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THE
BODY
THERE ARE MANY POSSIBLE APPROACHES to a study of the human body, but the
most basic is to begin with an examination of how the body is constructed and
how it functions. These two fundamentals form the theme of this book. The major
organ systems of the body are explained in the light of the most recent discoveries
of medical research. The book contains both text chapters and picture essays.
Each essay complements the chapter it follows, illustrating the subject in depth or
adding to the information already supplied. Together, chapters and essays make
up a unied whole, but each is self-contained and can be read independently. As
an example: Chapter 3, The Team of Bone and Muscle, is followed by an essay
in which structural shapes found in engineering and architecture are matched
with almost identical functional forms in the human skeleton.
THE AUTHOR
THE DESIGNER
This book was designed by Aleena Hayatt in the spring semester of 2015 at the
Ringling College of Art + Design for Design with Typography III; Edwin Utermohlen,
instructor. Fonts used were Source Sans Pro and Florence. Photos and spot
illustrations, unless otherwise credited were made by Aleena. Medical and
illustrations of anatomy were gathered from Internet Archive Book Images on
Flickr. It was printed and bound at Blurb.com using 100# matte text. Original
TimeLIFE logo courtesy TimeLife.com; Direct Holdings Americas Inc..
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................9
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
APPENDIX.........................................................................................................132
BIBLIOGRAPHY & ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................136
INDEX.................................................................................................................138
CREDITS............................................................................................................140
TIME-LIFE BOOKS
EDITOR:
Maitland A. Edey
TEXT DIRECTOR:
Jerry Korn
ART DIRECTOR:
Sheldon Cotler
CHIEF OF RESEARCH:
Beatrice T. Dobie
Assistant Text Directors:
Harold C. Field, Ogden Tanner
Assistant Chiefs of Research:
Monica 0. Horne, Martha Turner
PUBLISHER:
Rhett Austell
General Manager: Joseph C. Hazen Jr.
Circulation Director: Joan D. Manley
Marketing Director: Carter Smith
Business Manager: John D. McSweeney
Publishing Board:
Nicholas Benton, Louis Bronzo,
James Wendell Forbes
LIFE MAGAZINE
EDITOR: Edward K. Thompson
MANAGING EDITOR: George P. Hunt
PUBLISHER: Jerome s. Hardy
INTRODUCTION
Fueling the
Bodys Machinery
T IM E L IF E : T HE B ODY
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T IM E L IF E : T HE B ODY
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A gatekeeper on duty
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T IM E L IF E : T HE B ODY
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Safety in a surplus
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NITROGEN PRODUCTS
GLUCOSE
NITROGEN
AMINO ACIDS
FATTY ACIDS
WATER (H2O)
ENERGY
KREBS CYCLE
ENZYME BREAKBOWN
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AMINO ACIDS
NITROGEN
FATTY ACIDS
FAT
CARBOHYDRATE
GLYCEROL
CARBON
GLUCOSE
FOOD PRODUCTS
PROTEIN
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T IM E L IF E : T HE B ODY
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INTERACTIVE LEARNING!
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Hallmarks of
Individual Identity
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PLAIN ARCH
TENTED ARCH
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PLAIN WHORL
DOUBLE LOOP
ACCIDENTAL
THE TELLTALE RIDGES OF SKIN
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T IM E L IF E : T HE B ODY
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A riddle of excess
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Badges of identity
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An Atlas of the
Anatomy
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SKELETAL SIMILARITIES
The Skeleton:
Tower of Strength
Mans skeleton was shaped by his decision more than a million year: ago to stand
erect. The skeleton is a tower of bones put together with hinges and joints, so
superbly rigged and balanced that he can run, jump and bend despite his small
feet. The adults 206 bones anchor his muscles and shield his vital organs
with a great variety of structural shapes from the flat plates of the skull to
the hollow rings of the backbone. Strong yet pliant, they have adapted
with varying degrees of success to mans unique posture. The
skeleton of no other creature has such long legs relative to the
arms, a foot with so high an arch, and such remarkable hands
-freed to become tool-making instruments with opposing
thumbs once they no longer had to be used for running on
or grasping tree branches. His backbone is less perfectly
adapted. Human infants are born with straight
spines, but after learning to walk they
acquire another unique skeletal
characteristic- the swayback- the
price of an upright stance.
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Muscles:
The Power of Pull
HOLD UP!
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The Circulation:
One-way Network
The circulation network comprises some 60,000 miles of tubing which carries blood to
every part of the body. Its most impressive feature is the circular manner in which it keeps
the blood moving, always away from the heart in the arteries, toward the heart
in the veins-in spite of gravity and in spite of millions of alternate routes. The
pump of the heart gives the flow its force, sending freshly oxygenated blood
surging out the aorta, the bodys largest artery, and into subsidiary arteries,
even to the top of the head. The arteries branch out into smaller arterioles,
which in turn branch out into millions of microscopic capillaries. These
capillaries eventually unite to form venules, which unite into veins,
thin-walled vessels with interior valves which prevent the blood
from slipping backward. Thus the spent blood streams back to the
heart. A side trip to the lungs via a pulmonary network refreshes
it with oxygen, and it returns to the heart ready to start anew.
The entire cycle takes less than a minute.
FAN OUT
35
Nervous System:
Sorter of Signals
The intricate task of receiving and reacting to the storm of stimuli that assault the human body is
charged to the nervous system. Made up of the brain, the spinal cord and a complex network
of nerves, the nervous system coordinates all the bodys activities, in response to signals
from both inside and outside the body. The brain is the systems headquarters. From it
stem cranial nerves and the spinal cord, a cylinder of nerve tissue that runs through the
backbone for 18 inches. Nerves branch out from it on either side,
to embrace the body from head to toe. Some nerves are sensory
nerves, carrying stimuli to the cord and brain. Others are motor
nerves, along which the brain sends its orders. We react to some
stimuli consciously, as when we swat a fly. Other
activities-like those of the viscera- are outside
our conscious control. But the three-pound
brain coordinates its huge traffic of
messages so well that an electronic
computer designed to perform as
efficiently would occupy a space
as big as a skyscraper.
37
The Viscera:
Fueling the Body
Although they are often called by a single name, the viscera, the neatly packed organs that
fill the bodys chest and abdominal cavities belong to several different systems-respiratory,
digestive and urinary-which together provide the body with food and oxygen and remove
wastes.
The trachea and lungs are parts of the respiratory system, which delivers oxygen to the
blood. The lungs consist of millions of elastic membranous sacs which together can hold
about as much air as a basketball.
The organs of the digestive system -most prominently the stomach, the large and small
intestines and the liver-modify foods which the body takes in. The soft, reddish-brown liver,
the largest gland in the body, literally plays hundreds of roles, from producing proteins to
secreting bile.
The bladder is part of the urinary system, which regulates the bodys water supply. The
kidneys, located behind the stomach and liver, filter out wastes and pass them along to the
bladder for storage and disposal.
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Finality in a capsule
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A miracle of ingenuity
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T HE HE A RT A ND I T S CO U RIE R S
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T HE T E A M OF B O NE A ND M US C L E S
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T HE PRODUC T IV E P OW E R OF H O RM O NE S
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