pressure than
nearby shales
2 - 18
Depth Selection from Example

We will carry the last example forward into
the following chapters to use for our
design examples
Surface Casing:
Intermediate Casing:
Production Casing:
3,000 ft
10,500 ft
14,000 ft
2 - 19
2 - 20
10
Casing Size Selection

Chapter 3
Selecting Casing Size

Hole size determines casing size
Hole size is determined from the previous
string of casing run
This means we determine the

size of the bottom string and
work back to the top*
* The completions engineers normally specify the
size of the production casing or liner
3-2
Initial Borehole Size

Determine the borehole size that will allow the bottom
casing enough clearance
There are no formulas for this
It is strictly a matter of local experience
Once the bottom borehole size and casing size are
determined it is a matter of working back to the surface
The next bit size is selected to provide enough clearance
for the casing string run in the hole it drills
The next casing size is determined by size of the
preceding bit.
3-3
Casing & Hole Sizes

For given areas and formation types there
are typical hole sizes and casing sizes that
have been successful
Hole size should have wide selection of
bits unless some special case requires an
uncommon size
Rule of thumb: Hard rock usually requires
less clearance than soft rock
3-4
Typical
Hard Rock
Sizes
3-5
Typical
Soft Rock
Sizes
3-6
Many Possibilities
Charts are only guides; they are not standards
Local experience always overrides such charts
Special clearance couplings or special bits may
be necessary for heavier weights of pipe
Never make the mistake of thinking a soft rock
area will be washed out enough to run a larger
size casing than such charts for the area show
3-7
Our Example
Our completion engineers specify 7 inch
production casing
We are in an unconsolidated formation
area and use the soft rock chart
We select:
7 in. production casing (14,000 ft)
9 5/8 in. intermediate casing (10,500 ft)
13 3/8 in. surface casing (3,000 ft)
20 in. conductor (150 ft)
3-8
Alternative
Although it does not appear on the chart
another common program in
unconsolidated rock is:
7 in. production casing
10 in. intermediate casing
16 in. surface casing
24 in. conductor
This gives us more flexibility for hole

problems at a higher cost
3-9
Precaution!
After the final casing design has been
completed make sure that the drift
diameter of all casing in the string is larger
than the bit that will pass through it. If
not, determine if the bit is smaller than the
nominal internal diameter. If so, the pipe
may be specially drifted for the bit.
Otherwise, either the casing design or the
bit size must be changed.
3 - 10
Casing Size Philosophy

Smaller is cheaper
Larger allows more options
Rule of thumb:
Exploratory wells have unknown risks, allow
for contingencies
Production wells have known risks, minimize
costs
3 - 11
Alternatives
Enlarged hole
Under ream
Bi-center bits
Expandable casing
3 - 12
Expandable Open Hole Liner
3 - 13
Some Drawbacks
Pipe or couplings can split

Cement placed before expansion
Expansion tolls can stick in pipe
Expanded casing has low collapse rating
Product not readily available on short
notice
3 - 14
An exploration well that does

not produce a log of the
objective, is a total failure.
3 - 15
3 - 16
Casing Load Determination

Chapter 4
Loads on Casing
Collapse Loads external pressure
Dependent on the well
Burst Loads internal pressure

Dependent on the well
Tension (axial) Loads gravitational

forces and borehole friction
Dependent on the casing string (gravity and
friction)
Dependent on the well (friction)
4-2
Design Loads
Surface Casing
Internal pressure
External pressure
Axial load
Intermediate Casing
Internal pressure
External pressure
Axial load
Production Casing
Internal pressure
External pressure
Axial load
4-3
Axial Loading
Axial loading is dependent on
the actual casing selection.
The axial loads cannot be
determined until a preliminary
casing selection is made.
4-4
Surface Casing Collapse

Severe lost circulation loading
External pressure: mud pressure when run
Internal pressure: atmospheric pressure
Lost circulation loading

External pressure: mud pressure when run
Internal pressure: partial mud column
Cementing loading
External pressure: full cement column
Internal pressure: fresh water or displacement fluid
4-5

Severe Lost
Circulation Load
Air in casing
Original mud on
outside
4-6

Lost Circulation Load
Original mud outside
Current mud inside at
level determined by
lost circulation down
hole
4-7

Cement load
Fresh water inside
Unset cement
outside
4-8
Example
Surface casing depth: 3000 ft
Mud density: 9.2 ppg
Use severe lost circulation loading (air/mud)
p = po pi
p = 0.052 ( 9.2 )( 3000 ) 0

p = 1440 psi
4-9
Surface Casing Burst

Pressure control loading, gas
External pressure: fresh water gradient
Internal pressure: full gas column with injection at
casing shoe
Pressure control loading, oil

External pressure: fresh water gradient
Internal pressure: oil column with injection at the
casing shoe
Alternate loading
External pressure: formation pore pressure
Internal loading: either of the above
4 - 10
Surface Casing Burst Load

Pressure Control
Gas inside
Pressure
determined by
injection into weak
zone below shoe
Fresh water on
outside
4 - 11
Example - Burst
Surface casing depth: 3000 ft

Gas inside, fresh water outside
Fracture pressure at shoe: 12.3 ppg
Assume 500 psi additional injection pressure
Calculate differential pressure at shoe:
pb = pf + pi pe
pb = 0.052 (12.3 )( 3000 ) + 500 0.052 ( 8.3 )( 3000 )

pb = 1120 psi
4 - 12
Example Gas Calculations

Assume methane gas
inside
p2 = 0.052 (12.3 )( 3000 ) + 500
Calculate gas
p2 = 2420 psi
injection pressure at
shoe
Average temperature
16(3000)
is 101F
1544( 460 +101)
p1 = 2420 e
Calculate gas
p1 = 2290 psi
pressure at surface
4 - 13
Load Curve
Surface Casing Load
Pressure (psi)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Burst Load
Line
500
1000
Depth (ft)
1500
Collapse Load
Line
2000
2500
3000
3500
4 - 14
Intermediate Casing Loads

Collapse Load
Essentially same as for surface casing
Severe lost circulation with air inside entire
string is not likely for most
Burst load
Full well pressure to surface
Maximum load method
Surface equipment service pressure rating
Fracture and injection below shoe
4 - 15
Example Intermediate Casing
Depth: 10,500 ft
Pore pressure: 11.3 ppg
Fracture pressure: 15.7 ppg
Mud density: 11.8
Average borehole temperature: 200F
Wellhead: 5000 psi maximum service
pressure (MSP)
4 - 16
Example: Intermediate Collapse

Assume:
Fresh water inside
Mud outside
Calculate net collapse pressure at shoe:
pc = 0.052 (11.8 8.3 )(10500 )

pc = 1910 psi
4 - 17
Example Collapse Load

Intermediate Casing Design
Pressure (psi)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
6500
7000
7500
8000
8500
9000
2000
Depth (ft)
4000
6000
8000
Collapse Load
Line
10000
12000
4 - 18
Intermediate Casing Burst

Several Different Methods
Maximum Load Method (Prentice, 1969)
Fracture and injection occurs before BOP or
casing failure
Surface pressure fixed by BOP MSP
Bottom pressure fixed by formation fracture
pressure plus differential injection pressure
Combination gas and mud column in casing
4 - 19
Maximum Burst Load

Maximum Burst Determination
Pressure (psi)
0
500
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 8500 9000 9500 10000
BOP Max
Pressure
(fixed)
2000
Mud
Maximum
Burst
Load Line
4000
Depth (ft)
After Prentice (1970)
Gas
6000
Gas
8000
Mud
10000
12000
14000
Formation
Injection
Pressure
(fixed)
4 - 20
10
Example: Intermediate Burst

Assume
Wellhead MSP is maximum surface pressure
Injection into formation at shoe
Mud over gas column (maximum burst load)
Calculate mud and gas pressures:
4 - 21

Formula to determine length of mud and
gas columns
Lm =
Lg =
pf + pi ps g g L
gm gg
pf + pi ps g mL
gg gm
4 - 22
11

We need the gas gradient
Assume the gas originates from the bottom,
14,000 ft (the worst case)
p2 = 0.052 (15.2 )(14000 ) = 11070 psi
4 - 23
Full gas pressure at surface:
p1 = 11070 e
16(14000)
1544(660)
p1 = 8890 psi
Average gas gradient:
gg =
11070 8890
= 0.16 psi/ft
14000
(This is not good science; but it is close enough for casing design)
4 - 24
12
Length of mud column on top:
8570 + 500 5000 0.16(10500)

0.79 0.16
Lm = 3790 ft
Lm =
Pressure of mud at 3790 ft:
pm = 5000 + 0.052 (15.2 )( 3790 )

pm = 8000 psi
4 - 25
Pressure at shoe:
pd = pf + pi
pd = 8570 + 500
pd = 9070 psi
Net burst pressures at surface, bottom of mud, shoe:
po = 5000 0 = 5000 psi
pm = 8000 0.052 ( 8.3 )( 3790 ) = 6360 psi

pd = 9070 0.052 ( 8.3 )(10500 ) = 4540 psi
4 - 26
13
Example: Intermediate Loads

Pressure (psi)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
6500
7000
7500
8000
8500
9000
Burst Load
Line
2000
Depth (ft)
4000
6000
8000
10000
Collapse Load
Line
4 - 27
12000
Example: Production Casing

Loads
Casing Depth: 14,000 ft

Pore pressure: 14.7 ppg
Mud density: 15.2
Surface Temperature: 74F
Bottom hole temperature: 336F
4 - 28
14

Collapse
Assume:
Mud on outside
Inside empty (can happen with production
casing)
Calculate net collapse pressure
pc = 0.052 (15.2 )(14000 ) 0

pc = 11070 psi
4 - 29

Burst
Assume
Fresh water outside
Gas inside
Calculate net burst at shoe
pd = 0.052 (15.2 8.3 )(14000 )

pd = 5020 psi
4 - 30
15
Calculate net burst at top
po = 11070 e
16(14000 )
1544( 460 + 200 )
po = 8890 psi
4 - 31

Loads
Production Casing Load
Pressure (1000 psi)
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
8.5
9.5
10 10.5 11 11.5 12
2000
Collapse Load
Line
Burst Load
Line
4000
Depth (ft)
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
4 - 32
16
Another Burst Situation
Weighted packer fluid (15.2 ppg)

Gas in tubing (8890 psi at surface)
Tubing leak at or near surface
Gas on top of full mud column
pd = 5020 + 8890 = 13910 psi
4 - 33
Liners & Tie-backs

Extensions of
attached strings
Load is determined
for dual functions
Most severe load
determines design
4 - 34
17
It is easier
than it looks !
Time for us to
start our
class project.
4 - 35
4 - 36
18
Preliminary Casing Design

Chapter 5
Casing Design
We will use a manual procedure you
cannot learn casing design from a casing
design software package
We will use a two step procedure
Preliminary design
Final design
5-2
Design Safety Factors

No industry standards
Typical range
Tension:
Collapse:
Burst:
1.6 2.0
1.0 1.125
1.0 1.25
Depends on load parameters

May vary for different strings in same well
Most companies have their own standards
5-3
Weights & Grades

Often presented a more than one weight
or grade that will satisfy design
Example:
7 in. 26 lb/ft K-55
Or
7 in. 23 lb/ft N-80
Which is better?
Depends on: Cost? Wall thickness?

Weight?
5-4
Design Pitfalls
Often the best design includes short
sections of particular weights or grades
A short section can lead to problems, extra
cross-over joints, and costs when running
Try to stay with sections 1000 ft + in length
Absolute minimum should be 500 ft
Keep your design simple it will save time
and money
5-5
Connections
Many types to select from
Opt for the simplest that will do the job
Less cost
Standard crossovers
No special float equipment or tools required
API ST&C, LT&C

Industry standard, satisfactory for most wells
Standard thread on most casing equipment
May leak gas at high pressures
5-6
Connections
API Buttress
Better joint strength
Better pressure seal
Easily to over-torque
API Extreme Line (integral joint

connection)
Best API joint strength
Best API pressure seal
More costly
5-7
Proprietary Connections
Patented Connections
Non-API, Standards set by manufacturer
Usually higher joint strength and sealing
properties than API
Higher torque ratings for some
Special flush joint connections for liners
Better corrosion performance with some
Usually higher costs
Not always better than API
5-8
Casing Performance Properties
Most properties standardized by API

Not all casing meets API standards
Some proprietary tubes exceed API standards
Typical performance properties for design
Collapse resistance, internal yield, joint strength
Other properties
Corrosion resistance, leak resistance, torque
resistance, bending performance, etc.
5-9
Table Values
Published values for
Collapse resistance (collapse), psi
Internal yield pressure (burst), psi
Joint strength (tension), lb
API Bulletin 5C2 and other sources
5 - 10
API Bulletin 5C2
5 - 11
Design Procedure
Select safety factors
Use load curves (from previous chapter)
Apply safety factor to load curves to get
design curves
Use performance table values
Select casing that will exceed design
curves
Adjust design for combined loading (next
chapter)
5 - 12
Example
In all the examples in this course we will
restrict our casing choices to API standard
tubes with API ST&C and LT&C couplings
We do this to illustrate the design process
by limiting the number of choices
We will do much of the process graphically
to minimize the number of calculations
5 - 13
Our Example So Far
Surface Casing: 13 3/8 in., 3,000 ft

Intermediate Casing: 9 5/8 in., 10,500 ft
Production Casing: 7 in., 14,000 ft
Load curves: completed
Next steps:
Select safety factors

Add design line to load curves
Select casing to satisfy design
Do the axial load design
Example
5 - 14
Surface Casing Safety Factors

Load Type
Safety Factors:
Collapse
Safety
Factor for
Example
1.125
Burst
1.125
Tension
1.6 or
100,000 lb
Example - Surface Casing
5 - 15
Available 13 3/8 Casing

Wt
(lb/ft)
Grade
Conn.
ID
(in.)
Collapse
(psi)
54.5
61
68
68
72
K-55
K-55
K-55
N-80
N-80
ST&C
ST&C
ST&C
ST&C
ST&C
12.615
12.515
12.415
12.415
12.347
1130
1540
1950
2260
2670
Example - Surface Casing
Burst
(psi)
Joint
Strength
(1000 lb)
2730 547
3090 633
3450 718
5020 963
5380 1040
5 - 16
Design Lines
Surface Casing Load
Pressure (psi)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
500
Collapse Design
Line
Depth (ft)
1000
1500
Burst Load
Line
Collapse Load
Line
2000
2500
3000
Burst Design
Line
3500
5 - 17
Collapse Design Method

Start with lowest weight and grade
Plot its collapse value at the surface down
to the design line
Shift to the next weight and grade
Repeat until casing is at bottom
5 - 18
Collapse Design
Surface Casing Design
Pressure (psi)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
500
Collapse Design
Line
54.5 lb
K55
1000
Depth (ft)
1500
Collapse Load
Line
2000
2500
3000
61 lb
K55
68 lb
K55
5 - 19
3500
Problem
The design shown will work
It requires a 150 ft section of 68 lb/ft
casing on bottom
This is not good practice
Revise the design to eliminate the short
section on bottom
5 - 20
10
Collapse Design
Pressure (psi)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
500
Collapse Design
Line
54.5 lb
K55
1000
Depth (ft)
1500
Collapse Load
Line
2000
2500
68 lb
K55
3000
3500
5 - 21
Comment
When a design like this calls for the
heaviest pipe on bottom, it is
common practice to run one or two
joints of the heavy pipe on top of the
string also. This is to ensure that if
any tools run in the hole will pass
through the top of the casing they
should pass through all the casing.
It can save time and money.
5 - 22
11
Surface Casing Burst

Start by plotting the selected string on the
burst design line to see how it works.
Adjust the design for burst if necessary
5 - 23
Burst Design
Pressure (psi)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
500
Collapse Design
Line
Burst Load
Line
54.5 lb
K55
54.5 lb
K55
1000
Depth (ft)
1500
Burst Design
Line
Collapse Load
Line
2000
2500
68 lb
K55
68 lb
K55
3000
3500
5 - 24
12
Comments on the Burst Design

The collapse selection needs no revision
Selection is close to the burst design line
at the top
If it had contacted the design line below
the top, we would have changed to a
different weight or grade at the top
5 - 25
Axial Load Tension

Sources of axial load
Gravitational forces (weight)
Borehole friction (from pipe movement)
Bending (in curved wellbores)
Design considerations
Weight: in air, or buoyed weight ?
Safety factor or over pull margin ?
Borehole friction ?
5 - 26
13
Borehole Friction
Determining borehole friction requires
Special software (or a lot of manual
calculations!)
Directional surveys
Friction load measurements while drilling
Whether the pipe will be picked up off bottom
or not
We will not consider it in this course

5 - 27
Safety Factor/Over Pull

Axial safety factor gives a percentage
margin above the load line more actual
margin at the top than the bottom
Typical safety factor for tension: 1.6 to 2.0
Over pull gives a set amount of margin

above the load line it does not vary with
depth
Typical over pull margin: 100,000 lb
Often both are used in the same design

5 - 28
14
Axial Loads
Unbuoyed axial load hanging in air
Buoyed axial load hanging in mud
True axial load
Effective axial load
5 - 29
Effective Axial Load

Has valid uses (e.g. buckling)
Calculated with buoyancy factor
Pe = fb w L
where
Pe = effective axial load, lb
L = length of casing, ft
w = nominal weight of casing, lb/ft
fb = 1
= buoyancy factor
65.43
m = density of mud, ppg
5 - 30
15
True Axial Load

Actual axial load in
pipe
Calculated using
hydrostatics
Requires more
calculations
Formulas in manual
5 - 31
Comparison of Axial Loads

Axial Load Curves
Axial Load (1000 lb)
-50
50
100
150
200
500
Axial Load
Unbuoyed
Depth (ft)
1000
1500
2000
True Axial
Load
Effective
Axial Load
2500
3000
3500
5 - 32
16
Which to Use ?
Un-buoyed axial load give larger safety
margin
True axial load gives most accurate
approximation of the actual loads in the
casing
Effective axial load has no real use in
casing design (but many still use it)
5 - 33
Surface Casing Tension Design

We will use the true axial load
Safety factor of 1.6 or 100,000 lb over pull
whichever is a higher limit
Start with the casing selection so far
Weight
(lb/ft)
Cplg
Grade
Length
(ft)
Interval
(ft)
Jt Strength
(1000 lb)
54.5
ST&C
K-55
2100
0 - 2100
547
68
ST&C
K-55
900
2100 - 3000
718
5 - 34
17
Load Line and Design Line

See manual for actual calculations of load
line
Apply a 1.6 safety factor (only works in
tension loaded section)
Apply the 100,000 lb over pull line
5 - 35
Tension Design
Surface Casing Axial Load
-150
-50
50
150
250
350
450
550
650
750
500
1000
Safety
Factor = 1.6
True Axial
Load
Depth (ft)
54.5 lb, K55

ST&C
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
68 lb, K55
ST&C
100,000 lb
over pull
5 - 36
18
Comments on Tension Design

The over pull exceeded the safety factor at
all points (for this case)
The collapse and burst design has ample
strength in tension
Tension is seldom an issue for surface
casing, but we go through the procedure
to illustrate how it works
5 - 37
Summary of Surface Casing

String
Casing Design Summary
13 3/8" Surface Casing
Actual Design Factors
Section
Number
2
1
OD
ID
Weight Grade Connection
13.375 12.615
54.5 K-55
ST&C
13.375 12.415
68 K-55
ST&C
Bottom
2100
3000
Length
2100
900
0
0
0
0
0
0
3000
Mud Weight:
9.2
Totals:
Minimum Safety Factors
Collapse:
1.125
Burst:
1.125
Tension: 1.6/100,000
Section
Weight
114450
61200
0
0
0
0
0
0
175650
Cum.
Weight Collapse
175650
1.125
61200
1.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
Joint
Burst
Strength
1.128
3.6
1.916
26.135
5 - 38
19
The Intermediate Casing

Load Type
Proceed exactly as
with the surface
casing
We will use a
different tension
approach to
illustrate a different
method
Collapse
Safety
Factor for
Example
1.125
Burst
1.125
Tension
1.8 in air
5 - 39
Design Lines
Pressure (psi)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
6500
7000
7500
8000
8500
9000
Burst Load
Line
Burst Design
Line
2000
Collapse Design
Line
Depth (ft)
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Collapse Load
Line
5 - 40
20
9 5/8 in. Casing in Inventory

Wt
(lb/ft)
Grade
Conn.
ID
(in.)
Collapse
(psi)
Burst
(psi)
Joint
Strength
(1000 lb)
40
43.5
47
N-80
N-80
N-80
LT&C
LT&C
LT&C
8.835
8.755
8.681
3090
3810
4750
5750
6330
6870
737
825
905
53.5
N-80
LT&C
8.535*
6620
7930
1062
* Drift diameter is less than 8.5 in., will require special drift for bit
The example in the manual shows more casing types, but we
limited the amount shown on the slide
5 - 41
Burst or Collapse
In the case of intermediate casing the
burst is often more significant than the
collapse loads
We will do the burst design first then check
the collapse loads
It is possible to do these simultaneously
on the same chart, but we keep them
separate for simplicity
5 - 42
21
Burst Design
Pressure (psi)
0
500
1000
1500 2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500 5000
5500
6000
6500
7000
7500 8000
8500
9000
9500
Burst Load
Line
43.5 lb, N-80
2000
47 lb, N-80
53.5 lb, N-80
4000
Depth (ft)
Burst Design
Line
47 lb, N-80
6000
8000
10000
43.5 lb, N-80
40 lb, N-80
12000
5 - 43
Collapse Design
A quick glance at the collapse strengths of
the burst selection will show that all
sections are well above the collapse load,
so we will not plot it
5 - 44
22
Tension Load and Design

Safety factor 1.8 in air
We might not use this method of design in
practice, but use it here to show how it
works
It is simple and it works
It has been used for many years
It often results in an over-design
5 - 45
Axial Load Calculations

9 5/8" Intermediate Casing
Weight in
Section Bouyancy Section
Air
Length
Factor
Weight
fb
lb
lb/ft
ft
43.5
1800
1.00
78300
47
1200
1.00
56400
53.5
1800
1.00
96300
47
1700
1.00
79900
43.5
2000
1.00
87000
40
2000
1.00
80000
Total Length:
10500
Cumm. Safety
Weight Factor
fs
lb
477900
1.8
399600
1.8
343200
1.8
246900
1.8
167000
1.8
80000
1.8
Design
Weight
lb
860220
719280
617760
444420
300600
144000
Using our burst design selection

5 - 46
23
Tension Design Chart

Intermediate Casing - Tension
Tension (lb)
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
0
43.5# N-80
LT&C
Tension Load
2000
47# N-80
LT&C
Tension Design
53.5# N-80
LT&C
Depth (ft)
4000
47# N-80
LT&C
6000
43.5# N-80
LT&C
8000
10000
40# N-80
LT&C
12000
5 - 47
Problem/Adjustment
The top section of casing that meets the
burst design line does not meet the
tension design line
We change the top section to 47 lb/ft N-80
That change of weight changes the
tension in the string
We must calculate a new design line and
check the adjusted string
5 - 48
24
Revised Tension Design Line

Weight in
Section Bouyancy Section
Air
Length
Factor
Weight
fb
lb
lb/ft
ft
47
1800
1.00
84600
47
1200
1.00
56400
53.5
1800
1.00
96300
47
1700
1.00
79900
43.5
2000
1.00
87000
40
2000
1.00
80000
Total Length:
10500
Cumm. Safety
Weight Factor
fs
lb
484200
1.8
399600
1.8
343200
1.8
246900
1.8
167000
1.8
80000
1.8
Design
Weight
lb
871560
719280
617760
444420
300600
144000
5 - 49
Adjusted Tension Design

Intermediate Casing - Tension
Tension (lb)
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
47# N-80
LT&C
Tension Load
2000
Tension Design
53.5# N-80
LT&C
Depth (ft)
4000
47# N-80
LT&C
6000
43.5# N-80
LT&C
8000
10000
12000
40# N-80
LT&C
5 - 50
25
Summary of 9 5/8 Intermediate

Casing Design
Section
Number
5
4
3
2
1
OD
9.625
9.625
9.625
9.625
9.625
ID
8.681
47 N-80
LT&C
8.535
53.5 N-80
LT&C
8.681
47 N-80
LT&C
8.755
43.5 N-80
LT&C
8.835
40 N-80
LT&C
Bottom
3000
4800
6500
8500
10500
Length
3000
1800
1700
2000
2000
0
0
0
10500
Mud Weight:
11.8
Totals:
Collapse:
1.125
Burst:
1.125
Tension: 1.8 in air
Section
Weight
141000
96300
79900
87000
80000
0
0
0
484200
Cum.
Weight Collapse
484200
high
343200
high
246900
high
167000
2.54
80000
1.66
0
0
0
Burst
1.13
1.25
1.13
1.126
1.127
Joint
Strength
1.87
3.09
high
high
high
5 - 51
Production Casing
Safety factors
We will use a higher
burst safety factor for
the production
casing since it may
be critical later in the
life of the well
Load Type
Collapse
Safety
Factor for
Example
1.125
Burst
1.2
Tension
1.6 or
100,000 lb
5 - 52
26
Production Casing Load Lines

Production Casing Load
Pressure (1000 psi)
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
8.5
9.5
10 10.5 11 11.5 12
2000
Collapse Load
Line
Burst Load
Line
4000
Depth (ft)
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
5 - 53
Available 7 in. Casing

Wt
(lb/ft)
Grade
Conn.
ID
(in.)
Collapse
(psi)
Burst
(psi)
Joint
Strength
(1000
lb)
29
32
29
N-80
N-80
P-110
LT&C
LT&C
LT&C
6.184
6.094
6.184
7030
8600
8530
8160
9060
11220
597
672
797
32
P-110
LT&C
6.064
10780 12460
897
35
P-110
LT&C
6.004
13030 12700
996
More types are shown in manual, but the slide has been
condensed for simplicity.
5 - 54
27
Production Collapse
7" Collapse Design
Collapse Pressure (1000 psi)
0
10
11
12
13
14
2000
4000
29# N-80
Depth (ft)
6000
8000
32# N-80
10000
32# P-110
12000
14000
35# P-110
16000
5 - 55
Production Casing Burst

7" Burst Design
Burst Pressure (1000 psi)
0
10
12
2000
29# P-110
4000
Depth (ft)
6000
8000
32# N-80
10000
12000
14000
16000
32# P-110
35# P-110
5 - 56
28
Surface Casing Tension

7" Casing True Axial Load Design
-200
200
400
600
800
1000
0
True Axial
Load
2000
29# P-110
Safety Factor = 1.6
4000
6000
Depth (ft)
32# N-80
8000
10000
32# P-110
12000
Over Pull 100,000 lb
14000
35# P-110
16000
5 - 57
Preliminary 7 Production
Casing Design
7" Production Casing
Section
Number
4
3
2
1
OD
ID
7
7
7
7
Weight
29
32
32
35
Grade Connection
P-110
LT&C
N-80
LT&C
P-110
LT&C
P-110
LT&C
Bottom
4800
9600
12100
14000
Length
4800
4800
2500
1900
0
0
0
0
14000
Mud Weight:
15.2
Totals:
Section
Weight
139200
153600
80000
66500
0
0
0
0
439300

Joint
Cum.
Burst
Strength
Weight Collapse
439300
2.25
1.275
2.34
300100
1.33
1.2
3.36
146500
1.127
high
high
66500
1.177
high
high
0
0
0
0
* includes biaxial effects

Collapse:
1.125
Burst:
1.2
Tension: 1.6/100,000lb buoyed
5 - 58
29
Comments on Casing Selection

for Design
Costs
Availability
Simplicity of design
Minimum number of cross-over joints
Corrosion considerations
Wear considerations
More . . .
5 - 59
Next we finalize our design !
5 - 60
30
Combined Loads Design

Chapter 6
In This Chapter
Yield Based Approach
API Based Approach
Final Design Refinement Example
6-2
Preliminary Design
Based on published values for
Collapse
Burst
Tension
Successful in most cases with sufficient

safety factor
But, published values are invalid for
combined loads
6-3
General Structural Design

Deterministic Methods
Used primarily for static structures
Probability-based Methods
Used primarily for cyclic or dynamically
loaded structures
Many methods use some of both
6-4
Deterministic Design Methods

Hypothetical or realistic loads
Known strengths and performance
characteristics of material
Calculations to specify types and sizes of
structural components to safely sustain the
loads
6-5
Probability-Based Methods
Test results for failure of actual structural
components
Probabilistic nature of loading
Risk weighted design
Human life
Property values
etc
6-6
Which Method?
Both are valid
Deterministic methods are typically used
for casing design as well as most static
structures
Probabilistic methods are generally used
for moving machinery, airframes, etc.
A few companies are using probabilistic
methods for casing design
We will use a deterministic method
6-7
Mistaken Notions !
Deterministic designs for casing are
100% safe, but may cost more.
Probabilistic methods are more cost
effective, but involve more risk.
NOT TRUE
6-8
Design Limits
We are not attempting to predict failure
We are calculating design limits
We have no idea how to predict failure of a
casing string no one does !
6-9
Carbon Steel Test

A uniaxial test
specimen:
6 - 10
Yield Stress
Results of uniaxial
stress-strain test
Y is yield stress
P
A
L
L
6 - 11
We will use the yield

stress of the metal as
our design limit
6 - 12
Combined Loads
Tensile & compressive loads
Gravitational forces
Hydrostatic forces
Borehole friction
Bending
Collapse and burst loads

External and internal pressures
Torsion loads
Borehole friction (while rotating)
6 - 13
Combined Loading
Loads considered in last chapter
Tensile
Burst
Collapse
We considered them separately

How do we combine them?
6 - 14
The Yield Based Approach

A yield criterion
Y > no yield
Y yield
Where Y is the yield strength of the
material and is a yield indicator for the
combined stresses
6 - 15
von Mises Yield Criterion

Plotted in principal stress
space
Central axis is pure
hydrostatic stress
Extends to + and -
Radius is yield strength of
material
Any point inside the
surface does not yield
Any point on or outside
the surface yields
6 - 16
Example
The minimum
distance from the
central axis to point a
is the yield indicator,
Point a is outside
yield surface so yield
occurs
Y < yield
6 - 17
Formula for von Mises Yield

Criterion in Terms of Principal
Stresses
2
2
2
1
= ( 1 2 ) + ( 2 3 ) + ( 3 1 )
1
2
6 - 18
Sign Convention
Tensile stresses are positive
Compressive stresses are negative
6 - 19
We Need a Coordinate System

for a Tube
Polar cylindrical
coordinate system
Radius, r
Angle,
Axis, z
6 - 20
10
Stress Components in Polar

Cylindrical Coordinates
Radial stress, r
Tangential stress,
Axial stress, z
6 - 21
Loads to Stresses
Loads:
Axial load
Pressure loads
Torque
How do we get them to stresses?
6 - 22
11
Axial Stress Component

z =
P
4P
=
At ( do2 d i2 )
Axial stress component (psi) equals the axial

load (lb) divided by the cross-sectional area of
the tube (in2)
Axial stress component is the same value at any
point within the wall of the tube
6 - 23
Radial & Tangential Stress

Components
Long general formulas
see manual
Yield always occurs at
pipe wall
Which one?
Does pipe yield at inner
wall or outer wall in each
of these examples?
6 - 24
12
Yield due to pressure

always occurs at the
inner wall first. It
makes no difference
whether the maximum
pressure is on the
interior or exterior.
6 - 25
Internal Pressure
12000
10000
Internal Presure (psi)
8000
6000
Inner Wall
Outer Wall
4000
80000 psi yield

2000
0
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
Combined Stress (psi)
6 - 26
13
External Pressure
12000
External Pressure (psi)
10000
8000
6000
Inner Wall
Outer Wall
4000
80000 psi yield

2000
0
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
Combined Stress (psi)
6 - 27
Formulas at Inner Wall

r = pi
=
pi ( ro2 + ri 2 ) 2 po ro2
(r
2
o
ri 2 )
The negative sign in the radial stress formula

shows that it is always a compressive stress
Formulas for radial and tangential stress
components at the outer wall are also in the
manual
6 - 28
14
Torsion
Torsion adds another stress component a shear stress
The formula is in the manual
When there are shear components then the radial,
tangential, and axial components are not principal stress
components
We have to get them into principal stress components
before using the von Mises formula the formula for that
is also in the manual
Torsion is seldom considered when designing casing
However, it must be considered if casing or liner is to be
rotated during cementing
6 - 29
Example of Combined Loads

See text for now: ~ page 6-14
6 - 30
15
Change in Pressure
If the internal and/or external pressure
changes once the casing is in the hole it
may change the axial stress
If the casing is free to move it changes the
buoyancy effect
If it is not free to move it increases or
reduces the axial stress similar to
ballooning or contraction (formula in
manual)
6 - 31
Bending Stresses
In curved wellbores
the tube bends
Causes increase and
decrease in axial
strains and stresses
b = E
See manual for qualifying restrictions
ro
R
Use consistent units
6 - 32
16
Example of Bending Stress

See Manual: ~ page 6-18
6 - 33
Summary of Yield Approach

Calculate axial stress component from the
tension or compressive load
Calculate radial stress component from
hydrostatic pressure
Calculate tangential stress component
from the internal and external hydrostatic
pressures
Calculate torsional stress component from
the torque (if rotation is present)
6 - 34
17
Summary Continued
Calculate the bending stress component if
there is wellbore curvature, add this to
axial stress
Calculate the principal stress components
if torsion is present otherwise these are
the principal stress components
Plug these into the yield equation and
calculate the yield indicator
6 - 35
Summary Continued
Compare yield indicator to the yield stress
of the tube
Adjust the casing design if necessary
Check the collapse and connections using
API methods
Use a safety factor
No published standard
Use at least 1.5
6 - 36
18
Example
See manual: ~ page 6-22
6 - 37
API Based Approach
Collapse problem
Biaxial stress for combined loads
API collapse calculations
API connections
API burst
6 - 38
19
Collapse Problem
Some API tubes collapse before yield
Yield criterion cannot be used by itself in
those cases
API has method to account for collapse
with combined loads
Not especially a good approach, but all
that is currently available
6 - 39
Yield Criterion in Two

Dimensions
Yield equation can be rearranged and solved in
terms that allow a two-dimensional plot
Biaxial Stress Chart
1.4
1.2
Burst
-1.4
-1.2
-0.8
-0.6
0.2
Y
-1
0.6
0.4
z r
Compression
0.8
-0.4
0
-0.2-0.2 0
Tension
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-1.2
-1.4
Collapse
6 - 40
20
Further Reduction
The chart is just the von Misses yield criterion in
two dimensions rather than three
What the API method does is to set the radial
stress (usually small) to zero
Then calculate the tangential stress
Then assume the tangential stress is the new (or
reduced) yield stress
The reduced collapse resistance is then
calculated using the appropriate API collapse
formula and the reduced yield stress
6 - 41
API Biaxial Yield

The reduced yield stress (or biaxial yield
stress) is calculated from the nominal yield
stress and the axial stress
We will use it in an example later
2
3
Yc = Y 1 z z
4 Y
2
6 - 42
21
API Collapse Calculations

Four Formulas
Yield Pressure Collapse
Plastic Collapse
Transition Collapse
Elastic Collapse
Each valid for specific range depending on

Y and do/t
Need five API constants based on Y
6 - 43
API Yield Pressure Collapse

pYP
( do t ) 1
= 2Y
2
( do t )
Valid range:
( do t )
A2+
( A 2) + 8 (B + C Y )
2 (B + C Y )
2
6 - 44
22
API Plastic Collapse

A
pp = Y
B C
d
t
( o )
Valid range: (see manual)
6 - 45
API Transition Collapse

F
pT = Y
G
d
t
( o )
6 - 46
23
API Elastic Collapse

pE =
46.95 106
( do t ) ( do t ) 1
Note: Independent of Y
6 - 47
API Constants
A, B, C, G, F
Dependent on Y
Values in tables for standard yield values
(API Bulletin 5C3)
Formulas for non-standard yield (API
Bulletin and also course manual)
6 - 48
24
Connections
API connections have less tensile strength than
the pipe body
Referred to as joint strength
API formulas for joint strength
Based on thread depth
API formulas for coupling tension/pressure

performance
API formulas for coupling bending performance
Formulas in manual & API Bulletin 5C3
6 - 49
API Internal Yield Stress (Burst)

Formula based on very thin wall tube
Conservative results
Contains factor to allow for 12.5%
reduction in wall thickness
2tY
pb = 0.875
d
o
6 - 50
25
API Biaxial Collapse Method

Applied to Final Casing Design
Using yield and tensile stress, calculate
reduced yield with biaxial yield equation
Using appropriate collapse formula,
calculate reduced collapse pressure
Adjust casing design if necessary and
recheck
6 - 51
Example Final Casing Design

13 3/8" Surface Casing
Section
Number
2
1
OD
ID
13.375 12.615
54.5 K-55
ST&C
13.375 12.415
68 K-55
ST&C
Bottom
2100
3000
Length
2100
900
0
0
0
0
0
0
3000
Mud Weight:
9.2
Totals:
Collapse:
1.125
Burst:
1.125
Tension: 1.6/100,000
Section
Weight
114450
61200
0
0
0
0
0
0
175650
Cum.
Weight Collapse
175650
1.125
61200
1.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
Joint
Burst
Strength
1.128
3.6
1.916
26.135
6 - 52
26
Tension Design
Surface Casing Axial Load
-150
-50
50
150
250
350
450
550
650
750
500
1000
Safety
Factor = 1.6
True Axial
Load
Depth (ft)
54.5 lb, K55

ST&C
1500
2000
2500
3000
68 lb, K55
ST&C
100,000 lb
over pull
3500
6 - 53
Collapse Check
No tension at the bottom
Tension at bottom of 54.5 lb/ft section:
37,000 lb (from design line)
Calculate axial stress
Calculate reduced yield
Calculate reduced collapse
Calculate actual design factor & compare
it to specified safety factor
6 - 54
27
Axial Stress
z =
4 ( 37000 )
(13.375 12.615
2
= 2385 psi
6 - 55
Reduced Collapse Yield

Yc = Y 1
3 z z
4 Y 2
Yc = 55000 1
3 2385 2385
4 55000
2
Yc = 53769 psi
6 - 56
28
Calculate API Constants

For Yc = 53769 psi
A = 2.98643
B = 0.053445
C = 1169.191
F = 1.992004
G = 0.035643
6 - 57
Calculate d/t
do t =
do
1
( do di )
2
13.375
do t =
0.5 (13.375 12.615 )
do t = 35.2
6 - 58
29
Determine Appropriate API

Collapse Formula
Use the range formulas for each collapse
formula to see which formula is
appropriate (see manual for calculations)
We determine that the correct collapse
formula is the Transition Collapse Formula
6 - 59
Calculate Reduced Collapse

F
pT = Y
G
d
t
(
)
o
1.992004
0.035643
pT = 53769
35.2
pT = 1126 psi
6 - 60
30
Adjust the Design ?

The reduced collapse value is 1126 psi
The API value is 1130 psi
API rounds collapse pressures to nearest
10 psi
If we round our result to nearest 10 psi
then they are the same value
The difference is insignificant
No adjustment of the surface casing
6 - 61
Intermediate Casing
Section
Number
5
4
3
2
1
OD
9.625
9.625
9.625
9.625
9.625
ID
8.681
47 N-80
LT&C
8.535
53.5 N-80
LT&C
8.681
47 N-80
LT&C
8.755
43.5 N-80
LT&C
8.835
40 N-80
LT&C
Bottom
3000
4800
6500
8500
10500
Length
3000
1800
1700
2000
2000
0
0
0
10500
Mud Weight:
11.8
Totals:
Collapse:
1.125
Burst:
1.125
Tension: 1.8 in air
Section
Weight
141000
96300
79900
87000
80000
0
0
0
484200
Cum.
Weight Collapse
484200
high
343200
high
246900
high
167000
2.54
80000
1.66
0
0
0
Burst
1.13
1.25
1.13
1.126
1.127
Joint
Strength
1.87
3.09
high
high
high
6 - 62
31
Intermediate Adjustment?
There is no point in string in tension where
the collapse is close to the 1.125 safety
factor
No adjustment necessary
6 - 63
Production Casing
Section
Number
4
3
2
1
OD
ID
7
7
7
7
Weight
29
32
32
35
Grade Connection
P-110
LT&C
N-80
LT&C
P-110
LT&C
P-110
LT&C
Bottom
4800
9600
12100
14000
Length
4800
4800
2500
1900
0
0
0
0
14000
Mud Weight:
15.2
Totals:
Section
Weight
139200
153600
80000
66500
0
0
0
0
439300

Joint
Cum.
Burst
Strength
Weight Collapse
439300
2.25
1.275
2.34
300100
1.33
1.2
3.36
146500
1.127
high
high
66500
1.177
high
high
0
0
0
0

Collapse:
1.125
Burst:
1.2
6 - 64
32
Production Casing
We see two points that should be checked
for reduced collapse
Bottom of section 2
Bottom of section 3
6 - 65
Production Casing Design

7" Casing True Axial Load Design
-200
200
400
600
800
1000
0
True Axial
Load
2000
29# P-110
Safety Factor = 1.6
4000
Depth (ft)
6000
32# N-80
8000
10000
32# P-110
12000
Over Pull 100,000 lb
14000
35# P-110
16000
6 - 66
33
Adjustments
Examine the design line
Bottom of section 2 is in compression no
adjustment necessary
Bottom of section 3 at 9600 ft has 42,000 lb
tension
Check bottom of section 3 for reduced

collapse
6 - 67
Calculate Reduced Collapse

API Biaxial Collapse and Burst Calculations
Diameter, outside (inches)
Diameter, inside (inches)
Yield stress (psi)
Tension, (lb)
Biaxial Yield for Burst (psi)
Biaxial Yield for Collapse (psi)
API Constants for Downrated Yield:
A
B
C
F
G
API Collapse Formula:
Biaxial Collapse Pressure:
Biaxial Burst Pressure:
7
6.094
80000
42000
82158.56
77650.82
3.062684
0.065531
1885.028
1.993731
0.042659
Plastic
8417
9300
6 - 68
34
Calculate Reduced Safety Factor
fs =
8417
= 1.109
0.052 (15.2 )( 9600 )
6 - 69
Adjust Design ?
Design safety factor: 1.125

Actual design factor: 1.109
Is this acceptable?
For practical purposes? Probably OK
For defense against a lawsuit? NO!
And besides that, we want to see how to
make the adjustment
6 - 70
35
Production Casing Design

Adjustment
How much adjustment is necessary
Without experience we must guess
Let us estimate that the bottom of section
3 must be raised 100 ft
The new depth is 9500 ft
The new tension is 45000 lb
Note that when we raise the bottom to
lower the collapse pressure we also
increase the tension
6 - 71
Calculate Adjusted Collapse

Yield stress (psi)
Tension, (lb)
A
B
C
F
G
7
6.094
80000
45000
82305.44
77475.72
3.062086
0.065443
1879.791
1.993463
0.042604
Plastic
8403
6 - 72
36
Calculate New Design Factor

fs =
8403
= 1.119
0.052 (15.2 )( 9500 )
6 - 73
Further Adjustment
We did not pick enough interval
We could continue with a trial and error
procedure
Or we could be smarter
6 - 74
37
Graphical Method
Assume we can lump all our design factor
calculations into some function of the
depth we will call f(D) = 1.125
Rearrange it to f(D) 1.125 = 0
So if we guess the correct depth, D, we
get a zero
If we have two or more points we can
graph them and interpolate what value of
depth will give us zero
6 - 75
Interpolation
Two points already calculated
f (D ) = 1.125
or
f (D ) 1.125 = 0
Let y = f (D ) 1.125 = 0
then
D1 = 9600 y1 = 1.109 1.125 = 0.016
D2 = 9500 y 2 = 1.119 1.125 = 0.006
6 - 76
38
Interpolation
Collapse/Depth Interpolation
0.015
0.01
0.005
D = 9440 ft
9050
9100
9150
9200
9250
9300
9350
9400
9450
9500
9550
9600
9650
9700
0
9000
-0.005
D2 = 9500 ft
-0.01
-0.015
D1 = 9600 ft
-0.02
Depth
6 - 77
Calculate Adjusted Collapse

Collapse at 9440 ft,
tension 47,000 lb

Yield stress (psi)
Tension, (lb)
A
B
C
F
G
7
6.094
80000
47000
82402.82
77358.45
3.061686
0.065383
1876.283
1.993284
0.042567
Plastic
8393
6 - 78
39
Calculate Actual Design Factor
fs =
8393
= 1.125
0.052 (15.2 )( 9440 )
SUCCESS !
6 - 79
Adjusted Production Casing

Design
Section
Number
4
3
2
1
OD
ID
7
7
7
7
Weight
29
32
32
35
Grade Connection
P-110
LT&C
N-80
LT&C
P-110
LT&C
P-110
LT&C
Bottom
4800
9440
12100
14000
Length
4800
4640
2660
1900
0
0
0
0
14000
Mud Weight:
15.2
Totals:
Section
Weight
139200
148480
85120
66500
0
0
0
0
439300
Cum.
Weight Collapse
439300
2.25
300100 1.125*
151620
1.127
66500
1.177
0
0
0
0
Burst
1.275
1.2
high
high
Joint
Strength
2.34
3.36
high
high

Collapse:
1.125
Burst:
1.2
Tension: 1.6/100,000lb buoyed
6 - 80
40
Comments
Section 2 and section 3 are both the same
weight pipe (32 lb/ft)
If they were different, then it would have
been a little more complicated to
determine the change in weight for each
adjustment
The interpolation is not a straight line, and
it may require more than two points if they
are farther apart than our example
6 - 81
What about burst ?

Tension actually increases the burst
resistance of the tube and the couplings
(according to the API formulas)
We could adjust for burst, but it is seldom
done
6 - 82
41
More ? No, but . . .

In the manual is some additional
discussion on yield criteria for those
interested
And why we call a yield indicator rather
than the von Mises stress (It is not a
stress)
Good reading material for tonight
6 - 83
6 - 84
42
Running & Landing Casing

Chapter 7
Transport to Location
Prevent damage
Thread protectors
Stripping
Secured with straps
Protection from environment
Unloading procedures
Stripping on pipe racks
7-2
On Location
Minimum movement or relocation
Drift for internal diameter & obstructions
Remove thread protectors and clean threads
and protectors
Visually inspect threads
Lubricate threads with proper lubricant
(especially offshore)
Reinstall protectors (depending on handling
facilities and methods)
Do not set equipment on casing on pipe racks
7-3
Moving Casing to Rig Floor

Use safe handling methods
If thread protectors not reinstalled
Use rubber clamp-on protectors on pin
Do not use hooks in pipe ends
Do not allow casing to slide out of V-door

Pin must be protected at all times
7-4
Pipe Measurements
Responsibility for accurate measurements
Company representative !
Not the responsibility of the rig crew !
Joints should be numbered (paint marker)

Talley book should be orderly, neat, and
systematic so errors are easily spotted
Double check the addition !
7-5
Cross-over Joints
Check all cross-over joints
Correct threads
Measure and mark with identification
Proprietary threads cut by licensed machine
shop or manufacturer
Isolate to separate area or place in string

in proper position
Always have redundant cross-over joints
on location
7-6
ST&C to LT&C
ST&C pin will make up in LT&C coupling
LT&C pin will not make up into an ST&C
coupling
LT&C coupling as a cross-over
Avoid if possible
ST&C coupling often difficult to remove
May damage pin when removing ST&C
coupling
7-7
Stabbing Casing
Stabbing board
Required
Stable
Properly positioned
Guide on bottom of elevator to prevent damage

Wind can cause stabbing problems
Do not rush the stabbing procedure
Some proprietary connections require stabbing
guides
7-8
Filling Casing
Fill casing as it is run
Verify fill visually
Large diameter pipe requires large
capacity fill line
Self-fill and differential-fill float equipment
Avoid if possible
Can get cuttings and other objects in casing
and plug float equipment
7-9
Make-up Torque
Determine proper makeup torque for all
types of connections in string
Rig casing tong line at 90 to tong arm for
proper torque reading
Use only approved thread lubricants on
clean threads
Proper number of turns can also be
measured
7 - 10
Thread Locking
Prevents back-off of lower joints during
drill-out of float equipment
Polymer compound
Used on bottom joints & float equipment
Inexpensive and easy to use
Lock mill end of connections?

In the event casing has to be pulled before
reaching bottom?
Welding? (never on N80 or higher grade!)
7 - 11
Casing Handling Tools

Spider
Sets on rig floor
Slip type (integral or manual removable)
Wrap-around (must open for each joint)
Elevator
Attached to traveling block bails
Slip type (always integral)
Wrap-around type (must open for each joint)
7 - 12
Manual Casing Slips
For first few joints only !

7 - 13
Wrap-around Spider
7 - 14
Wrap-around Spider
7 - 15
500 Ton Elevator
7 - 16
1000 Ton Elevator
7 - 17
1000 Ton Spider
7 - 18
Compact Spider
7 - 19
Precautions
High capacity tools open very easily even
with casing load
Care must be taken to prevent accidental
opening
Good practice often requires low capacity
tools to start string in hole and switch to
high capacity once there is sufficient
casing weight to prevent accidental
opening of high capacity tools
7 - 20
10
Getting to Bottom
If casing stops before reaching bottom
Circulate? Will it cause differential sticking?
Pull out and lay down casing?
Thread damage when pulling out?
Locked threads?
Must have contingency plan before

starting in hole
If casing stops close to bottom check
pipe measurements
7 - 21
Highly Deviated Wells

All pipe below ~70
inclination must be
pushed in hole
Friction software is
essential before
running pipe
Hook load decreases
as casing nears
bottom
7 - 22
11
Reducing Friction in Highly

Deviated Wellbores
Increase lubricity
Oil muds
Special additives
Plastic beads
Calcium carbonate
Graphite
Etc.
Reduce Contact force

Lighter casing below critical angle
Good centralizers
7 - 23
Pressure Containment
Annular BOP
OK for most surface casing
Not sufficient for deeper strings
Install proper size rams

Test rams
7 - 24
12
BOP Rams Must Fit Casing !
7 - 25
Landing Practices
How much string weight should be applied
to casing hanger
No standard practice
Probably as many practices as there are
companies
Prevent buckling above freeze point to
reduce casing wear
Prevent buckling in uncemented areas that
can cause failure
7 - 26
13
Freeze Point ?
A point at which the pipe is fixed down
hole
Usually taken to be the top of cement
Actual freeze point is never known
7 - 27
Neutral Point ?
The point at which the effective axial load
goes from tension to compression
Not known, can be estimated from
calculations
This is not the same point as the neutral
point as defined on the true axial loads
which has no meaning for buckling
7 - 28
14
Common Landing Practices

Same load on hanger as hook load
Some percentage of hook load on hanger
(e.g. 80%, 75% etc.)
Tension in all casing above freeze point
Neutral point at the freeze point
7 - 29
Slip Type Hangers
7 - 30
15
Maximum Hanging Weight

Because the weight of the casing on slip
type hangers cause a radial compressive
stress on the casing it is imperative to
verify that the hanging weight will not
cause the casing to collapse.
ph = fs W
tan
As
7 - 31
Maximum Hanging Weight

Safety factor? 2.0?
Taper of slip segment is measured from
horizontal
Compare result to the biaxial collapse
rating of the casing
See example in Chapter 7
7 - 32
16
Wellhead Equipment
Casing Heads
Slip-on Weld
Threaded
Casing Spools
Casing Hangers
Slip type
Mandrel type
Precautions
7 - 33
Casing Head Slip-on Weld

Conductor is cut off,
surface casing is cut off
and head welded to
surface casing
Most popular
Requires cutting &
welding
May include a base plate
to weld to conductor
instead of surface casing
7 - 34
17
Casing Head - Threaded

Landing joint & coupling
removed and head
threaded onto pipe
Coupling spacing critical
Coupling removal
problems
Requires cement to
surface
Possible slumping
problem with poor cement
7 - 35
Casing Spool
For additional strings of
casing
Spool body pressure
rating and lower flange
are compatible to the
casing string below the
spool
Upper flange is rated to
be compatible with
casing string that will
hang in the spool
7 - 36
18
Casing Hanger Slip Type

Installed on casing
above head and
slipped into bowl
Often requires BOP
removal
Allows adjustment of
hanging tension
Requires cutting
casing
7 - 37
Casing Hanger Mandrel Type

Threads onto casing and landing joint and
lowered into head prior to cementing
Simple, no moving parts
Cannot adjust landing tension
Cannot reciprocate pipe during cementing
Circulation returns for cementing through
head side outlet
Only choice in sub-sea applications
7 - 38
19
Precautions
Valves required on side outlets
Pressure gage required on each head or
spool
Maximum service pressure (MSP) and test
pressure
Never use the test pressure for selection
Use only MSP in selection
7 - 39
7 - 40
20
Chapter 8
Cementing
Cementing
The API
API Contribution
Contribution
The
Cementing Design &

Diagnostics Processes
8a - 2
Zonal Isolation Operations

Primary Casing
Conductor, Surface, Intermediate, Production
Liner Casing
Drilling, Production
Plug Cementing
Horizontal and Vertical
Remedial Cementing
Bradenhead,
Bradenhead, ThroughThrough-tubing, Coiled Tubing
8a - 3
Primary Cementing
A critical Well Construction process used
worldwide
How do we measure success?
Define Zonal Isolation
Ramifications of Poor Zonal Isolation:
improper reservoir evaluation
cross flow of unwanted fluids
corrosion of pipe and scale production
annular pressure and environmental hazards
more than $45 Billion/year spent on unwanted
produced water management
8a - 4
API Presentation Outline

Cement Manufacturing
Oilfield Cementing Processes
API Standards for Oilfield Cementing
Specifications for Cement -- API Spec 10A
API Recommended Practices -- API RP 10B
Bulletins
Technical Reports
ISO/API Documents
8a - 5
Cement
Manufacturing
8a - 6
Significant
Significant Developments
Developments in
in
the
the History
History of
of Cement
Cement
Egypt
Plaster of Paris (CaSO4 + Heat)
Greece
Lime (CaCO3 + Heat)
Rome
Pozzolan (Lime Revisions)
Europe
Stone Cutting (Middle Ages)
England
Natural Cement (1756, John Smeaton)
Portland Cement (1824, Joseph Aspdin)
U.S.
Portland Cement (1872)
8a - 7
Process
Oil and Gas Wells (1859 - 1997)
3,404,951
3.4
Bil Over
Ser lion S
ved ack
s
!!!
8a - 9
Wells - Worldwide
1990-1997
Wells\
Wells\Year
Estimated
Avg. Depth Cement/Year
(million sacks)
(ft)
World
60,055
5,749
68
North America
36,734
4,651
34
South America
W. Europe
2,596
780
5,578
9,537
3
1.5
Africa
Middle East
659
1,004
8,795
6,727
1.1
1.4
8a - 10
The API Monogram
8a - 11
API Standardization of
Cement
1937
1937
1947
1947
1948
1948
1956
1956
First committee
committee established
established
First
Mid-Continent
Group established
established
Mid
-Continent Group
First testing
testing Code
Code 32
32 published
published
First
National Committee
Committee 10
10 formed
formed
National
testing Code
Code 10
10 published
published
testing
nd
nd
1997 22
22 Edition
Edition of
of Code
Code 10
10 published
published
1997
8a - 12
Laboratory Mixing
API Spec 10A
Standards for Cements

Sampling
Fineness
Slurry Preparation
Free Fluid Test
Compressive Strength Tests
Thickening Time Tests
8a - 13
API Spec 10A - page 3
8a - 14
Fineness
Fineness
Free Fluid
Fluid
Free
hr Compressive
Compressive Strength
Strength
88 hr
24 hr
hr Compressive
Strength
24
Thickening Time
Time
Thickening
8a - 15
API Classification of
Cements
Mixing
API
Water
Classification Gals/SK
A (Portland)
B (Portland)
C (High Early
D (Retarded)
E (Retarded)
F (Retarded)
G (Basic)*
H (Basic)*
J
5.2
5.2
6.3
4.3
4.3
4.5
5.0
4.3
4.9
Slurry
Weight
Lb/gal
Well
Depth
Feet
Static
Temp
F
15.6
15.6
14.8
16.4
16.4
16.2
15.8
16.4
15.4
0-6,000
0-6.000
0-6,000
6-12,000
6-14,000
1010-16,000
0-8,000
0-8,000
1212-16,000
8080-170
8080-170
8080-170
170170-260
170170-260
230230-320
8080-200
8080-200
260260-230
0- 6,000
* Can be Accelerated or Retarded for most Well Conditions 8a - 16
Cement Standards
API - A
-C-G-H
A-C-G-H
ASTM - I - III - V
8a - 17
Cement Manufactures
Holding API Monogram
United States
Canada
South America
Europe
Middle East
Australia
China
Japan
Holders
Wells\Year
7
2
7
9
9
2
1
2
28,000
9,950
2,600
800
1,004
218
9,600
8a - 18
Slurry
Preparation
Waring Blender
8a - 19
Free Fluid Test

% FF = (ml FF) x (sg) x (100/Smm)
% FF for Class G and H cement
shall not exceed 5.9%*
(other cement classes have no
free water requirements)
* This reflects a change

as approved by API letter
8a - 20
ballot - Oct 5, 2000
10
Cement Strength
Measurements
8a - 21
Mechanical Crush Test
8a - 22
11
Non-API Crush Test

8a - 23
Slurry Viscosity and

Thickening Time
8a - 24
12
Thickening Time
Time required - type of job & volume of
cement
Casing Job - 3 to 3 1/2 hours (less surface)
Squeeze Job - variable
Balanced Plug Job - 1 to 2 hours
Liner Job - 3 to 3 1/2 hours
8a - 25
Atmospheric Consistometer
8a - 26
13
API RP 10B - 1997
Slurry Density
Well Simulation Compressive Strength
Well Simulation Thickening Time
Static Fluid Loss Test
Permeability Tests
Rheology, Gel Strength & Flow Calculations
Arctic Cementing Tests
Slurry Stability Tests
Slurry Compatability Tests
8a - 27
Slurry Density
Pressure Balance Scales
8a - 28
14
HTHP Consistometer
8a - 29
Ultrasonic Cement Analyzer

Non-Destructive Sonic Test
8a - 30
15
Rheology and
Flow Calculations
Fann
Fann Model
Model 35
35
Viscometer
Viscometer
8a - 31
8a - 32
16
Fluid Loss Measurements

Fluid loss Test cells
8a - 33
8a - 34
17
API Specification 10 D
Casing Centralizers
8a - 35
API SPECIFICATION 10D

DESCRIBES CENTRALIZER
PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
RUNNING FORCE
RESTORING FORCE
8a - 36
18
Manufacturing Having
API Monogram on Casing
Centralizers
United States
Canada
India
Indonesia
Germany
1
1
Italy
1
8a - 37
API Recommended Practices

10 F Cementing Float
Equipment
8a - 38
19
FLOAT VALVES
Poppet Valve
Insert Float
Valve
Insert Poppet
Valve
Ball Valve
8a - 39
API RP 10 F TEST
PARAMETERS
Flow Durability Test
Static Pressure Test (with exact same float)
Depending upon results of these tests, all
float equipment is divided into three
categories for durability and pressure
rating.
8a - 40
20
API Bulletins & Technical

Reports
Liners in Delaware Basin

Book - Worldwide Cementing Practices
Cement evaluation
Expansion of well cements
Many technical paper and trade journal
articles
8a - 41
Cement Technology
1920 - 2000
8a - 42
21
The 1920s
The jet mixer

Two-plug cementing
Calcium chloride
accelerator
Floating equipment
8a - 43
The 1930s
Centralizers-scratchers
Gel cement
Perforating tools
Temperature survey
Retarded cements
Squeeze tools
Pressure-temperature tester
8a - 44
22
The 1940s
Bulk cement
API testing code
Pozzolanic cements
WOC rules
Publications on
cements and testing
procedures
8a - 45
The 1950s
The era of additives Light- HeavyRetarders-Accelerators
Cementing technology papers
The beginning of deep drilling
Improved cements (standardization)
API standardization on testing
Improved bulk systems
8a - 46
23
The 1960s
The basic cement concept

Squeeze cementing techniques
Dispersants
Research in high-temperature
cementing
Displacement mechanics studies
Improved mixers
Bond logs
8a - 47
The 1970s
Rheology of mud-cement systems

Offshore drilling
Emphasis of Artic operations
8a - 48
24
The 1980s
Increased activity
Horizontal wells
Increased number of deep
wells (15,000 + ft)
8a - 49
The 1990s
Integration of API / ISO
documents
Multilateral well work
Deep-water drilling
8a - 50
25
Active API Work

Groups 2000
Deep Water Cement & Test
Equipment
Foam Cement Testing
Pipe Wetability
Annular Pressure
8a - 51
WOC Time
Consult state or federal regulatory rules
for casing and cementing
Will be variable with areas and states
Use densified cements with accelerators
on surface pipe
Winter operation - W.O.C. time 6-8 hours
Summer W.O.C. time - 4-6 hours
Higher well temperature - Faster cement
will set
8a - 52
26
Cement Additives
Specific Materials for
Optimum Cement
Performance
Portland Cement
C
C33S:
S: Responsible
Responsible
for
for short
short term
term
strength
strength
C
C22S:
S: Responsible
Responsible
for
for long
long term
term
strength
strength
C
A
C33A
C
C44AF
AF
C3A
C4AF
C2S
C3S
8b - 2
Page 1
Composition of Portland Cement

1%
C4AF
8%
Sulfates
3%
C3A
7%
MgO
3%
L.O.I.
1%
C3S
55%
C2S
22%
8b - 3
API Cements
API
Class
A
Mix Water
(gal/sk)
5.2
Density
(lb/gal)
15.6
6.3
14.8
5.0
15.8
4.3
16.4
8b - 4
Page 2
Oilwell Cements
SPECIAL
SPECIAL CEMENTS
CEMENTS
Cal-Seal
Cal-Seal
Accelerates
Accelerates cement
cement
Promotes
Promotes expansion
expansion
Imparts
Imparts thixotropy
thixotropy
Micro
Micro Matrix
Matrix and
and Matrix
Matrix Cements
Cements
12
12 micron
micron particle
particle size
size cement
cement blends
blends
Squeezes
Squeezes off
off gravel
gravel packs
packs or
or microannulus
microannulus
Penetrates
Penetrates small
small channels(casing
channels(casing leaks,
leaks, gravel
gravel pack)
pack)
8b - 5
Oilwell Cements
SPECIAL
SPECIAL CEMENTS
CEMENTS
Flexcem
Flexcem Service
Service
Acid/chemical
Acid/chemical resistance
resistance
Elasticity
Elasticity and
and resilience
resilience
ThermaLock
ThermaLock Cement
Cement
High
High Temperature
Temperature Cement
Cement
Resistant
CO
CO22 Resistant
EPSEAL
EPSEAL &
& StrataLock
StrataLock Resins
Resins
Acid/Chemical
Acid/Chemical Resistance
Resistance
Formation
Consolidation
Formation Consolidation
8b - 6
Page 3
Cementing Additives
Designed
Designed to
to manipulate
manipulate aa cement
cement slurrys
slurrys
physical
properties:
physical properties:
Pumping
Pumping time
time
Slurry
weight
Slurry weight
Fluid
Fluid loss
loss control
control
Rheology
Rheology
Compressive
Compressive strength
strength development
development
Anti-gas
Anti-gas migration
migration
Expansion
Expansion
Ductility/Resilience
Ductility/Resilience
8b - 7
Shorten Initial Set Time

and Accelerate
Development
Page 4
Cementing
Cementing Additives
Additives - Accelerators
Calcium
Calcium Chloride
Chloride
Most
Most commonly
commonly used
used accelerator
accelerator
Concentrations
Concentrations 11 to
to 4%bwoc
4%bwoc
40
40 to
to 120
120 F
F
Anhydrous,
Anhydrous, regular,
regular, powder,
powder, liquid
liquid
Sodium
Sodium Chloride
Chloride
Accelerates
Accelerates between
between 11 to
to 12%12%Max
acceleration
at
4%
Max acceleration at 4% bwow
bwow
Used
Used when
when calcium
calcium chloride
chloride is
is not
not preferred
preferred
Not
Not as
as effective
effective as
as calcium
calcium chloride
chloride
Accelerates
Accelerates at
at low
low concentrations
concentrations
Decreases
viscosity
Decreases viscosity
Increases
Increases fluid
fluid loss
loss
50
50 to
to 120
120 F
F
8b - 9
Cementing
Cementing Additives
Densified
Densified Cement
Cement
0.5
0.5 to
to 1.0%
1.0% Dispersant
Dispersant
3.1
to
3.4
gal/sk
3.1 to 3.4 gal/sk water
water
High
High compressive
compressive strengths
strengths
Seawater
Seawater
Coastal
Coastal areas
areas
Mixing
water
Mixing water (no
(no cost)
cost)
Contains
Contains 1.5
1.5 to
to 2%
2% soluble
soluble chlorides
chlorides
Behaves
Behaves similarly
similarly to
to 1%
1% calcium
calcium chloride
chloride
8b - 10
Page 5
Cementing
Cementing Additives
Cal-Seal
Cal-Seal
Most
Most radical
radical accelerator
accelerator resulting
resulting in
in short
short pump
pump times
times
Concentrations
Concentrations 55 to
to 90%
90% (bwoc)
(bwoc)
ECONOLITE
ECONOLITE
Lightweight
Lightweight additive
additive providing
providing acceleration
acceleration
11 to
to 3%
3% (bwoc)
(bwoc) or
or 0.1
0.1 -- 0.5
0.5 gps
gps in
in Liquid
Liquid form
form
VersaSet
VersaSet
Low
Low temperature
temperature acceleration
acceleration adding
adding thixotropic
thixotropic properties
properties
8b - 11
Slow Cement Hydration

To Allow For
Safe Cement Placement
Page 6
Cementing
Cementing Additives
Additives - Retarders
Calcium
Calcium lignosulfonate
lignosulfonate
Sodium
Sodium lignosulfonate
lignosulfonate
Blend
Blend of
of calcium
calcium lignosulfonate
lignosulfonate &
& organic
organic
acid
acid
CMHEC
CMHEC
Synthetic
Synthetic retarders
retarders
Quicker
Quicker set
set at
at top
top of
of cement
cement
More
More Linear
Linear response
response
8b - 13
Cementing
Cementing Additives
Additives - Retarders
Lignosulfonates
Lignosulfonates
HR
HR-4/
-4/ HR-4L
HR-4L (Calcium
(Calcium lignosulfonate)
lignosulfonate)
HR-5
HR-5 // HR-6L
HR-6L (( sodium
sodium lignosulfonate)
lignosulfonate)
HR
-12 // HR-12L
HR-12L (Calcium
(Calcium Lign.
Lign. ++ organic
organic acid)
acid)
HR-12
HR-13L
HR-13L (sodium
(sodium lign.
lign. ++ organic
organic acid)
acid)
Synthetic
Synthetic (polymer
(polymer retarders)
retarders)
More
More linear
linear response
response
Quicker
Quicker set
set at
at top
top of
of cement
cement
SCR-100/SCR-100L
SCR-100/SCR-100L
SCR-500/SCR-500L
SCR-500/SCR-500L (High
(High temperature)
temperature)
HR-25
HR-25 // HR-25L
HR-25L Retarder
Retarder intensifier
intensifier
8b - 14
Page 7
Lower Hydrostatic Pressure

and Improve Slurry Economy
Cementing
Cementing Additives
Additives - Lightweight
Bentonite/Attapulgite
Bentonite/Attapulgite
Swells
Swells 10
10 times
times its
its original
original dry
dry volume
volume
Dispersant
Dispersant often
often used
used to
to control
control viscosity
viscosity (>
(> 8%
8% gel)
gel)
44 to
to 55 times
times less
less gel
gel is
is required
required ifif itit is
is pre-hydrated
pre-hydrated
Salt
Salt will
will reduce
reduce the
the yield
yield
Up
to
16%
(<
500
F)
Up to 16% (< 500 F)
Anhydrous
Anhydrous sodium
sodium metasilicate
metasilicate
11 to
to 3%
3% (BHCT
(BHCT << 200
200 F)
F)
Liquid
Liquid (0.635
(0.635 gal/sk)
gal/sk)
Difficult
Difficult to
to retard
retard
Not
Not recommended
recommended with:
with:
Calcium
Calcium chloride
chloride
Salt
Salt at
at high
high concentrations
concentrations
8b - 16
Page 8
Cementing
Cementing Additives
Pozzolanic Materials (Fly Ash)
Decreases Slurry Cost

Lightens Slurry Weight
Enhances Pumpability
Reduces Permeability
Promotes Bonding
Improves Chemical Resistance
Reduces sulfate attack
Resists corrosion from seawater
Has some acid resistance
8b - 17
Cementing
Cementing Additives
Fumed Silica
High Surface Area Silica
Primary Functions
Extender for lightweight cement

Compressive strength enhancer
Thixotropic tendencies
Secondary Effects
Low temperature accelerator
Provides minor fluid loss control
Available as Powder or Liquid

8b - 18
Page 9
Cementing
Cementing Additives
Foam
Foam Cement
Cement
Nitrogen
Nitrogen (produces
(produces 44 to
to 19
19 lb/gal
lb/gal slurries)
slurries)
Advantages
Advantages
Excellent
Excellent strength
strength to
to density
density ratio
ratio (low
(low permeability)
permeability)
Reduces
filtrate
loss
Reduces filtrate loss
Settling
Settling Control
Control
Imparts
Imparts compressibility
compressibility
Combats
Combats annular
annular gas
gas invasion
invasion
Controls
Controls high
high volume
volume water
water flows
flows
High
High temperature
temperature cementing
cementing (<
(< 600
600 F)
F)
8b - 19
Cementing
Cementing Additives
Silicalite
Silicalite
Amorphous
Amorphous silica
silica with
with an
an extensive
extensive surface
surface area
area
Up
Up to
to 30%
30% (<
(< 500
500 F)
F)
Available
Available in
in Powder
Powder or
or Liquid
Liquid forms(Silicalite
forms(Silicalite 97L)
97L)
SPHERELITE
SPHERELITE
Hollow
Hollow inorganic
inorganic spheres
spheres
Provides
8
to
12
lb/gal
Provides 8 to 12 lb/gal slurries
slurries
Pressure/density
Pressure/density effect
effect (<
(< 6000
6000 psi)
psi)
Good
Good strength
strength to
to density
density ratio
ratio
High
High temperature
temperature cementing
cementing
8b - 20
Page 10
Cementing
Cementing Additives
ECONOLITE
ECONOLITE
Anhydrous
Anhydrous sodium
sodium metasilicate
metasilicate
11 to
to 3%
3% (BHCT
(BHCT << 200
200 F)
F)
Liquid
Liquid ECONOLITE
ECONOLITE (0.635
(0.635 gal/sk)
gal/sk)
8b - 21
Lower Fluid Loss Rate

of Cement Slurry
During and After Placement
Page 11
Cementing
Cementing Additives
Additives - Fluid Loss
Control
Bentonite
Organic polymers (cellulose)
Organic polymers (dispersants)
Latex additives
8b - 23
Cementing
Cementing Additives
Additives - Fluid Loss
Control
HALAD
HALAD-344
-344
Synthetic
Synthetic co-polymer
co-polymer effective
effective in
in lightweight
lightweight slurries
slurries
Practically
Practically non-retarding
non-retarding thus
thus ideal
ideal for
for shallow
shallow cementing
cementing
HALAD
HALAD-322
-322
Inexpensive
Inexpensive
Dispersing
Dispersing effect
effect (slurry
(slurry stability)
stability)
HALAD-100A
HALAD-100A
Primarily
Primarily used
used in
in the
the North
North Sea
Sea area
area
Mild
Mild retarder
retarder
8b - 24
Page 12
Cementing
Cementing Additives
Additives -- Fluid Loss
Control
HALAD-413
HALAD-413
Synthetic
Synthetic polymer
polymer
Non-viscosifying
Non-viscosifying (for
(for densified
densified slurries)
slurries)
Strongly
Strongly disperses
disperses in
in high
high salt
salt slurries
slurries
HALAD
HALAD-600LE+
-600LE+
Aqueous
Aqueous solution
solution
Very
Very mild
mild retarder
retarder
Non-viscosifying
Non-viscosifying
LATEX
LATEX 2000
2000 System
System
Ultra
Ultra low
low fluid
fluid loss
loss control
control
8b - 25
Lower Mixing Viscosity

and Decrease the Rate
for Turbulent Flow
Page 13
Cementing
Cementing Additives
Additives - Dispersants
Reduces
Reduces water
water requirement
requirement (densification)
(densification)
Improved
mixability
Improved mixability
Lowers
Lowers rheological
rheological properties
properties
Improves
Improves fluid
fluid loss
loss control
control (synergistic
(synergistic effect)
effect)
Mildly
retards
Mildly retards
8b - 27
Increase Slurry Density

To Control Formation
Pressure
Page 14
Cementing
Cementing Additives
Additives - Heavyweight
Hematite ore (5-5.2 S.G.)
Barite (4.9 S.G.)
Hausmannite ore (4.9 S.G.)
Sand (2.65 S.G.)
8b - 29
Cementing
Cementing Additives
HI-DENSE
HI-DENSE No.
No. 33
Hematite
Hematite ore
ore (5.0
(5.0 S.G.)
S.G.)
70%
70% of
of particles
particles << 325
325 mesh
mesh
HI-DENSE
HI-DENSE No.
No. 44
Hematite
Hematite ore
ore (5.2
(5.2 S.G.)
S.G.)
90%
90% of
of particles
particles << 325
325 mesh
mesh
Improves
suspension
Improves suspension
MICROMAX
MICROMAX
Hausmannite
Hausmannite ore
ore (4.9
(4.9 S.G.)
S.G.)
Average
Average PSD
PSD 55 microns
microns (40%
(40% water
water requirement)
requirement)
Provides
excellent
suspension
properties
Provides excellent suspension properties
Can
Can be
be added
added to
to mixing
mixing water
water
8b - 30
Page 15
Cementing
Cementing Additives
Barite
Barite
Barium
Barium sulfate
sulfate (4.23
(4.23 S.G.)
S.G.)
22%
22% water
water requirement
requirement (Effective
(Effective S.G.
S.G. is
is 2.67)
2.67)
Used
Used in
in spacers
spacers and
and drilling
drilling fluids
fluids
Ottawa
Ottawa Sand
Sand
20-40
20-40 mesh
mesh sand
sand (2.63
(2.63 S.G.)
S.G.)
No
water
requirement
No water requirement
Provides
Provides densities
densities up
up to
to 18
18 lb/gal
lb/gal
Dispersants
Dispersants
Reduces
Reduces water
water to
to cement
cement ratio
ratio
8b - 31
Prevent and Release

Entrained Air
While Mixing Cement
Page 16
Cementing
Cementing Additives
Additives - Defoamers
Decrease Foaming Tendency

Minimize Air Entrainment
Improve Density Measurements
Common Foamers or Air Entrainers
Salt (seawater, KCl)

Surfactants (Latex systems)
Lignin type retarders
Bentonite slurries
If Used in Foam Cements, Determine That the

Foam is Stable
8b - 33
Cementing
Cementing Additives
Additives - Defoamers
NF-1
NF-1
Liquid
Liquid additive
additive (add
(add to
to mix
mix water
water or
or slurry)
slurry)
Used
Used for
for slurries
slurries with
with strong
strong foaming
foaming tendencies
tendencies
Ineffective
in
surfactant
applications
Ineffective in surfactant applications
NF-6
NF-6
Liquid
Liquid additive
additive (prevents
(prevents foam
foam generating)
generating)
D-AIR
D-AIR 33
Liquid
Liquid defoamer
defoamer -- especially
especially for
for Latex
Latex designs
designs
D-AIR
D-AIR 3000/3000L
3000/3000L
Liquid
Liquid defoamer
defoamer for
for all
all applications
applications
8b - 34
Page 17
STABILITY &
INTEGRITY
ADDITIVES
8b - 35
Strength Stabilizing Additives

Fumed silica effective to 275 F
Fine crystalline silica
Prevents strength retrogression

35% (or greater) when BHSTs > 230 F
Better suspension
Coarse crystalline silica

Same application as SSA-1
Heavy weight slurry applications
8b - 36
Page 18
Salt Cementing
Flowable Salt Zones
Plastic flow
Causes casing deformation or collapse
Prevented by proper mud displacement and rapid strength
development of cement
Salt added to cement not important
Foamed cement typically effective
Non-flowable Salt Zones
Bonding to salt zone critical

Saturated salt slurries recommended or
Foamed cement slurry containing 18% salt
Be careful not to over-retard
8b - 37
Cementing
Cementing Additives
Additives - Strength
Stabilizing
SSA-1
SSA-1 (Silica
(Silica Flour)
Flour)
Fine
Fine silica
silica
Prevents
Prevents strength
strength retrogression
retrogression
35%
(or
greater)
when
35% (or greater) when BHSTs
BHSTs >> 230
230 F
F
Better
Better suspension
suspension
SSA-2
SSA-2 (Silica
(Silica Sand)
Sand)
Coarse
Coarse silica
silica
Same
Same application
application as
as SSA-1
SSA-1
Heavy
Heavy weight
weight applications
applications
8b - 38
Page 19
Cementing
Cementing Additives
Additives - Slurry
Integrity
Suspend
Suspend HT
HT &
& SA-541
SA-541
Coated
Coated Polymer
Polymer
Material
Material is
is temperature
temperature activated
activated (140
(140 to
to 160
160 F)
F)
Does
Does not
not affect
affect mixing
mixing viscosity
viscosity
Functions
Functions
Provides
Provides lower
lower mixing
mixing viscosity
viscosity
Counteracts
thermal
thinning
Counteracts thermal thinning
Provides
Provides solids
solids suspension
suspension down-hole
down-hole
Controls
Controls free
free water
water
8b - 39
Cementing
Cementing Additives
Additives - Slurry
Integrity
Silicalite
Silicalite
Silicalite
Silicalite 97L
97L
GasCon
GasCon 469
469
MicroBlock
MicroBlock
HEC
HEC
Bentonite
Bentonite
Attapulgite
Attapulgite
8b - 40
Page 20
Prevent Loss of Whole

Fluid
Before and During
A Cement Job
Lost Circulation
Problems
Low
Low Fracture
Fracture
Gradient
Gradient
Unconsolidate
Unconsolidate
Formations
Formations
Fractured
Fractured
Formations
Formations
Cavernous
Cavernous
Formations
Formations
8b - 42
Page 21
Lost Circulation
Unconsolidated or Highly Permeable
Formations
Permeability exceeding 100 darcies
Gradual loss of fluid
Easily controlled
Fractured Formations
Natural and induced fractures
Rapid to complete loss of circulation
Cavernous Formations
Erosive action of subsurface waters
Complete and sudden loss of circulation
8b - 43
Lost Circulation Materials

Granular (gilsonite, coal, perlite,
walnut hulls, mica)
Fibrous (nylon, polypropylene)
Lamellated (cellophane)
Specialized flash setting or gelling
materials
8b - 44
Page 22

Granular
Asphaltene/Coal
4 to 100 mesh (1.07 S.G.)
5 to 25 lb/sk (< 230 F)
Avoid bottom plugs when using bridging agents
Walnut Shells
Course, medium, and fine grind
1 to 5 lb/sk (< 290 F)
Perlite/Hollow Microspheres
Expanded volcanic rock/ lightweight cellular material
0.5 to 1.5 cu.ft./sk (< 260 F)
8b - 45

Granular
Granulite TR 1/4
4 to 16 mesh Ground Tires (1.14 S.G.)
1 to 3 lb/sk (< 400 F)
Avoid bottom plugs when using bridging agents
Perfect Seal
16 to 100 mesh Graded Ceramic (1.5 to 2.5 S.G.)
1 to 5 lb/sk (< 1000 F)
Laminated
3/8 to 3/4 inch cellophane flakes
1/8 to 1/2 lb/sk (< 260 F)
Fibrous
Fibrous material (unstranded rope)
Provides shatter resistance to set cement
1/2 to 1/8 lb/sk (< 260 F)
8b - 46
Page 23

BDO: Bentonite/Diesel Oil Slurry
Avoid water contamination (oil based spacer is required)
BCDO: Bentonite/Cement/Diesel Oil Slurry

DOB2C: Diesel Oil/Bentonite/2 sacks Cement
DOC: Diesel Oil/Cement Slurry
8b - 47

Flocele
Flocele (cellophane
(cellophane flakes)
flakes)
Fibers
Fibers
Tuf
Tuf Plug
Plug (walnut
(walnut shells)
shells)
Flexplug
Flexplug (WB
(WB or
or OB
OB mud
mud reaction
reaction with
with Flexplug)
Flexplug)
Flochek
Flochek process
process (brine
(brine reaction
reaction with
with silicates)
silicates)
K-max
K-max (crosslinked
(crosslinked gel)
gel)
Acid
Acid Soluble
Soluble cement
cement (cement
(cement plus
plus carbonate)
carbonate)
MOC
MOC 11 (Microfine
(Microfine cement
cement in
in Diesel)
Diesel)
Bentonite-Diesel
Bentonite-Diesel or
or Cement
Cement diesel
diesel
Thixomix
Thixomix (thixotropic
(thixotropic cement)
cement)
8b - 48
Page 24
Prevent Annular Gas

Migration
(will be covered in next section)
Improve Bond of
Cement
to Pipe and Formation
Page 25
Halliburton
Expansion Additives
8b - 51
Cementing
Cementing Additives
Additives - Expansion
Additives
Aluminate-sulfate additives and cements

Polyvalent metal oxides
In-situ gas generators
Compressible cements
8b - 52
Page 26
Cementing
Cementing Additives
Additives - Expansion
Additives
MicroBond
MicroBond or
or Microbond
Microbond E
E
Low
Low temperature
temperature expansive
expansive additive
additive
Optimum
temperature
range
Optimum temperature range below
below 125
125 F
F
MicroBond
MicroBond M
M
Moderate
Moderate temperature
expansive additive
additive
Quicker
expansion
achieved
below
Quicker expansion achieved below 210
210 F
F than
than
MicroBond
MicroBond HT
HT
MicroBond
MicroBond HT
HT
High
High temperature
expansive additive
additive
Requires
7
to
28
days
Requires 7 to 28 days to
to achieve
achieve expansion
expansion below
below 210
210 F
F
11 to
to 3%
3% expansion
expansion achieved
achieved in
in 33 to
to 77 days
days
8b - 53
Slurry Design
Criteria
Required Well & Test Data
Page 27
Cement slurry design

What
What are
are the
the well
well conditions?
conditions?
Job
Job Type
Type -- Casing
Casing // liner
liner // plug
plug // squeeze
squeeze // tie-back
tie-back
Well
type
Vertical,
deviated,
ERD,
horizontal,HPHT
Well type - Vertical, deviated, ERD, horizontal,HPHT
Temperature
Temperature -- BHST
BHST &
& BHCT
BHCT
Pore
Pressure
&
Fracture
Pore Pressure & Fracture Gradient
Gradient
Mud
Mud data
data -- weight,
weight, type,
type, properties
properties
Formation
Formation types
types -- sands
sands or
or salt
salt
Required
Required TOC
TOC
Lost
Lost circulation
circulation problems
problems
Gas
migration
Gas migration
Water
Water producing
producing formations
formations
Life
of
the
well
criteria
Life of the well criteria
8b - 55
Cement slurry design

What
What are
are the
the requirements?
requirements?
Pumping
Pumping (thickening)
(thickening) Time
Time
Rheology
PV/YP
Rheology - PV/YP
Fluid
Fluid loss
loss control
control requirements
requirements
Free
water
/
stability
Free water / stability
Anti-gas
Anti-gas migration
migration properties
properties
Initial
set
requirements
Initial set requirements
Final
Final strength
strength requirements
requirements
Batch
Batch mix
mix or
or on
on the
the fly
fly
Type
of
slurries
Lead,
Type of slurries - Lead, tail,
tail, Kick-off
Kick-off plug
plug
Economics
Economics
8b - 56
Page 28
Cement slurry Testing

Tests
Tests performed
performed according
according to
to API
API spec10
spec10
guidelines
guidelines
Thickening
Thickening Time
Time tests:
tests: HPHT
HPHT consistometer
consistometer
Rheology
tests:
FANN
35
and
Rheology tests: FANN 35 and HPHT
HPHT rheometer
rheometer
Fluid
Fluid loss
loss tests:
tests: Cell
Cell with
with aa 325
325 mesh
mesh screen
screen
Compressive
Compressive strength
strength
Crush
Crush 2x2
2x2 cubes
cubes
UCA:
translates
UCA: translates acoustic
acoustic wave
wave travel
travel to
to strength
strength
Mini-Macs:
Mini-Macs: Measures
Measures the
the static
static gel
gel development
development
Settling:
BP
test;
measure
sg
of
set
Settling: BP test; measure sg of set cement
cement segments
segments
Freewater:
Freewater: measure
measure slurrys
slurrys free
free fluid
fluid after
after 22 hours
hours at
at
static
static conditions
conditions
8b - 57
Useful Cementing Tips

Know
Know and
and communicate
communicate conditions
conditions and
and requirements
requirements to
to
cement
cement engineers
engineers
Request
Request confirmation
confirmation tests
tests with
with rig
rig samples
samples -- Give
Give adequate
adequate
lead
time
for
testing
lead time for testing
Ensure
Ensure no
no contamination
contamination of
of cement,chemicals
cement,chemicals
Ensure
Ensure quality
quality of
of mixing
mixing water.
water. Inorganic
Inorganic compounds
compounds will
will
accelerate
accelerate slurry,
slurry, organic
organic will
will retard
retard setting.
setting. Guideline:
Guideline:
<3000
<3000 ppm
ppm chlorides
chlorides
Check
Check confirmation
confirmation fax
fax and
and ensure
ensure that
that slurry
slurry properties
properties and
and
test
test conditions
conditions are
are appropriate
appropriate
Surface
Surface samples
samples caught
caught during
during cement
cement job
job can
can give
give
misleading
set
time
misleading set time
8b - 58
Page 29
8b - 59
8b - 60
Page 30
Annular Gas Migration

Solutions to Annular Gas
Flow
Types of Annular
Gas Migration
Flow Through Mud Channels
Microannular Flow
Flow Through Unset Cement
8c - 2
Page 1
Flow Through Mud

Channels
Mechanism
Characteristics
Solutions
8c - 3
Gas Migration Mud Channels

Mechanism
Cement
Cement sets
sets with
with no
no
gas
flow
gas flow
Plastic
Plastic state
state shrinkage
shrinkage
occurs
occurs
Gas
Gas flows
flows through
through
micro
micro channel
channel
Channel
Channel widens
widens due
due to
to
dry
dry shrinkage
shrinkage
8c - 4
Page 2
Gas Migration In Mud Channels

Characteristics
Flow observed days after cement is
placed.
Flow volume is slight to moderate
Gas flow increases with time.
Flow may or may not be observed with
sonic tools (CBL, PET, or CAST-V)
8c - 5
Gas Migration In Mud Channels

Solutions
Apply good displacement practices

Expansive Cement Additives
Compressible Cements
8c - 6
Page 3
Halliburton
Expansive Additives
Microbond
Below
Below 130
130 F
F
Microbond M
130
130 to
to 210
210 F
F
Microbond HT
Above
Above 210
210 F
F
8c - 7
Microannular Flow
Causes
Prevention
Solutions
8c - 8
Page 4
Microannular Flow
Causes
Cement Sheath Damage

Early
Early Drillout
Drillout
Pressure
Pressure Testing
Testing
Combination of Mud Channel and

Sheath Damage
Poor Cement Bond
8c - 9
Microannular Flow
Causes
Poor Displacement
Weak Zones Above Gas Zone
Unconsolidated Formations
8c - 10
Page 5
Microannular Flow
Prevention
High Early Strength Cement

Shallow
Shallow // Low
Low Temperature
Temperature Casing
Casing Strings
Strings
Top
Top of
of Liner
Liner
WOC until cement sets at real BHST

Do Not Drill Out Prematurely
Liner
Liner top
top
Shoe
Shoe
Do Not Pressure Test Prematurely
8c - 11
Flow Through Unset

Cement
Mechanism
Characteristics
Solutions
8c - 12
Page 6
Hydrostatic Pressure Loss
Cement
Fluid
Cement
Sets
Cement
Gels
Overbalance
Pressure
Cement
Hardens
Formation Gas Pressure
Time
Permeable
Zone
8c - 13
Gas Channel
Formation
Cement
Cement slurry
slurry
placed
placed
Slurry
Slurry behaves
behaves as
as
aa fluid
fluid
Transmits
Transmits full
full
hydrostatic
hydrostatic
Gas Zone
pressure
pressure
8c - 14
Page 7
Gas Channel
Formation
Static
Static gel
gel strength
strength
development
development
begins
begins
Fluid
Fluid loss
loss to
to
formations
formations
Volume
Volume reduction
reduction
causes
pressure
causes pressure
loss
loss
Filtrate
Loss
8c - 15
Gas Channel
Formation
Fluid
Loss
Overbalance
Overbalance
Pressure
Pressure is
is lost
lost
Fluid
Fluid loss
loss
continues
continues in
in lower
lower
pressure
pressure zone
zone
Gas
Gas enters
enters
wellbore
wellbore and
and
percolates
percolates up
up
annulus
annulus
8c - 16
Gas
Entry
Page 8
Gas Channel
Formation
Gas
Channel
Percolation
Percolation leads
leads
to
to gas
gas channel
channel
formation
formation
Permanent
Permanent
channel
channel left
left after
after
cement
sets
cement sets
8c - 17
Gas Migration Through Unset Cement

Laboratory
Laboratory testing
testing was
was
conducted
conducted with
with static
static
gel
strength
effects
gel strength effects
and
and fluid
fluid loss
loss
simulation
simulation
Channels
Channels were
were found
found
in
in set
set samples
samples of
of
cement
cement slurries
slurries in
in
which
gas
migration
which gas migration
occurred
occurred
8c - 18
Page 9
Overbalance Pressure Is
Lost Due To The
Combined Effects Of:
1. Static Gel Strength
2. Volume Loss
Potential Pressure Loss Due

to Static Gel Strength
P = (SGS / 300) x (L / D)
Page 10
Static Gel Strength is the

Internally Developed
Rigidity Within the Matrix
Which Resists Forces
Placed Upon It
Actual Pressure Loss Is

Not Caused By Static Gel
Strength Alone. It Must
Be Accompanied By
Volume Loss
Page 11
Potential Pressure Loss Due

to Volume Loss
P = V / CF
Volume Loss Due to

Pressure Loss
Small
Small volume
volume loss
loss from
from aa
pressurized
pressurized hydraulic
hydraulic
system
system will
will cause
cause aa very
very
large
large pressure
pressure loss
loss
Since
Since cement
cement slurry
slurry is
is
incompressible
(dirt
incompressible (dirt
and
and water),
water), aa small
small
volume
volume loss
loss will
will cause
cause aa
large
large pressure
pressure loss
loss 8c - 24
Page 12
Static Gel
Gel Strength
Strength (lbs/100
(lbs/100 ftft2))
Static
Maximum SGS for Gas Flow

500
500
No Gas flow
400
400
300
300
Gas Flow
200
200
100
100
00
00
20
20
40
40
60
60
Time
Time (minutes)
(minutes)
80
80
8c - 25
Flow Potential Factor

FPF = MPR / OBP
MPR
MPR == (500
(500 // 300)
300) xx (L
(L // D)
D)
Page 13
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
GAS FLOW POTENTIAL FACTOR

Flow Condition 1
Minor
Flow Condition 2
Moderate
Flow Condition 3
Severe
8c - 27
Flow Condition 1
Minor
Fluid
Fluid Loss
Loss Control
Control
Modified
Modified Job
Job Design
Design
8c - 28
Page 14
Minor GFP Solutions

Fluid
Fluid Loss
Loss Control:
Control: Limits
Limits Volume
Volume Reduction
Reduction
Modified
Modified Job
Job Design:
Design: Lowers
Lowers GFP
GFP by
by use
use of
of
backpressure,
shortened
backpressure, shortened
cement
cement column,
column, and
and other
other
parameters
parameters
8c - 29
Flow Condition 2
Moderate
GasStop
GasStop
GasStop
GasStop -- HT
HT
Thixotropic
Thixotropic Cements
Cements
Page 15
8c - 30
Moderate GFP Solutions

GasStop:
GasStop: Delays
Delays Gel
Gel Strength
Strength with
with
Rapid
Transition
Time
Rapid Transition Time
Thixotropic
Thixotropic Cements:
Cements: Rapid
Rapid Gel
Gel Strength
Strength
minimizes
minimizes time
time for
for gas
gas to
to
percolate
percolate in
in annulus
annulus
8c - 31
Thixotropic Cement
Static Gel Strength
600
Thixotropic Cement
500
400
300
Normal Cement
200
100
0
0
20
40
Time (min)
Page 16
60
80
8c - 32
Delayed Gel Strength and Fluid Loss
Static Gel Strength
600
500
GasStop
400
Normal Cement
300
200
Fluid Loss Rate
100
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Time (Hours)
10
3.5
4
8c - 33
Flow Condition 3
Severe
GAS-CHEK
GAS-CHEK Cement
Cement
Super
Super CBL
CBL
Foam
Foam Cement
Cement
8c - 34
Page 17
Severe GFP Solutions

GAS-CHEK:
GAS-CHEK: Generates
Generates gas
gas downhole
downhole
to
make
slurry
compressible
to make slurry compressible
Super
Super CBL:
CBL: Generates
Generates gas
gas downhole
downhole
to
make
slurry
compressible
to make slurry compressible
Foam
Compressible cement
cement slurry
slurry
Foam Cement:
Cement: Compressible
8c - 35
Cement w/ GAS
-CHEK
GAS-CHEK
Cement
Fluid
Cement
Sets
Cement
Gels
Overbalance
Pressure
Cement
Hardens
Formation Gas Pressure
Time
Page 18
8c - 36
Moderate GFP
Severe GFP
Minor GFP
Halliburton Gas Flow Solutions
Problem
Identification
Halliburton
Technology
Solutions to Gas Flow

Problems
Page 19
8c - 39
8c - 40
Page 20
Primary Cementing Equipment

Chapter 9
Displacement
Fluid
Plug
Container
Production
Casing
Bottom
Plug
Top
Plug
Reciprocating
Cleaner
Float
Collar
Centralizer
Float
Shoe
9-2
Casing Equipment
HEI_1OF2.PPT
Reasons for Cementing

Casing
Seal Formations Penetrated
Protect Casing from Burst,
Collapse, Drilling Shock, and
Corrosive Fluids
Maintain Control of Well
9-3
Reasons for Floating

Equipment
Provide Casing
Buoyancy
Prevent Re-Entry of
Cement
Guide Casing into Hole
Landing Seat for Plugs
9-4
Casing Equipment
HEI_1OF2.PPT
API RP 10F
Recommended Practice for
Performance Testing of Cementing
Floating Equipment
9-5
Float Valve Types
Poppet
Poppet Valve
Valve
Insert
Insert Float
Float
Valve
Valve
Casing Equipment
Insert
Insert Poppet
Poppet
Valve
Valve
Ball
Ball Valve
Valve
9-6
HEI_1OF2.PPT
Insert Float Valve

Used in API 8RD & Buttress
Thread Casing
Moderate Range of Differential
Pressure
Drillable Cast Aluminum
Large Flow Area
Can be Used in Mud Systems
Containing High Percentage of
LCM
Orifice Fillup Attachment for
Auto Fill
Not Available for Premium
9-7
Thread Casing
Advantage (IPV)
Super Seal II Valve
Design
API RP 10F III A Rating
For 7- 13-3/8 8RD &
Buttress Casing
Auto Fill Feature
Standard
200oo F Max.
9-8
Casing Equipment
HEI_1OF2.PPT
Super Seal II
Float Equipment
Available in Shoe or Collar
Category IIIC by Lloyds
Register
K-55 Standard
PDC Drillable
Spring Loaded Valve
Horizontal Wells
9-9
2-3/4 Valve
and
4-1/4 Valve
Both carry III-C rating per
API RP 10F
4-1/4 valve exceeds
RP10F, having been
tested at 25 BPM for 24
hours
AUTO-FILL is standard on
Super Seal II
PDC drillable
9 - 10
Casing Equipment
HEI_1OF2.PPT
Super Seal II
High-Port UpJet
Float Shoe
Insures Successful Shoe
Insures Successful Shoe

Test
Excellent Filter Cake
Removal
Up Jets 60% of Fluids
Volume
9 - 11
Turbulator
Shale
Turbulent
Turbulent Action
Action of
of Super
Super
Seal
Seal IIII High-Port
High-Port Up-Jet
Up-Jet
Float
Float Shoe
Shoe
Gas Sand
Oil Sand
Hi-Port
Up-Jet
Float
Shoe
9 - 12
Casing Equipment
HEI_1OF2.PPT
Auto Fill Float Equipment

Protects Casing against Collapse
Reduces Ram Pressure on
Formation
Reduces Surface Fill Time
9 - 13
Super Seal
II
Auto Fill
Standard Feature on
Most SSII Equipment
Flow De-activated
9 - 14
Casing Equipment
HEI_1OF2.PPT
Super Seal II
Auto Fill
Deactivated
2-3/4 Valve - 3-4
BPM
4-1/4 Valve - 6-7
BPM
9 - 15
PDF
(Pressure Differential
Fill)
Float Equipment
9 - 16
Casing Equipment
HEI_1OF2.PPT
PDF
Running in
Hole
9 - 17
PDF
Circulating
9 - 18
Casing Equipment
HEI_1OF2.PPT
PDF
Deactivated
1 - 3 BPM to Land Ball
900 - 1200 PSI to
Deactivate
9 - 19
PDF
Job Complete
9 - 20
Casing Equipment
10
HEI_1OF2.PPT
10
Reasons for Innerstring

Cementing
Prevents Channeling in Large Casing
Availability of Large Plugs & Cement
Heads
Reduced Drillout Time
Casing Collapse
9 - 21
Innerstring
Cementing
Super Seal II w/Sealing
Sleeve
Optional Latch-Down Feature

Top Plug Prevents
Overdisplacement
Latch-Down Plug - Redundant
Back Pressure Seal
9 - 22
Casing Equipment
11
HEI_1OF2.PPT
11
Reasons for Using Cementing

Plugs
Remove Mud Sheath
Separate Cement and
Mud
Prevent Over
Displacement
Surface Indication
Pressure Test Casing
9 - 23
Displacement
Displacement
Fluid
Fluid
Cement
Cement
Casing
Casing
Mud
Mud Sheath
Sheath
Pumping Cement
without
Cement Plugs
Much Cement
Contamination
No Surface Indication of
Cement Placement
Drilling
Drilling
Mud
Mud
9 - 24
Casing Equipment
12
HEI_1OF2.PPT
12
Casing
Casing
Pumping Cement
with
Accumulated
Top Plug Only
Accumulated
Top
Top Plug
Plug
Mud
Mud
Mud
Mud Sheath
Sheath
Drilling
Drilling
Mud
Mud
Top Plug Wipes Mud Sheath

from Casing ID
Separates Cement from
Displacement Fluid
Surface Indication when
Cement Placement is
Complete
Require Additional Shoe
Track Length
9 - 25
Accumulated Mud Volume

Ahead of Cement Plug
Fill up per 1,000 ft. casing
Mud
Sheath
5-1/2 inch
Thickness Casing
(Inches)
1/16
1/32
1/64
51 ft.
25 ft.
13 ft.
7 inch
Casing
9-5/8 inch
Casing
13-3/8 inch
Casing
40 ft.
20 ft.
10 ft.
28 ft.
12 ft.
7 ft.
20 ft.
10 ft.
5 ft.
9 - 26
Casing Equipment
13
HEI_1OF2.PPT
13
Displacement
Displacement
Fluid
Fluid
Top
Top Plug
Plug
Accumulated
Accumulated
Mud
Mud
Casing
Casing
Cement
Cement
Bottom
Bottom
Plug
Plug
Drilling
Drilling
Mud
Mud
Pumping Cement
with Top &
Bottom Plugs
Preferred Method
Bottom Plug Wipes Mud
Sheath from Casing ID
Surface Indication when
Cement Placement is
Complete
Maximum Cement/Mud
Separation
9 - 27
Five Wiper
Cementing Plugs
Available with:
Aluminum
Aluminum Inserts
Inserts
Plastic
Plastic Inserts
Inserts
NR
NR Plastic
Plastic Inserts
Inserts
350 psi Rupture Diaphragm

in Bottom Plugs
Surface Release or SubSurface Release (SSR)
Compatible with Water
Based or Oil Based Muds
9 - 28
Casing Equipment
14
HEI_1OF2.PPT
14
Concave
PDC Bit
Fixed Cutters
Aggressive
Cutting
9 - 29
NR (Non-Rotating)
Cement Plug
System
Reduces Drillout Time
PDC Drillable
9 - 30
Casing Equipment
15
HEI_1OF2.PPT
15
NR (Non-Rotating) Cement Plugs
Cementing
Cementing in
in Process
Process Cementing
Cementing Complete
Complete
9 - 31
Ready
Ready for Drillout
Drillout
Plug Containers
Jet Hed III
Type N
Casing Equipment
SPCH
Jet Hed II
LP
16
SPL
9 - 32
Quick Change
HEI_1OF2.PPT
16
Chapter 10
Primary Cementing
Primary Cementing
Sealing the Annular space between Casing
and the wellbore:
to isolate and contain productive, problematic or
weak intervals
to support & protect Casing Strings
to insulate Geothermal & Thermal wells
Core Process used throughout the world
10a - 2
Primary Cementing - Casing
Conductor
Surface
Intermediate
Production
Liners
Tie-back
10a - 3
Conductor Casing
10a - 4
10a - 5
Conductor Casing
Purpose:
Confines circulating fluids
Prevents washing out
under rig
Provides elevation for
flow nipple and bell nipple
BOP are usually not
attached to conductor
casings.
10a - 6
Conductor Casing
Purpose
Casing sizes
Casing Attachments
Cement Properties
Pumping Rates
Slurry Volumes (Excess)
Unique Placement Considerations
10a - 7
Conductor Casing
Characteristics:
(Set from 40 to 1500 feet)
Casing is large; 16 inches
to 30 inches diameter
Hole may be eroded
severely.
Casing can be pumped
out easily and must be
tied down.
10a - 8
Surface Casing
Fresh Water Sand
10a - 9
Surface Casing
Purpose:
Protect water sands.
Case unconsolidated formations.
Provides primary pressure
control. (BOP usually nippled up
on surface casing)
Supports subsequent casings.
Case off loss circulation zones.
10a - 10
Surface Casing
Purpose
Casing sizes
Casing Attachments
Cement Properties
Pumping Rates
10a - 11
Surface Casing
Characteristics:
(Set from 40 to 4500 feet)
Casing may stick easily in

unconsolidated formations.
Loss of circulation may be a
problem.
Most areas require that cement
be circulated.
Guide shoe, or float shoe, and
float collar commonly used.
10a - 12
Surface Casing
Remarks:
Often cemented through drill
pipe with sealing sleeve.
B&T plugs should be used
because of high mud
viscosities.
Bottom joints should be
centralized and thread locked
to prevent loss down hole.
10a - 13
Stage Cementing
Stage Tool
Fresh Water Sand
10a - 14
Multiple
Stage
Cementing
Tool
10a - 15
Stage Cementing
Why?
Potential Casing Collapse due to Hydrostatic
Pressure of a full column of Cement
Cover Weak Zones on First Stage to insure
Cement Returns to Surface
Large Volumes of Cement
Deep Holes that Require Cement to Surface
10a - 16
Intermediate Casing
10a - 17
Intermediate Casing
Purpose:
Cases off loss circulation zones,
water flows, etc.
Isolates salt sections
Protects open hole from increase in
mud weight
Prevents flow from high-pressure
zones if mud weight must be
reduced
Basic pressure control casing BOP
always installed
Supports subsequent casings
10a - 18
Intermediate Casing
Purpose
Casing sizes
Casing Attachments
Cement Properties
Pumping Rates
10a - 19
Intermediate Casing
Characteristics:
Setting depth varies with hole
conditions
Guide shoe, or float shoe, and float
collar commonly used.
Cement volumes usually largest in well.
Often cemented in stages.
Prolonged drilling may be done through
this casing, and damage is common.
Completion may be made in
intermediate casing.
10a - 20
10
Production Casing
Productive
Interval
10a - 21
Production Casing
Purpose:
Conduit for Completion String
Provides pressure control
Cover worn or damaged
intermediate casing
10a - 22
11
Production Casing
Purpose
Casing sizes
Casing Attachments
Cement Properties
Pumping Rates
10a - 23
Production Casing
Characteristics:
(Setting depth through producing
zone)
Common sizes 4 1/2, 5 1/2 and 7 "
casing
Drilling mud usually in good
condition.
Usually not circulated
Generally cemented back to
intermediate casing
Good cement job is vital to
successful completion.
10a - 24
12
Liners - Cementing Methods

Single stage:
Circulate cement to top of liner - reverse excess.
Single stage:
Circulate excess cement 10-12 joints above linerdrilled cement after setting.
Planned squeeze (Tack and Squeeze):

Lower part cemented - Top part squeezed later.
10a - 25
Drilling Liner
Liner Lap
Weak Zone
10a - 26
13
Drilling Liner
Purpose
Casing sizes
Casing Attachments
Cement Properties
Pumping Rates
10a - 27
Production Liner
Production
Interval
Production
Interval
10a - 28
14
Production Liner
Purpose
Casing sizes
Casing Attachments
Cement Properties
Pumping Rates
10a - 29
Releasing-nut Threads
Sizing Ring
Mechanical-Set
Liner Hanger
Pack-off Element
Cone
Slips
Automatic J-Latch Cage

Drag Springs
10a - 30
15
Mechanical-Set Hangers
Set by surface manipulation (rotating to
disengage J-slot and slacking off weight
to engage slips)
To unseat, drillpipe picked up and
rotated to get J-slot to the running in
position
Most widely used
10a - 31
Setting-tool Shear Screws

Tie-back Receptacle
Releasing-nut Threads
Plain-Action Setting Collar
Hydraulic-Set
Liner Hanger
Upper-Tapered Cones
Upper Slips
Lower-Tapered Cones
Lower Slips
10a - 32
16
Hydraulic-Set Hangers
Preferred if one liner is already in well
Designed to prevent premature
setting of slips going into well
Hydraulic pressure required to set
slips (unseat by picking up drillpipe)
Designs vary, some tools can also be
set with ball plug or rotation.
Not as widely used as mechanical set
hangers
10a - 33
Casing
drill
pipe
screen
pump-down plug
liner setting tool &
retrievable packoff
bushing
Liner Hanger
Liner Wiper
Plug
Liner
Landing Assemblies
Set Shoe
10a - 34
17
Tie-Back Casing
Production
Tie-Back
Production
Liner
Production
Interval
10a - 35
Tie Back Casing

Purpose:
To extend Production casing to surface
for maximum pressure control.
Serves as production casing.
Covers worn or damaged intermediate
casing.
Permits testing well before installing final
casing.
10a - 36
Cases off exposed liner tops.
18
Horizontal Wellbore
Productive Interval
10a - 37
Horizontal Wells
Clean the hole

Free water: 0%
Adequate centralization: 70% standoff
Rotation (if possible)
Foam cement (?)
10a - 38
19
Typical Bad Cement Job

Horizontal cement job often looks like
this:
water/mud
cement
cuttings
10a - 39
Multilateral Junctions
Brittle cement
usually fails
Special slurries
required
Most use
elastomer additives
Foam cement
10a - 40
20
Sperry-Sun RMLS
10a - 41
Common Problems with

Cemented Junction
bad cement job
liner falls into

trunk
or
liner settles
below window
10a - 42
21
Coupling in Window
10a - 43
Other Problems
Unsupported liner in junction
More difficult to mill
Higher torque
Higher stress in transition joints
10a - 44
22
Mud Displacement
Achieving a Good Primary
Cementing Job
JOB FAILURE
What is the number 1

cause of cement job
failures ?
10b - 2
#1 Cause - Cement Job

Failures
POOR MUD
REMOVAL !
10b - 3
JOB FAILURE
What is the number 1

cause of poor mud
removal?
10b - 4
#1 Cause - Poor Mud Removal
POOR MUD
QUALITY !
10b - 5
The Final Equation

poor mud = poor mud removal
poor mud removal = poor cement job
poor cement job = poor stimulation job
poor stimulation job = poor producing well
10b - 6
Mud Channeling
Allow Inter-zonal
Communication
Lost Production
Unwanted
Production
Corroded Casing
Squeeze Jobs
$4000 to $100,000
10b - 7
Displacement
Factors
Mud Conditioning
Mechanical Aids
Pipe Movement
High Port Up-Jet Float
Shoe
Centralization
Fluid Velocity
Spacers & Flushes
10b - 8
Displacement Test Facility
10b - 9
Test Equipment
RCM Mixer
HT-400 Pump
10b - 10
Displacement Model
Filtrate
Casing
Formation
Heating Oil
10b - 11
Displacement Model
Filtrate
Casing
Formation
Heating Oil
10b - 12
Displacement Model
Filtrate
Casing
Formation
Heating Oil
10b - 13
Displacement Model
Filtrate
Casing
Formation
Heating Oil
10b - 14
Displacement Model
10b - 15
Analysis of Results
Bond Log
Measure
Displacement
Efficiency
10b - 16
Definition of Standoff and

Displacement Efficiency
Formation
Standoff = C / (A - B)
Mud
C
C
Casing
Cement
Displacement
Efficiency
Cemented Area
=
Annular Area
10b - 17
Mud Conditioning
Low
Mobility
Mud
Mobile
Mud
Filtrate
Cement
FILTRATE
Filter
Cake
Formation
Casing
10b - 18
Hole Circulation
% Hole Circulating
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
Hole Volumes Pumped
10b - 19
Circulatable Hole Setup

PT
FM
DM
Fluid IN
Fluid OUT
Casing
Data Acquisition
Formation
PT: Pressure Transducer
FM: Flowmeter
DM: Densometer
10b - 20
10
A Surface Pressure Plot
4
Rate
100
80
2
Pressure
60
40
Rate (bbl/min)
Surface Pressure (psi)
120
0
0
10
12
14
Time (min)
10b - 21
A Surface Pressure Plot
60
Circulatable Hole
100
50
80
40
Pressure
60
30
40
% Circulatable Hole
Surface Pressure (psi)
120
20
0
Time (min)
10
12
14
10b - 22
11
Displacement Efficiency (%)
Effect of Static Time

100
Displacement
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 Minutes
5 Minutes
2 Hours
4 Hours
Static Time
10b - 23
Mud Properties
Vertical Wells
Property
Yield Point
Plastic Viscosity
Fluid Loss
Gel Strength
(10s/10Min)
Value
< 10
< 20
< 15
Flat Profile*
(*2/3 not 2/10)
10b - 24
12
Pipe Movement
Removes Gelled Mud
Rotation or Reciprocation
10b - 25
Pipe Movement
16.0 lb/gal Mud, 16.7 lb/gal Cement,
4 bpm, 60% Standoff
Movement
Displacement
None
65
20 rev/min
97
10b - 26
13
High-Port UpJet
Float Shoe
Ensures Mud
Displacement
Provides Excellent
Filter Cake Removal
Up Jets 60% of Fluids
Volume
10b - 27
Turbulator
Shale
Gas Sand
Oil Sand
Hi-Port
Hi
Hi-Port
Up-Jet
Up
Up-Jet
Float
Shoe
Turbulent
Action of
Super Seal II
High-Port UpJet Float
Shoe
Improves Mud
Displacement in
Open Hole
Section
10b - 28
14
Centralization
Centralization is critical for
complete mud
displacement
10b - 29
Centralization
16.7 lb/gal Mud, 16.7 lb/gal Cement,
7 bbl/min
Standoff %
Displacement %
17
45
35
77
60
88
72
97
10b - 30
15
Effect of Flow Rate

Plug Flow
Laminar Flow
Turbulent Flow
10b - 31
Velocity
12.0 lb/gal Non-Settling Mud,
16.8 lb/gal Cement
Rate (bbl/min)
Displacement %
48
75
98
10b - 32
16
Effect of Flow Rate

Oil-Based Mud
Rate
(bbl/min)
2
Spacer
Type
20 bbl Oil w/
10%C + 10% D
Efficiency
(%)
Hydraulic
Bond
(psi)
97
97
517
40 bbl Water w/
10% C
7
20 bbl Oil w/ 1% C
40 bbl Water w/
1% C
10b - 33
D.E. vs. Annular Velocity

Displacement Efficiency (%)
SPE/IADC 18617, T.R. Smith

100
90
80
70
60
50
30
50
70
90
Annular Velocity (m/min)
110
130
10b - 34
17
Erodability Technology
Pre-Job Design
Analyze the mud
Based on the analysis, design flow rates,
flush, spacer for the particular mud and
the particular geometry
10b - 35
Mud Test Cell
Pressure Transducer
Tank
Ultrasonic
Device
Permeable Section
Flowmeter
Filtrate
Heat Exchanger
Data Acquisition
10b - 36
18
Mud Test Cell Procedure
Estimate the force needed to remove the
gelled-dehydrated mud from the cell
Design parameters so that this force will
be achieved in the given wellbore
Run the 3-D fluid simulator and simulate
the flow of fluids in the wellbore
10b - 37
Mud Cell Application
Designed flushes for the particular mud
Designed flow rates in the particular
geometry
Recommended changes to mud
formulation to reduce the gel strength
Recommended hole size and casing
dimensions for effective hole cleaning for
a mud
10b - 38
19
Spacers and
Flushes
Fluid Compatibility
Fluid Separation
Aid in Mud Displacement
Formation Protection
Solids Suspension
10b - 39
Flushes
16.0 lb/gal Mud, 16.7 lb/gal Cement, 4 bbl/min
Flush
Flush/Cement
Volumes
(bbl / bbl)
Displacement
Efficiency
(%)
None
0 / 20
64
Water
10 / 10
82
Water
50 / 10
94
Super
Flush
10 / 10
98
10b - 40
20
Criteria For Selection of

Spacer or Flush
Compatibility of Mud and Cement

Wetting Characteristics
Rheology
For Erodability
For Turbulence
10b - 41
Mud / Cement Compatibility

Problems
High Interfacial Viscosity
Adverse Effect on Cement Slurry
Performance
Thickening Time
Compressive Strength Development
Fluid Loss
10b - 42
21
Spacer Flow Rate

Important Design Parameter
Maximum Displacement
Better Hole Clean Out
Improved Hydraulic Bonding in OilBased Muds
10b - 43
Effect of Flow Rate in OBM

Flow
Rate
(bbl/min)
Spacer Type
Spacer
Volume
(bbl)
Displacement
Efficiency
(%)
Hydraulic
Bond
(psi)
Oil + 10% C + 10% D

Water +
10%C
20
40
97
Oil + 10% C
Water + 1%C
20
40
97
517
10b - 44
22
API - Investigation of
Preflushes and Spacers For
Cementing (Tentative)
Compatibility of Low-Temperature Fluid
Mixtures
Compatibility of Heated Fluid Mixtures
Effect of Spacer on Solids Suspension
and Early Static Gel Development
10b - 45
API - Investigation of
Preflushes and Spacers For
Cementing (Tentative)
Effect of Spacer on Thickening Time
Effect of Spacer on Compressive
Strength
Effect of Spacer on Cement Fluid Loss
10b - 46
23
Spacer Design
Water-Based Muds
8 to 10 Minute Contact Time
Adjustable Rheology
Thin, turbulent
High rheology
10b - 47
Spacer Design
Oil-Based Muds
8 to 10 Minute Contact Time
Surfactants
Compatibility
Water wet
Surface bonding
High shear rate

Adjustable Rheology
Thin, turbulent
High rheology
10b - 48
24
Spacer Evaluation with

OBM
Screen Surfactants with 50:50 mixture of
OBM:Spacer
Expand Mixture Range ( 75:25 and
25:75), Increase Temperature
Investigate Spacer Fluid Properties with
Surfactants
10b - 49
Spacer Evaluation with OBM

Conduct Interfacial Contamination Tests at
Temperature with OBM and Cement
Design
Observe Surface Wetting Properties
Perform Other Applicable Tests
10b - 50
25
Oil-Based Drilling Fluids

Invert Emulsion
Synthetic Oil
Ester-Based
Olefinic-Based
Other
10b - 51
Mud Displacement
Conclusions
Condition Mud
Move Pipe
Centralize Pipe
Maximize Fluid Velocity
Use Spacers / Flushes
10b - 52
26
Deviated Wellbore
Cementing
Displacement Practices
Mud Rheology
Cement Slurry Design
10b - 53
Horizontal Test Model
10b - 54
27
Horizontal Well Mud

Conditioning
Dynamic Solids
Settling
Difficult to
remove
10b - 55
Deviation Angle
vs.
Mud Yield Point
Angle
Yield Point (72 F)
45
15
60
20
85
28
90
30
10b - 56
28
Effect of Centralizers in
Deviated Wellbore Tests
Flow
Test
32
Flow
18
0
5 ft
10 ft
15 ft
10b - 57
Solids Settling in Cement

Free Water
Cement
10b - 58
29
Free Water
Deviation Angle ()
Free Water (%)
1.0
45
7.0
10b - 59
Deviated Mud Displacement

Conclusions
Follow standard good displacement
practices
Use sufficient YP in mud to prevent
dynamic solids settling
Must centralize pipe
Design cement slurry with 0% Free Water
at 45 angle
10b - 60
30
Proper Mud Displacement

Critical factor in obtaining good cement
job
Isolate zones
Protect casing
Requires teamwork between operator and

service company to obtain optimum
results
10b - 61
10b - 62
31
10b - 63
10b - 64
32
Multistage Cementing
10c - 1
Reasons for Multiple Stage

Cementing Equipment
Cement Hydrostatic Pressure too great
for Formation or Casing
Separate Different Types or Blends of
Cement
Limited Pump Time
Only Cement certain Sections of
Annulus
10c - 2
Casing Equipment
HEI_1OF2.PPT
Type P ES Cementer
Plug Operated
PDC Drillable
Smooth Bore Drillout
Single Piece Mandrel
Adjustable Operating
Pressure
10c - 3
Type H ES
Cementer
Hydraulically Opened
PDC Drillable
Smooth Bore Drillout
Single Piece Mandrel
Adjustable Operating
Pressure
10c - 4
Casing Equipment
HEI_1OF2.PPT
ES Cementer
Running in Position
10c - 5
ES Cementer
Displacing
1st Stage Cement
Casing Equipment
HEI_1OF2.PPT
ES Cementer
Shutoff Plug Landed
Opening Plug Landed and
Applying Pressure to Open
Type
Type P
P
Type
Type H
H
10c - 7
ES Cementer
Displacing
2nd Stage Cement
10c - 8
Casing Equipment
HEI_1OF2.PPT
ES Cementer
Closed Position
10c - 9
ES Cementer
After Drillout
10c - 10
Casing Equipment
HEI_1OF2.PPT
Reasons for Packer Collar

Support Hydrostatic
Isolate Interval
Isolate Material
Pumped
10c - 11
ES Inflatable
Packer Collar
Cementer w/Integral Packer
Available in Type P & Type H
Uses Conventional Plug Sets
Enhanced Tool Control
PDC Drillable
Packers available in 3 and 10
foot lengths
10c - 12
Casing Equipment
HEI_1OF2.PPT
Summary of Halliburton
Multiple Stage Cementing
Equipment
ES (External Sleeve) Cementer
4 1/2 through 20 in.
Type H or P available
PDC Drillable
ESIPC - ES Cementer w/Integral

Packer
Enhanced Tool Control
3 and 10 foot Packer lengths
10c - 13
Casing Attachments
Casing Equipment
HEI_1OF2.PPT
Reasons for Casing

Attachments
Centralizers - Uniform Clearance
Wall Cleaners - Remove Mud
Cake
Cement Basket - Support
Hydrostatic
Limit Clamps - Secure
Attachments
10c - 15
API Spec 10D

Performance Requirements for Bow-Spring
Centralizers under Specified Testing
Procedures
10c - 16
Casing Equipment
HEI_1OF2.PPT
Standoff
Hole
Hole
Clearance
Clearance when
when
Concentric
Concentric
Casing
Casing
Actual
Actual Clearance
Clearance
Standoff =
Actual Clearance
x 100%
Concentric Clearance
10c - 17
API STD 10D

Restoring Force Test
67%
100%
Test Positions
Flex
Flex Each
Each Spring
Spring 12
12 Times
Times
Record
Record Load-Deflection
Load-Deflection in
in 1/16
1/16 inch
inch to
to 67%
67% Standoff
Standoff
Average
Average Load
Load Deflection
Deflection for
for Both
Both Test
Test Positions
Positions
Restoring
Restoring Force
Force -- Load
Load Deflection
Deflection at
at 67%
67% Standoff
Standoff
10c - 18
Casing Equipment
HEI_1OF2.PPT
SF
SF << W
W
API STD 10D

Starting Force
Test
SF
SF == Starting
Starting Force
Force (lbs)
(lbs)
W
W == Weight
Weight of
of 40
40 ft
ft Medium
Medium Wt.
Wt.
Casing
Casing
10c - 19
Bow Spring
Centralizers
Bow
Bow Spring
Spring w/Turbofins
w/Turbofins
Installed
Installed over
over Limit
Limit Clamp
Clamp
Bow
Bow Spring
Spring Installed
Installed
over
over Casing
Casing Collar
Collar
10c - 20
Casing Equipment
10
HEI_1OF2.PPT
10
Rigid
Centralizers
Rigid
Rigid
Centralizer
Centralizer
Slim-Hole
Slim-Hole Centralizer
Centralizer
10c - 21
Turbulators
Left
Left Hand
Hand
Right
Right Hand
Hand
Solid Standoff
Localized Turbulence
Reciprocating - Set Screw Type
Rotation - Between Limit Clamps
Horizontal - Between Limit Clamps, Straight
10c - 22
Vane
Casing Equipment
11
HEI_1OF2.PPT
11
Casing centralization is more dependent

on proper CENTRALIZER SPACING than
on the strength of individual
centralizers.
Centralizers in Horizontal Hole

Casing
Centralizers
Hole
Minimum
Standoff
Sag Point
Centralizer Spacing
10c - 24
Casing Equipment
12
HEI_1OF2.PPT
12
Centralizer Spacing Program

Available from Halliburton
10c - 25
Spacing Input Data Screen
10c - 26
Casing Equipment
13
HEI_1OF2.PPT
13
Spacing Centralizer Selection Screen
10c - 27
Spacing Output Data
10c - 28
Casing Equipment
14
HEI_1OF2.PPT
14
Graphic Display of Well Bore

Trajectory and Centralizer Spacing
10c - 29
Casing
Reciprocating Wall
Cleaners
Wire Type
Cable Type
10c - 30
Casing Equipment
15
HEI_1OF2.PPT
15
Tubing
Reciprocating Wall Cleaner
Wire Type
10c - 31
ROTO Wall Cleaners
Cable-Type
Casing Equipment
Wire-Type
16
10c - 32
HEI_1OF2.PPT
16
SQUEEZE
CEMENTING
DEFINITION
Squeeze Cementing is the process of
applying hydraulic pressure to force
or squeeze a cement slurry into the
desired perforations, fractures,
channels, or voids and force filtrate
water from the slurry to create a
solid mass which will harden to
provide the desired seal.
11a - 2
Squeeze Cementing is as much an Art

as it is a Science. Area Experience
is essential.
11a - 3
PROBLEM DETERMINATION
Why Are We
Squeezing?
Shut off unwanted water or
gas production
Abandonment of nonproductive zone
Seal off troublesome zone
during drilling
Injection profile modification
in injection wells
Why
Why Are
Are We
We
Squeezing?
Squeezing?
Repair
Repair mud
mud or
or gas
gas
channeling
channeling on
on
primary
primary cement
cement job
job
Isolate
Isolate aa formation
formation
prior
to
perforating
prior to perforating
Insufficient
Insufficient top
top of
of
cement
cement on
on primary
primary
job
job
Repair
Repair casing
casing leak
leak11a - 5
Do
Do We
We Need
Need To
To Squeeze
Squeeze Now
Now Or
Or Wait?
Wait?
Cost
Cost considerations
considerations
Equipment
Equipment
Time
-the fact
after
Time delays
delays for
for afterafter-the
fact squeezes
squeezes
Well
Well construction
construction plans
plans
11a - 6
What
What Criteria
Criteria Should
Should We
We Use
Use For
For
Determining
Determining The
The Need
Need For
For A
A Squeeze
Squeeze Job?
Job?
Sonic
Sonic evaluation
evaluation logs
logs
Primary
Primary cement
cement job
job design
design
Primary
Primary cement
cement job
job performance
performance
Flow
Flow rate
rate
Centralization
Centralization
Mud
Mud properties
properties
Experience
Experience
Offset
Offset well
well data
data
11a - 7
Will
Will A
A Squeeze
Squeeze Job
Job Do
Do What
What We
We Want
Want It
It To?
To?
Most
-filled.
fluid
Most voids
voids and
and channels
channels will
will be
be fluidfluid-filled.
Mud
Mud channels
channels must
must be
be displaced
displaced for
for squeeze
squeeze to
to
work.
work.
Most
Most channels
channels cannot
cannot receive
receive cement
cement slurry
slurry
under
under squeeze
squeeze pressure.
pressure.
High
High pressure
pressure squeeze
squeeze increases
increases formation
formation
stress
around
the
wellbore.
stress around the wellbore.
11a - 8
MYTHS IN
SQUEEZE
CEMENTING
11a - 9
MYTH - CEMENT SLURRY ENTERS

THE FORMATION MATRIX
Cement
Cement average
average particle
particle
size
size 20-50
20-50 microns
microns
>> 2000
2000 md
md formation
formation
permeability
permeability required
required
Fact
Fact -- Cement
Cement particles
particles are
are too
too
large
large to
to enter
enter the
the matrix
matrix of
of
most
most formations
formations except
except in
in
cases
cases of
of extremely
extremely high
high
permeability
permeability or
or fractures.
fractures.
Fact
Fact -- Filtrate
Filtrate enters
enters formation
formation
Berea Sandstone - 350 md
11a - 10
MYTH - SQUEEZING PRODUCES A

HORIZONTAL PANCAKE OF CEMENT
Fact
Fracture orientation
normally vertical rather
than horizontal
Fracture may be at an
angle to the wellbore in
deviated wells
11a - 11
MYTH - SQUEEZING PRODUCES A

HORIZONTAL PANCAKE OF
CEMENT
Fact
Fact
Wrong
Right
Fracture
Fracture
orientation
orientation
normally
normally vertical
vertical
rather
than
rather than
horizontal
horizontal
Fracture
Fracture may
may be
be
at
an
angle
to
at an angle to
the
the wellbore
wellbore in
in
deviated
deviated wells
wells
11a - 12
TRI
-AXIAL LOADING OF ROCKS
TRI-AXIAL
Fracture orientation is
perpendicular to least
principal stress
Least principal stress
is normally horizontal
Therefore most
induced fractures are
vertical
11a - 13
MYTH - ALL PERFORATIONS

ARE OPEN DURING INJECTION
Fact
Fact
Perforations
Perforations may
may be
be
partially
partially plugged
plugged
Injection
Injection pressure
pressure of
of
perforations
perforations varies
varies
Cement
Cement will
will take
take path
path of
of
least
least resistance
resistance
Solids
Solids laden
laden injection
injection
fluid
fluid should
should be
be avoided
avoided
11a - 14
MYTH - HIGH FINAL SQUEEZE

PRESSURE IS NECESSARY
Fact
Fact
Final
Final Squeeze
Squeeze Pressure
Pressure Does
Does Not
Not Need
Need To
To Equal
Equal Future
Future
Working
Working Pressure.
Pressure.
Squeeze
Squeeze Pressure
Pressure Is
Is Applied
Applied Across
Across Node
Node Before
Before
Cement
Cement Develops
Develops Compressive
Strength
Fractures
Fractures May
May Be
Be Created
Created
Productivity
Productivity May
May Be
Be Damaged
Damaged
High
High Pressure
Pressure Does
Does Not
Not Ensure
Ensure Placement
Placement In
In Desired
Desired
Location
Location
11a - 15
SQUEEZE
TECHNIQUES
11a - 16
SQUEEZE TECHNIQUES
Pressure
Pressure To
To Squeeze
Squeeze
High
High Pressure
Pressure Squeeze
Squeeze
Low
Low Pressure
Pressure Squeeze
Squeeze
Pumping
Pumping Technique
Technique
Hesitation
Hesitation Squeeze
Squeeze
Running
Running or
or Walking
Walking Squeeze
Squeeze
Placement
Placement Technique
Technique
Squeeze
Squeeze Packer
Packer
Bradenhead
Bradenhead (Including
(Including Coiled
Coiled Tubing)
Tubing)
11a - 17
HIGH PRESSURE SQUEEZE

Surface Pressure
+
Displacement Fluid Hydrostatic
+
Cement Slurry Hydrostatic
=
Total Bottom Hole Pressure
Greater Than
Formation Fracture Pressure
11a - 18
HIGH PRESSURE SQUEEZE
11a - 19
LOW PRESSURE SQUEEZE

Surface Pressure
+
Displacement Fluid Hydrostatic
+
Cement Slurry Hydrostatic
(Low Fluid Loss Cement)
=
Total Bottom Hole Pressure
Less Than
Formation Fracture Pressure
11a - 20
10
LOW PRESSURE SQUEEZE
11a - 21
SQUEEZE TECHNIQUES
Pressure
Pressure To
To Squeeze
Squeeze
High
High Pressure
Pressure Squeeze
Squeeze
Low
Low Pressure
Pressure Squeeze
Squeeze
Pumping
Pumping Technique
Technique
Running
Running or
or Walking
Walking Squeeze
Squeeze
Hesitation
Hesitation Squeeze
Squeeze
Placement
Placement Technique
Technique
Squeeze
Squeeze Packer
Packer
Bradenhead
(Including Coiled
Coiled Tubing)
Tubing)
11a - 22
11
RUNNING/WALKING
RUNNING/WALKING SQUEEZE
11a - 23
HESITATION
HESITATION SQUEEZE
11a - 24
12
SQUEEZE TECHNIQUES
Pressure
Pressure To
To Squeeze
Squeeze
High
High Pressure
Pressure Squeeze
Squeeze
Low
Low Pressure
Pressure Squeeze
Squeeze
Pumping
Pumping Technique
Technique
Hesitation
Hesitation Squeeze
Squeeze
Running
Running or
or Walking
Walking Squeeze
Squeeze
Placement
Placement Technique
Technique
Squeeze
Squeeze Packer
Packer
Bradenhead
(Including Coiled
Coiled Tubing)
Tubing)
11a - 25
SQUEEZE TOOL METHOD

Retrievable
Retrievable Or
Or Drillable
Drillable
Squeeze
Squeeze Packer
Packer Set
Set
Above
Injection
Point
Above Injection Point
Isolates
Isolates Casing
Casing Above
Above
Packer
Packer From
From Squeeze
Squeeze
Pressure
Pressure
Higher
Higher Squeeze
Squeeze
Pressures
Pressures Possible
Possible
Annulus
Annulus Pressure
Pressure
Applied
To
Applied To Help
Help Prevent
Prevent
Casing
Casing Collapse
Collapse
11a - 26
13
BRADENHEAD METHOD
Spot
Spot Cement
Cement Across
Across Squeeze
Squeeze
Interval
Interval
Pull
Pull Workstring
Workstring Above
Above Cement
Cement Top
Top
Close
Bradenhead &
BOP/
Close BOP/Bradenhead
BOP/Bradenhead
& Reverse
Reverse
Tubing
Tubing Clean
Clean
Apply
Apply Squeeze
Squeeze Pressure
Pressure
Disadvantages
Disadvantages
Casing
Casing Exposed
Exposed To
To Squeeze
Squeeze
Pressure
Pressure
Limited
Limited Squeeze
Squeeze Pressure
Pressure
Advantages
Advantages
Cost
Cost Reduction
Reduction
Wash
Wash Cement
Cement Out
Out Of
Of Casing
Casing
11a - 27
COILED TUBING METHOD

Form
Form Of
Of
Bradenhead
Bradenhead
Method
Method
Inside
Inside Production
Production
Tubing
Tubing
Higher
Higher Pressure
Pressure
Possible
Possible
Improved
Improved Control
Control
Of
Of Slurry
Slurry
Placement
Placement
+
PSI
CHOKE
CEMENT
11a - 28
14
SQUEEZE
SLURRY DESIGN
11a - 29
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE

SETTING OF CEMENT
Temperature
Temperature
Pressure
Pressure
Additives
Additives
Contamination
Contamination With
With Mud/Well
Mud/Well Fluid
Fluid
Dilution
Dilution With
With Mud/Well
Mud/Well Fluid
Fluid
11a - 30
15
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE

SETTING OF CEMENT
(CONT.)
Mixing
Mixing Water
Water
Inorganic
Inorganic Materials
Materials (chlorides,
(chlorides, sulfates,
sulfates, etc.)
etc.)
Fertilizers
Fertilizers
Decomposed
Decomposed Plant
Plant Life
Life
Soil
Soil Chemicals
Chemicals
Waste
Waste Effluents
Effluents
11a - 31
SLURRY DESIGN CRITERIA

Thickening
Thickening Time
Time
Test
Test Schedule
Schedule
Fluid
Fluid Loss
Loss
Rheology
Rheology
Gel
Gel Strength
Strength
Slurry
Slurry Stability
Stability
Free
Free Water
Water
Settling
Settling
Compatibility
Compatibility
Formation
Formation
Wellbore
Wellbore Fluids
Fluids
11a - 32
16
FLUID LOSS CONTROL VS

FILTER CAKE
DEVELOPMENT
1000 cc - Neat Cement
Slurry
300 cc Fluid Loss Slurry
75 cc Fluid loss Slurry
25 cc Fluid Loss Slurry
11a - 33
FILTER CAKE
PRIMARY
CEMENT
PERMEABLE
ROCK MATRIX
CEMENT NODE
DEVELOPMENT
PERFORATION TUNNEL
11a - 34
17
FLUID LOSS vs. FILTERCAKE

API
API Fluid
Fluid Loss
Loss
form
form
at
at 1000
1000 psi
psi
Cake
Cake
((cc/30
cc/30 min)
min
min))
1200
1200
300
300
100
100
50
50
Permeability
Permeability of
of Filter
Filter
Cake
Cake at
at 1000
1000 psi
psi
(md
md))
((md)
5.0
5.0
Time
o
tto
Time to
2
2 Filter
Filter
(min
min))
((min)
0.2
0.2
0.54
0.54
0.09
0.09
3.4
3.4
30.0
30.0
0.009
0.009
100.0
100.0
11a - 35
EFFECT OF HESITATION
ON THICKENING TIME
11a - 36
18
GEL STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT
High
High Pump
Pump Pressures
Pressures
False
False Indication
Indication Of
Of
Squeeze
Squeeze
Difficult
Difficult Reversing
Reversing
Out
Out
High
High Pump
Pump Pressures
Pressures
Formation
Formation Breakdown
Breakdown
Pump
Pump Hole
Hole Through
Through
Slurry
Slurry During
During
Hesitation
Hesitation Squeeze
Squeeze
11a - 37
TOOL SELECTION
11a - 38
19
SQUEEZE PACKERS
Drillable
Drillable
Cast
Cast Iron
Iron
Composite
Composite
Retrievable
Retrievable
11a - 39
LOCATION OF
SQUEEZE
PACKERS
11a - 40
20
TOOL LOCATION
Set
Set In
In Cemented
Cemented Casing
Casing When
When Possible
Possible
Close
Close to
to Interval
Interval To
To Minimize
Minimize Cement
Cement Drillout
Drillout
Adequate
Adequate Distance
Distance From
From Perfs
Perfs For
For Staging
Staging
Volume
Volume
Displace
Displace Tubing
Tubing Volume
Volume Before
Before Staging
Staging
Safe
Safe Distance
Distance From
From Perfs
Perfs To
To Prevent
Prevent Casing
Casing
Collapse
Collapse (Next
(Next slide
slide will
will illustrate
illustrate this)
this)
11a - 41
MECHANISM OF SQUEEZE JOB CASING

COLLAPSE
11a - 42
21
JOB EXECUTION
11a - 43
JOB EXECUTION
Well
Well Preparation
Preparation
Well
Well Fluid
Fluid Circulated
Circulated And
And Balanced
Balanced
Perforations
Open
Perforations Open
Pressure
Workstring
Pressure Test
Test Surface
Surface Treating
Treating Lines,
Lines, Workstring,
Workstring,,
And
Tools
To
Maximum
Expected
Pressure
And Tools To Maximum Expected Pressure
Use
Use Clean
Clean Workover
Workover Fluids
Fluids For
For Injection
Injection
Solids
Solids in
in workover
workover fluid
fluid may
may clog
clog perforations
perforations
Illustrated
Illustrated on
on next
next slide.
slide.
Avoid/Minimize
Avoid/Minimize Fracturing
Fracturing
Control
Control Squeeze
Squeeze Pressures
Pressures
Use
Use Low
Low Fluid
Fluid Loss
Loss cement
cement slurries
slurries
11a - 44
22
PLUGGED PERFORATIONS
11a - 45
PERFORATION WASHING
11a - 46
23
COILED TUBING
CONTAMINATION SQUEEZE
11a - 47
LOGISTICAL / TECHNICAL
& FINANCIAL
ADVANTAGES
No
No Rig
Rig Required
Required
Work
Work Through
Through Existing
Existing Wellhead
Wellhead &
&
Production
Production Equipment
Equipment
Efficient
Efficient Well
Well Kill
Kill Operation
Operation
Continuous
Continuous Pipe
Pipe
Mobile
Mobile Injection
Injection Point
Point
11a - 48
24
CEMENT SYSTEMS
Conventional
Conventional
Co-Polymer Fluid
Co
Co-Polymer
Fluid Loss
Loss Control
Control
Reduced
Reduced Node
Node Acid
Acid Solubility
Solubility
Rate
Rate
LATEX
LATEX System
System
Filter
Filter Cake
Cake Development
Development
Enhanced
Enhanced Bonding
Bonding &
& Ductility
Ductility
Lowest
Lowest Acid
Acid Solubility
Solubility Rate
Rate
11a - 49
SPECIALIZED CEMENT
SYSTEMS
Thixotropic
Thixotropic Cement
Cement
Foam
Foam Cement
Cement
Microfine
Microfine Cement
Cement
Chemical
Chemical Treatments
Treatments
Temperature-dependent,
Temperature
Internally
Internally catalyzed
catalyzed
Externally
Externally catalyzed
catalyzed
Combinations
Combinations
11a - 50
25
SLURRY / FLUID
SPECIFICATIONS
Filter
Filter Cake
Cake // Fluid
Fluid Loss
Loss
Slurry
Slurry Stability
Stability
Thickening
Thickening Time
Time
Slurry
Slurry Composition
Composition
Acid
Acid Solubility
Solubility Rate
Rate
11a - 51
FLUID LOSS CONTROL VS

FILTER CAKE
DEVELOPMENT
1000 cc - Neat Cement
Slurry
300 cc Fluid Loss
Slurry
75 cc Fluid loss
Slurry
25 cc Fluid Loss
Slurry
11a - 52
26
FILTER CAKE
PRIMARY
CEMENT
PERMEABLE
ROCK MATRIX
CEMENT NODE
DEVELOPMENT
PERFORATION TUNNEL
11a - 53
TYPICAL JOB PROCEDURE

Fluid
Fluid Packing
Packing the
the Wellbore
Wellbore
Laying
Laying in
in Spacer
Spacer
Laying
-Initial Squeeze
Laying in
in Cement
Cement-Initial
Squeeze
Laying
Laying in
in Remaining
Remaining Cement
Cement
Build
Build Final
Final Squeeze
Squeeze Pressure
Pressure
Contamination
-Out
Contamination &
& Clean
Clean-Out
Spotting
Spotting Accelerator
Accelerator Fluid
Fluid
11a - 54
27
LAYING IN CEMENT
VISCOSIFIED WASH FLUID
(BIOZAN)
+
PSI
CHOKE
5 BBL WATER
SPACER
CEMENT
11a - 55
SQUEEZING / HESITATE
VISCOSIFIED WASH
FLUID
(BIOZAN)
INCREASE PRESSURE
+ PSI
INCREMENTALLY
CHOKE
5 BBL WATER
CEMENT
11a - 56
28
FINAL SQUEEZE PRESSURE

(BIOZAN)
SQUEEZE PRESSURE
+PS
I
CHOKE
5 BBL WATER
SAFETY = TOC + 100'
TOC
CEMENT
11a - 57
CLEAN
-OUT
CLEAN-OUT
SLICK WATER
+ PSI
500-700 PSI
CHOKE
(BIOZAN)
CONTAMINATED
CEMENT
11a - 58
29
Combination
Nozzle
Taper to flat at check valve

OD
Cross Section AA
+3/8 Thick
Upper Section
Side holes are tangential
to Internal Radius
Total of 6 holes
All holes are 1/8 inch
Internal Radius is
undercut as shown
Lower Section
Total of 9 holes
All holes are 5/16 inch
8 Side Holes alternate 30 updown on Internal Radius
Centerline
3 OD
Cross Section CC
A
3/4 Ball
A
0.7
Hole
C
D
Cross Section D-D
Ref: Walker, Gnatt, and Crow, Wolrd Oil, June, 1992
11a - 59
ACCELERATOR IN PLACE
SLICK WATER
+
PSI
500-700 PSI
CHOKE
TEA
11a - 60
30
SQUEEZE
APPLICATIONS
11a - 61
BLOCK SQUEEZE
Performed
Performed To
To Isolate
Isolate
Zone
Zone
Perforate
Perforate &
& Squeeze
Squeeze
Below
Zone
Below Zone
Perforate
Perforate &
& Squeeze
Squeeze
Above
Above Zone
Zone
Drill
Drill Out
Out &
& Test
Test
Difficult
Difficult To
To Remove
Remove
Trapped
Fluid/Mud
Trapped Fluid/Mud
Avoid
Avoid Fracturing
Fracturing
11a - 62
31
CIRCULATING SQUEEZE
Suicide
Suicide Squeeze
Squeeze
Drillable
Tool
Drillable Tool Set
Set Between
Between
Perforations
Perforations
Circulation
Circulation Path
Path Back
Back Into
Into
Casing
Above
Casing Above
Improved
Improved Channel
Channel Cleaning
Cleaning
Probability
Probability Of
Of Sticking
Sticking
Casing
Collapse
Casing Collapse Possible
Possible
Not
Not A
A Recommended
Recommended
Practice
Practice
11a - 63
ABANDONMENT
SQUEEZE
Retainer
Retainer Set
Set High
High To
To
Meet
Meet Regulatory
Regulatory
Plugging
Plugging
Requirements
Requirements
Perform
Perform Low
Low Pressure
Pressure
Squeeze
Squeeze Through
Through
Retainer
Retainer
Sting
Sting Out
Out &
& Dump
Dump
Cement
Cement On
On Top
Top Of
Of
Retainer
Retainer
11a - 64
32
CHANNELS
Channel
Channel Must
Must Be
Be Void
Void Of
Of
Mud
Mud
Allow
Allow Production
Production To
To Clean
Clean
Channel
If
Possible
Channel If Possible
Clean
Clean Channel
Channel With
With Acid
Acid
Or
Chemical
Washes
Or Chemical Washes
Perform
Perform Low
Low Pressure
Pressure
Squeeze
Squeeze
Inject
Inject Into
Into Production
Production Perfs
Perfs
Or
Or Adjacent
Adjacent To
To Problem
Problem
Zone
Zone
11a - 65
UNWANTED PRODUCTION
Water
Water Coning
Coning From
From
Below
Below
Gas
Gas Cap
Cap Production
Production
Due
Due To
To Depletion
Depletion
Channels
Channels
Vertical
Vertical Fractures
Fractures
Natural
Natural
Created
Created
Initial
Current
High
High Vertical
Vertical
Permeability
Permeability
11a - 66
33
CORROSION HOLES
Often
Often Occur
Occur Above
Above
Cement
Cement Top
Top
May
May Require
Require Multiple
Multiple
Stages
Stages
Caution
Caution With
With Tools
Tools Due
Due
To
To Weak
Weak Or
Or Enlarged
Enlarged
Casing
Casing
New
New Holes
Holes Often
Often Created
Created
During
During Squeeze
Squeeze
Use
Use Low
Low Pressure
Pressure
Squeeze
Squeeze
11a - 67
CASING SPLIT
Often
Often Occur
Occur Above
Above Cement
Cement
Top
Top
May
May Require
Require Multiple
Multiple Stages
Stages
Caution
Caution With
With Tools
Tools Due
Due To
To
Restrictions
Restrictions Or
Or Enlarged
Enlarged
Casing
Casing
Split
Split Length
Length May
May Increase
Increase
During
During Squeeze
Squeeze
Use
Use Low
Low Pressure
Pressure Squeeze
Squeeze
11a - 68
34
LINER TOP
Poor
Poor Mud
Mud Displacement
Displacement During
During
Primary
Cement
Primary Cement Job
Job
Gas
Gas Migration
Migration Channel
Channel
No
No Cement
Cement Returns
Returns To
To Liner
Liner Top
Top
Solids
Solids Bridging
Bridging
Losses
Losses Due
Due To
To High
High ECD
ECD
Planned
Tack
&
Squeeze
Planned Tack & Squeeze
Microannular
Microannular Flow
Flow
Reduced
Reduced Fluid
Fluid Density
Density
Difficult
Difficult To
To Inject
Inject Fluids
Fluids Into
Into Leak
Leak
11a - 69
RECEMENTING
Raise
Raise The
The Top
Top Of
Of Cement
Cement
Displacement
Displacement Plug
Plug Method
Method
Packer
Packer Method
Method (Drillable)
(Drillable)
Circulate
Circulate To
To Surface
Surface To
To
Condition/Clean
Condition/Clean Annulus
Annulus
Use
Use Large
Large Volumes
Volumes Of
Of
Flush/Spacer
Flush/Spacer
Mod/Low
Mod/Low Fluid
Fluid Loss
Loss
Cement
Cement
Casing
Casing Collapse
Collapse Possible
Possible
With
With Packer
Packer Method
Method
Displacement Plug
Packer
11a - 70
35
FRACTURED OR VUGULAR
ZONES
Tail
Multiple
Multiple Stages
Stages Likely
Likely
Lead
Lead Or
Or First
First Stage
Stage
Lost
Lost Circulation
Circulation
Material
Material
High
High Fluid
Fluid Loss
Loss Cement
Cement
Thixotropic
Thixotropic Cement
Cement
Foam
Foam Cement
Cement
Quick
Quick Setting
Setting Cement
Cement
Lead
Reactant
Reactant Preflushes
Preflushes
Second
Second Stage
Stage
Low
Low Fluid
Fluid Loss
Loss Cement
Cement
11a - 71
LOSS CIRCULATION ZONE
Multiple
Multiple Stages
Stages Likely
Likely
Lead
Lead Or
Or First
First Stage
Stage
Lost
Lost Circulation
Circulation Material
Material
High
Fluid
Loss
Cement
High Fluid Loss Cement
Thixotropic
Thixotropic Cement
Cement
Foam
Foam Cement
Cement
Quick
Quick Setting
Setting Cement
Cement
Sodium
Sodium Silicate
Silicate Preflushes
Preflushes
Second
Second Stage
Stage Low
Low Fluid
Fluid Loss
Loss
Reactive
FlexPlug
Reactive Systems
Systems -- FlexPlug,
FlexPlug,, Gunk,
Gunk, DOC,
DOC,
BDO
BDO
11a - 72
36
CASING SHOE SQUEEZE

Formation
Formation In
In Shoe
Shoe Area
Area Unable
Unable To
To Support
Support
Hydrostatic
Hydrostatic During
During Continued
Continued Drilling
Drilling
High
High Pressure
Pressure Squeeze
Squeeze May
May Be
Be Considered
Considered
To
To Fill
Fill Fracture
Fracture Plane
Plane With
With Cement
Cement
Moderate
Moderate To
To High
High Fluid
Fluid Loss
Loss Cement
Cement
Reactive
Reactive Preflush
Preflush
Channel
Channel To
To Nearby
Nearby Weak
Weak Formation
Formation Above
Above
Shoe
Shoe
Clean
Clean Channel
Channel With
With Clean
Clean Fluids
Fluids
Perform
Perform Low
Low Pressure
Pressure Squeeze
Squeeze To
To Prevent
Prevent
Creating
Creating Fracture
Fracture And
And Increasing
Increasing Problem
Problem 11a - 73
LONG PERFORATED
INTERVAL
Difficult
Difficult To
To Inject
Inject Into
Into All
All Perforations
Perforations At
At Once
Once
Acid
Acid Washing
Washing Optional
Optional
As
As Perforations
Perforations Are
Are Squeezed
Squeezed Others
Others Will
Will Take
Take Fluid
Fluid
Often
Requires
Multiple
Stages
Often Requires Multiple Stages
Perform
Perform Low
Low Pressure
Pressure Squeeze
Squeeze
Low
Low Fluid
Fluid Loss
Loss Cement
Cement With
With Extended
Extended Thickening
Thickening
Times
Times and
and Low
Low Gel
Gel Strength
Strength Development
Development
Patience
Patience
Ball
Ball Sealers
Sealers Optional
Optional
Spot
Spot Cement
Cement Across
Across Entire
Entire Interval
Interval With
With Coiled
Coiled Tubing
Tubing
Or
Or Tailpipe
Tailpipe
11a - 74
37
COLLAR LEAKS
Often
Often Extremely
Extremely Low
Low Injection
Injection Rate
Rate
Internally
Internally Catalyzed
Catalyzed Chemical
Chemical Treatments
Treatments
Microfine
Microfine Cements
Cements
Neat
Neat EPSEAL
EPSEAL
Perforate
Perforate To
To Increase
Increase Injection
Injection Rate
Rate
11a - 75
PROFILE MODIFICATION
Injection
Injection Wells
Wells Taking
Taking Fluid
Fluid Into
Into Small
Small
Portion
Portion Of
Of Perforated
Perforated Interval
Interval
Poor
Poor Flood
Flood Sweep
Sweep Efficiency
Efficiency
Water
Water Breakthrough
Breakthrough Into
Into Producer
Producer
Often
Often Low
Low Frac
Frac Gradient
Gradient Due
Due To
To Depletion
Depletion
Internally
Internally Catalyzed
Catalyzed Chemical
Chemical Treatment
Treatment
11a - 76
38
MICROMATRIX CEMENT
Physical Properties
Micro Matrix
Standard
10
80-100
10,000+
2500-3900
0.05 mm slot
60/80 mesh sand
0.25 mm slot
10/20 mesh sand
Max Particle Size (Microns)

Surface Area (cm2/gm)
Penetrates Through
11a - 77
MICROMATRIX APPLICATIONS
Penetrates
Penetrates Small
Small Passageways
Passageways
Channels
Channels
Leaky
Leaky Liner
Liner Tops
Tops
Fractures
Fractures
Conventional
Conventional Squeeze
Squeeze Applications
Applications
Penetrates
Penetrates Gravel
Gravel Packs
Packs
Repair
Repair Tight
Tight Casing
Casing Leaks
Leaks
Primary
Primary Cementing
Cementing
11a - 78
39
MICROMATRIX ADVANTAGES
Low
Low Density
Density
High
High Early
Early Compressive
Strength
Good
Good Bond
Bond Strength
Strength
Expansion
Expansion
Simple
Simple Slurry
Slurry Design
Design
Out
Out Performs
Performs Other
Other Blends
Blends at
at Cold
Cold
Temperatures
Temperatures
11a - 79
CHEMICAL TREATMENTS
Temperature-dependent, Internally
Temperature
Internally
catalyzed
catalyzed
Injectrol
Injectrol
Perm-Seal
Perm
Perm-Seal
Externally
Externally catalyzed/reactant
catalyzed/reactant
FLO-CHEK
FLO
FLO-CHEK
MOC-ONE
MOC
MOC-ONE
Flex-Plug
Flex
Flex-Plug
11a - 80
40
Squeeze Cementing
Calculations
Halliburton Energy Institute
11b - 1
Some Things To Consider

For
Squeeze Cementing
11b - 2
1)
Breaking down the formation
2)
Injection rate
3)
Required amount of fluid for the job
4)
Mixing water
11b - 3
5)
Required pressure to reverse out
6)
Hydrostatic pressure on the formation
7)
Pressure to reverse out at the end of the

squeeze job
11b - 4
Calculations to be made prior to

Squeeze Cementing
11b - 5
1)
2)
Fluid requirement
Psi to reverse one bbl of Cement Slurry
from work string
3)
Psi to reverse Cement Slurry from work
string when cement covers lowest
perforation and no cement in formation
4)
Hydrostatic pressure at lowest perforation
and no cement in formation
5)
Amount of cement information - assume
6)
Psi to reverse at completion of job
11b - 6
1)
Fluid requirement
75 sk x 5.0 gal/sk 42 gal/bbl = 8.93 bbl mixing

water
0.00579 bbl/ft x 2220 ft = 12.85 bbl tubing
volume
0.0404 bbl/ft x 136 ft = 5.49 bbl casing volume
12.85 bbl volume to reverse
8.93 bbl + 12.85 bbl + 5.49 bbl
+ 12.85 bbl = 40.12 bbl
2)
11b - 7
Psi to reverse 1 bbl of Cement Slurry from

work string
Cement 15.8 lb/gal - 0.8208 psi/ft
Water 8.33 lb/gal - 0.433 psi/ft
0.8208 psi/ft - 0.433 psi/ft = 0.3878 psi/ft
0.3878 psi/ft x 172.76 ft/bbl = 67 psi/bbl
11b - 8
3)
Psi to reverse Cement Slurry out of work

string with cement covering lowest
75 sk x 1.15 ft3/sk x .1781 bbl/ft3 = 15.36 bbl

Cement Slurry
15.36 bbl - 5.49 bbl = 9.87 bbl of Cement Slurry
for tubing
9.87 bbl x 67 psi/bbl = 661.2915 psi
4)
11b - 9
Hydrostatic pressure at 2356 ft with cement

to lowest perforation and no cement in
formation
9.87 bbl x 172.76 ft/bbl = 1705.14 ft H.O.C. of

cement in tubing
2220 ft - 1705.14 ft = 514.86 ft T.O.C. and H.O.W.
1705.14 ft + 136 ft = 1841.14 ft total H.O.C.
0.433 psi/ft x 514.86 ft = 222.93 psi
0.8208 psi/ft x 1841.14 ft = 1511.20 psi
222.93 psi + 1511.20 psi = 1734.13
11b - 10
5)
Amount of cement (sks) in formation assume 8 bbl of displacing fluid behind

cement
12.85 bbl - 8 bbl = 4.85 bbl cement in tubing

15.36 bbl - 4.85 bbl - 5.49 bbl = 5.02 bbl of
cement in formation
5.02 bbl x 5.6146 ft3/bbl = 28.19 ft3
28.19 ft3 / 1.15 ft3/sk =
24.5 sk cement in formation
6)
11b - 11
Psi to reverse cement out of tubing at

completion of the job
4.85 bbl cement in tubing x 67 psi/bbl = 324.95

psi
11b - 12
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Fluid requirement
Psi to reverse out one bbl of cement
remaining in the work string
Psi to reverse out with cement to lowest
perforation and none in formation
What is most pump pressure for the
squeeze if there is cement to perforation?
Assume channel full of cement
With twenty-five bbl of displacing fluid
behind cement, what is the most pump
pressure for the squeeze?
1)
11b - 13
Fluid requirement
150 sk x 4.3 gal/sk + 42 gal/bbl = 15.36 bbl

mixing water
0.00579 bbl/ft x 6200 ft = 35.9 bbl tubing
capacity
0.0404 bbl/ft x 50 ft = 2.0 bbl casing capacity
35.9 bbl reversing volume
15.36 bbl + 35.9 bbl + 2.0 bbl +
35.9 bbl = 89.16 bbl
11b - 14
2)
Psi to reverse out 1 bbl of cement

remaining in work string
0.4189 psi/ft x 172.76 ft/bbl = 72.369 psi/bbl
3)
11b - 15

150 sk x 1.06 ft3/sk = 159 ft3 x 0.1781 bbl/ft3 =

28.32 bbl
28.32 bbl - 2.0 bbl = 26.32 bbl
26.32 bbl x 72.369 psi/bbl = 1904.75 psi
11b - 16
4)
What is most pump pressure for the

squeeze if there is cement to bottom
perforation? Assume channel full of
cement
2270 psi collapse resistance

2270 psi - 1904.75 psi = 365.26 psi
5)
11b - 17
With 25 bbl of displacing fluid behind

cement, what is the most pump pressure
for the squeeze?
35.9 bbl - 25 bbl = 10.9 bbl of cement remaining

in the tubing
72.369 psi/bbl x 10.9 bbl = 788.82 psi to reverse
2270 psi - 788.82 psi = 1481.18 psi
11b - 18
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Fluid requirement
Psi to reverse out one bbl of slurry
What is fracturing pressure?
How many bbl behind cement when pump
pressure can be expected?
1)
11b - 19
Fluid requirement

mixing water
0.00387 bbl/ft x 5400 ft = 21 bbl tubing capacity
0.0238 bbl/ft x 100 ft = 2.38 bbl
21 bbl volume to reverse
12.38 bbl + 21 bbl + 2.38 bbl + 21 bbl = 56.76 bbl
11b - 20
10
2)
Psi to reverse 1 bbl of slurry remaining in

work string

0.3774 psi/ft x 258.65 ft/bbl = 97.6 psi/bbl
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
11b - 21
Fluid requirement
Psi to reverse out one bbl of slurry
What is fracturing pressure?
How many bbl behind cement when pump
pressure can be expected?
11b - 22
11
1)
Fluid requirement

mixing water
.00387 bbl/ft x 5400 ft = 21 bbl tubing capacity
.0238 bbl/ft x 100 ft = 2.38 bbl
21 bbl volume to reverse
12.38 bbl + 21 bbl + 2.38 bbl
+ 21 bbl = 56.76 bbl
2)
11b - 23
Psi to reverse 1 bbl of slurry remaining in

work string
Cement 15.6 lb/gal - .8104 psi/ft
Water 8.33 lb/gal - .4330 psi/ft
.8104 psi/ft - .433 psi/ft = .3774 psi/ft

.3774 psi/ft x 258.65 ft/bbl - 97.6 psi/bbl
11b - 24
12
3)
Psi to reverse cement from workstring with

cement at lowest perforation and no
cement in formation
100 sk x 1.18 ft3/sk x 0.1781 bbl/ft3 = 21 bbl 2.38 bbl = 18.6 bbl cement in tubing
18.6 bbl x 97.6 psi/bbl = 1815.36 psi
4)
11b - 25
Fracturing pressure for bottomhole treating

pressure can be calculated by the formula:
BHTP = Pi + Ph
Where:
BHTP = Bottomhole Treating Pressure
= Instantaneous Shut-in Pressure
Pi
Ph
= Hydrostatic Pressure
11b - 26
13
4)
Continued
Pi
Ph
Ph
= 600 psi (given)

= Can be calculated
= Fluid Pressure Gradient x Depth/ft
Ph
= 0.433 psi/ft x 5500 ft = 2381.5 psi

BHTP = 600 psi + 2381.5 psi
BHTP = 2981.5 psi
5)
11b - 27
How may bbl behind cement when pump

pressure can be expected:
600 psi / (0.8104 psi/ft - 0.433 psi/ft) = 1589.8 ft

(Max. HOC)
1589.8 ft - 100 ft = 1489.8 ft maximum height of
cement in tubing
5400 ft - 1489.8 ft = 3910 ft
3910 ft x 0.00387 bbl/ft = 15.13 bbls/displacement
behind cement when pressure can be expected
11b - 28
14
Down Hole Plug

Operations
Cement
Cement Plugs
Plugs Are
Are Required
Required During
During
The
The Life
Life Of
Of Every
Every Well
Well
Reasons for Plugging:

Surface Plug
Well
Well Abandonment
Abandonment
Governmental
Governmental
agencies
agencies usually
usually
regulate
regulate the
the
abandonment
abandonment of
of aa
well
well
Surface Casing
Protective Plug
Isolation Plug At
Top Of Cut Casing
Cement Plug
Across Perforations
11c - 2
Page 1
Reasons for Plugging:
Sidetracking:
Sidetracking:
Deviation
Deviation correction
correction
Detour
Detour (by
(by passing):
passing):
-- Irretrievable
Irretrievable junk
junk
-- Lost
Lost fish
fish
Whipstock Plug
11c - 3
Reasons for Plugging

Zonal
Zonal Isolation:
Isolation:
Pay Zone
Wet Zone
Act
Act as
as aa casing
casing seat
seat to
to
seal
off
a
non-producing
seal off a non-producing
interval
interval
Isolate
Isolate pay
pay interval
interval to
to
perform
perform an
an open
open hole
hole test
test
Shut
Shut off
off aa water
water producing
producing
zone
zone
Protect
Protect aa low
low pressure
pressure
zone
zone before
before squeezing
squeezing
11c - 4
Page 2
Reasons for Plugging
Shut-off
Shut-off Lost
Lost Circulation
Circulation
Zones
Zones
Lost Circulation Zone

11c - 5
Placement Methods
Balanced
Balanced Method
Method
Dump
Dump Bailer
Bailer
Two-Plug
Two-Plug Method
Method
Modified
Modified Two-Plug
Two-Plug Method
Method
11c - 6
Page 3
Placement Method
Balanced
Balanced Plug
Plug
Most
Most frequently
frequently
used
used
Simple
Simple method
method
No
No need
need for
for special
special
equipment
equipment
Disadvantages:
Disadvantages:
Mud
Mud contamination
contamination
Plug
Movement
Plug Movement
11c - 7
Placement Method
Dump
Dump Bailer
Bailer
Dump Bailer
Cement Plug
Bridge Plug,
Sand or
Gravel
11c - 8
Page 4
Placement Method
Dump
Dump Bailer
Bailer
Low
Low cost
cost
Accurate
Accurate depth
depth control
control
Normally
Normally involves:
involves:
Cement
Cement Basket
Basket
Permanent
Permanent Bridge
Bridge Plug
Plug
Sand
Sand Pack
Pack
Disadvantages:
Disadvantages:
Slurry
Slurry volume
volume
Deep
Deep applications
applications
Slow
Slow process
process
11c - 9
Placement Method
Two
Two Plug
Plug Method
Method
11c - 10
Page 5
Two
Two Plug
Plug Method
Method
Cement
Slurry
Bottom
Plug
Plug
Catcher
Plug Catcher at
desired depth
11c - 11
Two
Two Plug
Plug Method
Method
Cement
enters
annulus
Bottom Plug
Pumped Out
11c - 12
Page 6
Two
Two Plug
Plug Method
Method
Displacement
completed
11c - 13
Two
Two Plug
Plug Method
Method
Workstring pulled
back to desired
top of the plug
11c - 14
Page 7
Two
Two Plug
Plug Method
Method
Top Plug
Caught
11c - 15
Two
Two Plug
Plug Method
Method
Reverse Circulation
Cuts Off Top
Of Cement Plug
(excess)
Cement Plug
11c - 16
Page 8
Placement Method
Two
Two Plug
Plug Method
Method
Top
Top &
& Bottom
Bottom plug
plug used
used during
during
placement
placement
Plug
Plug Catcher
Catcher
Better
Better displacement
displacement control
control
Reduces
Reduces mud
mud contamination
contamination
Establishes
Establishes the
the plug
plug top
top more
more
accurately
accurately
11c - 17
Placement Method
Modified
Modified Two
Two Plug
Plug Method
Method
Plug Catcher
Tail Pipe with
Scratchers
&
Centralizers
Tubing Plug
11c - 18
Page 9
Placement Method
Modified
Modified Two
Two Plug
Plug Method
Method
Same
Same as
as the
the two-plug
two-plug method
method
Centralizers
Centralizers &
& Scratchers
Scratchers run
run on
on tailpipe
tailpipe
(below
(below plug
plug catcher)
catcher)
More
More effective
effective removal
removal of
of thick,
thick, soft
soft
filtercake
filtercake
11c - 19
Primary Causes of Plug Failure:

Poor
Poor mud
mud removal
removal
Unstable
Unstable cement
cement slurries
slurries
Mud
Cement
Insufficient
Insufficient slurry
slurry volume
volume
Poor
Poor coordination
coordination
Impatience
Impatience
Poor
Poor job
job execution
execution
11c - 20
Page 10
SPE 30514
Plug Cementing: Horizontal to
Vertical Conditions
Testing Facility
Model Diameters:
4.5
6.0
8.5
Next work will include:
12
16
11c - 22
Page 11
Horizontal Results
Failure
Failure due
due to
to slumping
slumping &
& channeling
channeling across
across top
top of
of
model
model
Relatively
Relatively easy
easy to
to place
place stable
stable plug
plug
Results
Results -- mud
mud yield
yield point
point to
to prevent
prevent slumping
slumping
2
4.5
4.5
30
30 lb/100
lb/100 ft
ft2
6.0
6.0
30
30 lb/100
lb/100 ft
ft22
8.5
8.5
40
40 lb/100
lb/100 ft
ft22
Lower
Lower yield
yield point
point with
with lower
lower density
density differential
differential
Test
Test conditions:
conditions: 8.7
8.7 ppg
ppg WBM,
WBM, 16.4
16.4 ppg
ppg cement,
cement, 2.34
2.34
tailpipe
tailpipe
11c - 23
Deviated Results
Failure
Failure due
due to
to boycott
boycott and/or
and/or extrusion
extrusion effect
effect
Mud
Mud rheology
rheology typically
typically used
used will
will not
not support
support large
large
density
differences
density differences
Thin,
Thin, light-weight
light-weight mud
mud will
will not
not support
support plug
plug or
or
sodium
sodium silicate
silicate
Thin,
Thin, light-weight
light-weight reactive
reactive mud
mud is
is not
not successful
successful
Apparent
Apparent stable
stable plug
plug is
is often
often disturbed
disturbed by
by pulling
pulling
tail
tail pipe
pipe resulting
resulting in
in plug
plug failure
failure
11c - 24
Page 12
Deviated Results - contd

Angle
76
76
76
76
60
60
60
60
45
45
Mud Dens. Mud YP

C. Dens.
8.7 lb/gal 76 lb/100ft2 16.4 lb/gal
14.1 lb/gal
5 lb/100ft2 16.4 lb/gal
14.1 lb/gal 22 lb/100ft2 16.4 lb/gal
11.9 lb/gal
6 lb/100ft2 16.4 lb/gal
14.0 lb/gal 14 lb/100ft2 16.4 lb/gal
14.0 lb/gal 80 lb/100ft2 16.4 lb/gal
14.0 lb/gal 81 lb/100ft2 16.4 lb/gal
8.5 lb/gal 103 lb/100ft2 12.5 lb/gal
Remarks
Minimum Slumping
Successful
Successful
Successful with S.Silicate
Only 4.5" successful
All failed
Some movement
Some movement
Successful
All failed
11c - 25
Fluid Movement in Deviated

Well
--An
An effect
effect called
called the
the
Static
Boundary
Layer
extrusion
extrusion effect
effect was
was
observed
to
be
predominant
observed to be predominant
in
in deviated
deviated wells.
wells.
Stationary
Layer
of Cement
Slurry
-During
-During this
this phenomenon,
phenomenon,
the
the heavier
heavier cement
cement extrudes
extrudes
or
or slides
slides down
down the
the bottom
bottom
of
of the
the wellbore
wellbore beneath
beneath the
the
mud
mud
11c - 26
Page 13
Vertical Results
Failure
Failure Due
Due To
To Roping/Spiraling
Roping/Spiraling Effect
Effect
Test
Test Results:
Results:
Mud
Mud
ppg
ppg
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
YP
YP
lb/100
lb/100 ftft22
17
17 -- 89
89
17
98
17 - 98
11.8
11.8
14.0
14.0
140
140
50
50
Cement
Cement
ppg
ppg
12.4
12.4
16.4
16.4
16.4
16.4
16.4
16.4
Remarks
Remarks
All
All Failed
Failed
All
Failed
All Failed
Some
Some Movement
Movement
Successful
Successful
11c - 27
Fluid Movement in Vertical Well

-A
-A spiraling
spiraling or
or roping
roping effect
effect
controls
slurry
movement
controls slurry movement in
in
vertical
vertical well
well bores.
bores.
Cement
Mud
11c - 28
Page 14
Conclusions
Interrelationship
Interrelationship factors:
factors:
Hole
Hole angle
angle
Hole
Hole size
size
Yield
Yield point
point &
& gel
gel strength
strength of
of supporting
supporting mud
mud
Density
Density difference
difference between
between mud
mud &
& cement
cement
Reactive
Reactive spacer
spacer between
between mud
mud and
and cement
cement
Horizontal
Horizontal placement
placement easiest
easiest
Deviated
Deviated plug
plug instability
instability caused
caused by
by Boycott
Boycott effect
effect
Vertical
Vertical plug
plug instability
instability caused
caused by
by roping/spiraling
roping/spiraling
11c - 29
Plug Design Matrix
Minimum
Minimum Requirements
Requirements For
For Stable
Stable Interface
Interface
A n g le
H o r i z o n ta l
7 6 d e g re e s
6 0 d e g re e s
4 5 d e g re e s
3 0 d e g re e s
V e r ti c a l
4 1/2" h o le
H / L
H / M
H / M
L / L
L / L
L / H
/
/
/
/
/
/
L
M
M
L
L
H
6" h o le
H / L
M / L
M / L
L / L
L / M
L / H
/
/
/
/
/
/
L
L
L
L
M
H
8 1/2" h o le
H / M / M
M / L / L
L / H / H
L / M / M
VL / M / M
L / H / H
12" h o le
H
M
VL
VL
VL
L
/
/
/
/
/
/
L / M
L / L
M / M
M / M
M / M
H / H
16" h o le
H / M / M
M / L / L
VL / M / M
VL / M / M
VL / M / M
L / H / H
1 s t L e tte r = D e n s ity D iffe re n c e ( va lu e g iv e n b e lo w o r s m a lle r )

2 n d L e tte r = M u d 's Y ie ld P o in t (v a lu e g iv e n b e lo w o r la rg e r)
3 r d L e tte r = A P I's 1 0 M in u te G e l S tr e n g th ( v a lu e g iv e n b e lo w o r la rg e r)
VL
L
M
H
D e n . D i ffe r e n c e
lb /g a l
M u d 's Y P
l b f/ 1 0 0 sq . ft
1 0 m i n G e l S tr e n g th
l b f/ 1 0 0 sq . ft
1
1.8 - 2.6
3.7 - 4.7
6.7 - 7.9
1 5 to 6 0
6 0 to 1 5 0
150+
5 to 1 5
2 0 to 6 5
1 0 5 to 1 5 0
N o t e : W h e n ra n g e s a re g ive n , a t t e m p t t o o b t a in va lu e s in m id d le o f ra n g e
Page 15
11c - 30
Three Basic Processes
Displacement Efficiency
Cement Volume and Composition
Placement Technique
11c - 31
Total Plug Setting Process

Communication
Communication
Wellbore
Wellbore conditions
conditions known
known
Washouts
Washouts
Filter
Filter cake
cake across
across permeable
permeable formations
formations
Potential
Potential fluid
fluid or
or gas
gas influx
influx
Accurate
Accurate BHCT
BHCT and
and BHST
BHST
11c - 32
Page 16

Improve
Improve Mud
Mud removal:
removal:
Mud
Mud conditioning
conditioning prior
prior to
to plug
plug job
job
Maximize
Maximize annular
annular velocity:
velocity: 200
200 ft/min
ft/min
minimum.
minimum.
Compatible
Compatible preflush
preflush and/or
and/or spacer
spacer
Minimize
Minimize shut
shut downs
downs
Pipe
Pipe movement
movement
11c - 33

Cement
Cement slurry
slurry design:
design:
Avoid
Avoid high
high density
density differentials
differentials
Slightly
Slightly densified
densified cement
cement class
class G
G or
or H
H
develops
sufficient
compressive
strength
develops sufficient compressive strength
Use
Use silica
silica flour
flour ifif BHST
BHST >> 230
230 FF (110
(110 C)
C)
Pre-job
Pre-job testing
testing with
with attention
attention to
to detail:
detail:
Rheology,
Rheology, Settling
Settling tests,
tests, WOC
WOC
Suspension
Suspension aids
aids for
for high
high BHTs
BHTs
11c - 34
Page 17

Cement
Cement slurry
slurry design
design -- Cont:
Cont:
Minimize
Minimize cement
cement thickening
thickening time
time
Avoid
Avoid dispersants
dispersants
Avoid
Avoid highly
highly thixotropic
thixotropic cement
cement slurries
slurries
unless
unless using
using BHK
BHK tool
tool with
with aluminum
aluminum
tailpipe
tailpipe
Wellbore
Wellbore considerations
considerations
11c - 35

Slurry
Slurry Volume
Volume -- Pump
Pump enough/too
enough/too much
much cement:
cement:
500
500 ft
ft plug
plug length
length ++ 50%
50%
Still
Still more
more cement;
cement; 30-40
30-40 bbl
bbl sacrificial
sacrificial
Placement
Placement procedure:
procedure:
Spot
Spot aa viscous,
viscous, weighted
weighted pill
pill below
below (see
(see next
next
slide)
slide)
Workstring
Workstring design:
design: Tailpipe,
Tailpipe, Ball
Ball Catcher
Catcher &
&
Diverter
Diverter tool
tool
Wash
Wash entire
entire plug
plug interval
interval
Pull
Pull out
out of
of plug
plug slowly:
slowly: 30
30 -- 50
50 ft/min.
ft/min.
Page 18
11c - 36

Viscous,
Viscous, weighted
weighted Pill:
Pill:
Length
Length equal
equal to
to plug
plug length
length
Funnel
Funnel viscosity:
viscosity: >150
>150 seconds
seconds
10
10 second
second Gel
Gel Strength:
Strength: >50
>50 lb
lbff/100
/100 ft
ft22
Density:
Density: >Mud
>Mud Weight
Weight
WOC
WOC time:
time:
Avoid
Avoid early
early drillout
drillout
Test
Test at
at expected
expected Heat-up
Heat-up Schedule
Schedule
11c - 37

Important
Important Tools
Tools For
For Successful
Successful Plugs
Plugs
Diverter
Diverter Sub
Sub
Axial
Axial flow
flow pattern
pattern
Wash
Wash entire
entire plug
plug interval
interval for
for
any
any wellbore
wellbore angle
angle
Gelled
Gelled mud
mud removal
removal with
with
minimal
formation
minimal formation damage
damage
Allows
Allows cement
cement fallout
fallout (from
(from
stinger)
stinger)
Improves
Improves balanced
balanced plug
plug
stability
stability
11c - 38
Page 19

Important
Important Tools
Tools For
For Successful
Successful Plugs
Plugs
Ball
Ball Catcher
Catcher
Indicates
Indicates position
position of
of down-hole
down-hole
fluids
fluids
Separates
Separates incompatible
incompatible fluids
fluids
Reduces
costly
workstring
Reduces costly workstring
cleanup
cleanup
11c - 39
Testing of Plugs
Setting
Setting the
the workstring
workstring weight
weight onto
onto the
the top
top of
of
plug:
plug:
Most
Most used
used
Not
Not very
very effective
effective
Using
Using open
open hole
hole packer:
packer:
Seldom
Seldom used
used
Can
Can indicate
indicate the
the ability
ability of
of the
the plug
plug to
to hold
hold
hydrostatic
pressure
hydrostatic pressure
11c - 40
Page 20
Plug-Back Example
PLUG
PLUG BACK
BACK CEMENTING
CEMENTING
PROBLEM
PROBLEM #1
#1
REQUIRED:
REQUIRED:
200
200 ftft balanced
balanced cement
cement plug
plug from
from 5,800
5,800 ftft to
to 6,000
6,000
ft.
ft.
SPECIAL
SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS:
INSTRUCTIONS:
Use
Use Class
Class H
H Neat
Neat Cement
Cement mixed
mixed at
at 16.4
16.4 lb/gal.
lb/gal.
Use
Use aa minimum
minimum of
of 200
200 feet
feet of
of fresh
fresh water
water spacer
spacer
ahead
in
setting
the
plug.
Total
volume
is
24
ahead in setting the plug. Total volume is 24 bbl
bbl
GIVEN:
GIVEN:
88
inch
inch open
open hole.
hole.
Wellbore
Wellbore fluid
fluid is
is 12.2
12.2 lb/gal
lb/gal phosphate
phosphate mud.
mud.
11d - 2
44
inch
inch OD,
OD, 16.60
16.60 lb/ft
lb/ft EU
EU Drill
Drill Pipe.
Pipe.
Page 1
PLUG
PLUG BACK
BACK CEMENTING
CEMENTING
CALCULATIONS
CALCULATIONS
VOLUME
VOLUME OF
OF CEMENT:
CEMENT:
0.4176
0.4176 ftft33/ft
/ft capacity
capacity of
of hole
hole xx 200
200 ftft of
of cement
cement
3
3
plug
plug == 83.52
83.52 ft
ft of
of cement
cement
83.52
83.52 ftft33 of
of cement
cement divided
divided by
by 1.06
1.06 ftft33/sk
/sk yield
yield
for
class
H
cement
=
78.79
sacks
of
cement.
for class H cement = 78.79 sacks of cement.
11d - 3
PLUG
PLUG BACK
BACK CEMENTING
CEMENTING
CALCULATIONS
CALCULATIONS
HEIGHT
HEIGHT OF
OF CEMENT
CEMENT PLUG
PLUG WITH
WITH WORKSTRING
WORKSTRING
STILL
IN
PLUG:
STILL IN PLUG:
Equalization
Equalization Point
Point Formula
Formula
H
H == N
N // (( C
C ++ T)
T)
N
N == 83.52
83.52 ftft33 cement
cement volume
volume
C
C == .3071
.3071 ftft33/ft
/ft annulus
annulus capacity
capacity
3
TT == .0798
.0798 ftft3/ft
/ft drill
drill pipe
pipe capacity
capacity
Height
Height of
of balanced
balanced cement
cement column:
column:
H
H == 83.52
83.52 ftft33 // (.3071
(.3071 ftft33/ft
/ft ++ .0798
.0798 ftft33/ft)
/ft) ==
215.87
ft
215.87 ft
Page 2
11d - 4
PLUG
PLUG BACK
BACK CEMENTING
CEMENTING
CALCULATIONS
CALCULATIONS
VOLUME
VOLUME OF
OF SPACER
SPACER AHEAD:
AHEAD:
H
H == N
N // (( C
C ++ T)
T)
N
total
N == 24
24 bbl
bbl
total spacer
spacer volume
volume
C
=
0.0547
bbl/ft
annulus
capacity
C = 0.0547 bbl/ft
annulus capacity
TT == 0.01422
drill
0.01422 bbl/ft
bbl/ft
drill pipe
pipe capacity
capacity
H
=
24
/
(0.0547
+
0.01422)
=
348.2
ft
H = 24 / (0.0547 + 0.01422) = 348.2 ft (( >> 200
200 ftft Ok!)
Ok!)
348.2
348.2 ftft xx 0.0547
0.0547 bbl/ft
bbl/ft == 19.05
19.05 bbl
bbl of
of fresh
fresh water
water ahead
ahead
of
of cement
cement
VOLUME
VOLUME OF
OF SPACER
SPACER BEHIND:
BEHIND:
24
24 bbl
bbl total
total spacer
spacer volume
volume -- 19.05
19.05 bbl
bbl == 4.95
4.95 bbl
bbl of
of fresh
fresh
water
water behind
behind cement.
cement.
11d - 5
PLUG
PLUG BACK
BACK CEMENTING
CEMENTING
CALCULATIONS
CALCULATIONS
FRESH
FRESH WATER
WATER REQUIREMENTS:
REQUIREMENTS:
Mixing
Mixing Water:
Water:
78.79
== 338.797
78.79 sk
sk of
of cement
cement xx 4.3
4.3 gal/sk
gal/sk
338.797 gal
gal
338.797
== 8.07
338.797 gal
gal 42
42 gal/bbl
gal/bbl
8.07 bbl
bbl
Water
Water for
for spacers:
spacers:
19.05
19.05 bbl
bbl in
in annulus
annulus ++ 4.95
4.95 bbl
bbl in
in drill
drill pipe
pipe == 24
24 bbl
bbl
Total
Total fresh
fresh water
water on
on location
location for
for job
job only
only (( without
without
cleanup
cleanup water
water ):):
8.07
8.07 bbl
bbl mix.
mix. water
water ++ 24
24 bbl
bbl spacer
spacer water
water == 32.07
32.07
bbl
bbl
11d - 6
Page 3
PLUG
PLUG BACK
BACK CEMENTING
CEMENTING
CALCULATIONS
CALCULATIONS
DISPLACEMENT
DISPLACEMENT VOLUME
VOLUME OF
OF MUD
MUD TO
TO BALANCE
BALANCE
PLUG
PLUG
Displacement
Displacement footage:
footage:
6,000
6,000 ftft 215.87
215.87 ftft height
height of
of cement
cement (HOC)
(HOC) ==
5784.13
5784.13 ftft to
to top
top of
of cement
cement (TOP).
(TOP).
5,784.13
5,784.13 ftft to
to top
top of
of cement
cement xx .01422
.01422 bbl/ft
bbl/ft capacity
capacity
of
drill
pipe
=
82.25
bbl
capacity
of
drill
pipe
of drill pipe = 82.25 bbl capacity of drill pipe to
to TOC.
TOC.
Mud
Mud displacement
displacement == Total
Total displacement
displacement Spacer
Spacer
volume
volume behind
behind cement:
cement:
82.25
82.25 bbl
bbl 4.95
4.95 bbl
bbl == 77.3
77.3 bbl
bbl mud
mud to
to balance
balance plug
plug
11d - 7
PLUG
PLUG BACK
BACK CEMENTING
CEMENTING
CALCULATIONS
CALCULATIONS
JOB
JOB REQUIREMENTS
REQUIREMENTS
Pump
Pump 19.05
19.05 bbl
bbl fresh
fresh water
water ahead.
ahead.
Mix
Mix and
and pump
pump 78.79
78.79 sacks
sacks of
of class
class H
H cement
cement
at
at 16.4
16.4 lb/gal.
lb/gal. Using
Using 8.07
8.07 bbl
bbl mixing
mixing water.
water.
Pump
Pump 4.95
4.95 bbl
bbl of
of fresh
fresh water
water behind.
behind.
Displace
Displace with
with 77.3
77.3 bbl
bbl of
of mud
mud to
to balance
balance the
the
plug.
plug.
11d - 8
Page 4

Casing and Cement Course

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Casing and Cement Course

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Course Introduction

Special Cementing Operations

The Course Manual

First printing contains typos

One PC per two participants

Calculations & Formulas

Quick Review of Casing

Hydrostatic Pressure Example

Hydrostatic Differential Pressure

The U-Tube Method

Density varies with depth

A Simple Gas Formula

Beware of the Vacuum

Casing Depth Selection

Casing Depth Criteria

Formation pore pressures

Liners & Tie-backs

Using Pore and Fracture

True Vertical Depth (ft)

Add Safety Margins

True Vertical Depth (ft)

Determine Casing Depths

True Vertical Depth (ft)

Example Selecting Depths

True Vertical Depth (ft)

There are alternatives with a production

Actual measurements (leak-off tests, frac tests)

Precautions About Frac Pressure

Depth Selection from Example

Casing Size Selection

Selecting Casing Size

This means we determine the

Initial Borehole Size

Casing & Hole Sizes

This gives us more flexibility for hole

Casing Size Philosophy

Expandable Open Hole Liner

Pipe or couplings can split

An exploration well that does

Casing Load Determination

Burst Loads internal pressure

Tension (axial) Loads gravitational

Surface Casing Collapse

Lost circulation loading

Surface Casing Collapse

Surface Casing Collapse

Surface Casing Collapse

p = 0.052 ( 9.2 )( 3000 ) 0

Surface Casing Burst

Pressure control loading, oil

Surface Casing Burst Load

Surface casing depth: 3000 ft

pb = 0.052 (12.3 )( 3000 ) + 500 0.052 ( 8.3 )( 3000 )

Example Gas Calculations

Intermediate Casing Loads

Example Intermediate Casing

Example: Intermediate Collapse

Calculate net collapse pressure at shoe:

pc = 0.052 (11.8 8.3 )(10500 )

Example Collapse Load

Intermediate Casing Burst

Maximum Burst Load

After Prentice (1970)