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Submitted to :-
Submitted by :-
Mrs.Shanu Khatri
Jyotsna Aggarwal
Date :- 2 Feb.,2012
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Mrs. Shanu Khatri for
providing this opportunity to work on this topic. She has always been
Supportive and encouraging.
I have really enjoyed to working on this project.
CONTENTS
Index
Page No.
Introduction
Study of downsizing
Why Do Organizations Downsize?
The Economic Perspective
The Arational Perspective
The Ideological Perspective
The Institutional Perspective
The Strategic Perspective
Consequences of Downsizing
The Structural Consequences of Downsizing
Macroeconomic consequences of Downsizing
Strategies for responsible restructuring
Executive Overview
The Economic Logic That Drives Downsizing
What Does Research on the Economic Consequences of
Employment Downsizing Tell Us?
Issues In Initiating And Implementing Downsizing
Pre-downsizing Stage
Pre-implementation Stage
Implementation Stage
Post-implementation Stage
IS THERE A SOLUTION?
Boeing Company
Introduction
Successful Downsizing: The Case of the Boeing
Reemployment Program
Why Boeing Company Downsize?
The evidence noted by Pritchard and MacPherson
Doing Well Before
An effective Cure
Advantages & Disadvantages of Downsizing
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction:
Companies should take care that downsizing helps in shedding fat and not the
organizational muscle. Further, downsizing should not be mistaken to be strategy; it
is a tactic, it is like giving oxygen to accompany in an intensive care unit. The new
size gives a second chance to companies to survive and an opportunity to start
afresh. However done improperly it can be a death sentence for the company.
Research data on the impact of downsizing on company revival is not encouraging.
This is because the manner in which downsizing typically happens, does not enable
growth. A ten year study of companies in US and Canada showed that companies
that downsized were relatively worse off than companies that did not. This was partly
because companies do not seem to have got it right on how to down size when in
trouble so that they can GROW in future. Indian companies can benefit by rethinking
the process of planning and implementing downsizing in a systemic manner. Based
on our global and Indian experience in providing consulting support to companies
that are downsizing, we have identified eight steps that greatly impact the value
realization from downsizing.
Downsizing is currently one of the most popular strategies being used by
organizations in an effort to survive and compete in the current business scenario.
Existing literature in the area has broadly focused on the following three issues: Why do organizations downsize?
What are the consequences of downsizing on the individual and the organization
as a whole?
What are the strategies that can be adopted for successful downsizing?
While imperatives for downsizing have been considered from economic, institutional,
strategic, ideological, and a rational perspectives, suggestions for successful
downsizing strategies have repeatedly reinforced the importance of adopting a
planned, long-term, and people-oriented approach to implementation. The bulk of
empirical research, however, appears to have focused on the consequences of
downsizing both at the individual and organizational level. Given that downsizing
today has achieved the status of an institutionalized norm, the relevant question is
not so much whether or why organizations should downsize, but rather, how best to
implement the process in a way which will enable organizations to accrue benefits
and effectively manage the negative consequences of such an exercise.
A review of literature reveals that a planned approach to the implementation process
would lead to sustained and long-term benefits to the organization. Drawing from
change management theories as well as related theories in organizational learning,
theory of business, and business model innovations, this paper has attempted to
identify issues that need to be addressed at each stage of downsizing in order to
ensure effective implementation. At one level, this would imply a need to question
the very rationale for downsizing in terms of whether it really is the best alternative
under the existing situation. At another level, assuming that downsizing has been
accepted to be the most viable option, and given that any successful planned
change would need to be handled as a multi-stage activity, this would include :
reframing of the existing mental models and assumptions about the business
extensive communication with employees at each stage
managing the needs and expectations of survivors, victims, and implementers
themselves
planning for employability initiatives for employees
STUDY OF DOWNSIZING
In tandem with the rise in its popularity, a substantial body of literature has also
developed exploring various aspects of downsizing. While some studies have
attempted to understand the theoretical imperatives which motivate organizations to
downsize, others have studied the possible consequences that downsizing might
have on the individual employee as well as on the organization as a whole. A few
studies have also tried to examine the various ways in which downsizing can best be
implemented in order to yield the maximum benefits to the organization. Broadly,
therefore, the study of downsizing till date appears to have encompassed three
major issues:
Why do organizations downsize?
What are the consequences of downsizing on the individual and the organization as
a whole?
What are the strategies that can be adopted for successful downsizing?
CONSEQUENCES OF DOWNSIZING
The majority of research on downsizing has been conducted to examine and
understand the consequences of downsizing on the individual employee as well as
on the organization as a whole. Effects on the individual employee have been
studied predominantly from a psychological and behavioral viewpoint with a focus on
the survivors (employees who remain in the organization after downsizing), victims
Executive Overview
As organizations struggle to enhance their competitive positions, employment
downsizing continues as a preferred part of a restructuring strategy. Its objective is to
reduce operating costs as a way of increasing earnings and stock prices. A study of
S&P 500 firms from 19822000, however, casts serious doubt on the long-term
payoff of this approach. The purpose of this article is to suggest several alternative
approaches to restructuring. In contrast to employment downsizing, a strategy that
regards people as costs to be cut, a responsible restructuring strategy focuses on
people as assets to be
developed. This focus recognizes that people are the source of innovation and
renewal, especially in knowledge-based organizations, and that the development of
new markets, customers, and revenue streams depends on the wise use of a firms
human assets. The article presents company examples and research-based findings
that illustrate mistakes to avoid and affirmative steps to take when restructuring
responsibly.
Pre-downsizing Stage
Questioning the organizations existing theory of business in the context of current
realities, both within and outside the organization
Creating a culture of enquiry and open communication in the organization to
facilitate innovation and awareness regarding the changed realities
Collectively arriving at an appropriate set of strategies that will take the organization
forward.
Pre-implementation Stage
If downsizing is chosen as a strategy for change, then the necessary steps would
include:
Adopting a planned approach to the process of implementation. This would involve
:-understanding the implications of downsizing in terms of changes in organizational
structures, policies, roles, and relationships
_ identifying the changes in individual and organizational assumptions, mindsets,
and attitudes which would be needed in the changed scenario
_ ascertaining the new competencies which would be required in the changed
context.
Choosing appropriate implementers or change agents and training them to handle
the process effectively
Sharing the rationale for downsizing through continuous communication with
employees in various forums
Maintaining a continuous dialogue to incorporate innovative suggestions and
understand individual issues and assumptions
Communicating detailed procedures to the concerned stakeholders in a transparent
and timely manner.
Implementation Stage
Introducing new processes and structures that would facilitate stabilization of the
change
Helping individual employees to question old assumptions, develop new
competencies, and manage changed roles and relationships through
communication, mentoring, and training initiatives
Being sensitive to the needs of survivors, victims, and implementers. This would
include:
_ managing the negative emotions associated with the process
_ helping employees to deal with the trauma through one-on-one counseling and
extensive communication
_ being open to feedback and dialogue.
Ensuring procedural justice in implementation (e.g., using objective, performancebased criteria for manpower reduction rather than across-the-board reductions
based on age and tenure; matching claims to actions, etc.).
Providing organizational support to victims through training for new skills,
identification of new career opportunities, etc.
Post-implementation Stage
Renegotiating psychological contract with the survivors
Providing support and opportunity to employees for trying out new competencies
Facilitating a change in the mindset of employees such that they assume greater
responsibility in planning for their career and employability rather than depending on
the organization for ensuring their welfare
Monitoring and managing the consequences of downsizing at the individual and
organizational level
Developing a culture of continuous monitoring and questioning of the theory of
business whereby change becomes a systemic, on-going process rather than a oneoff intervention
Initiating a collective learning culture wherein
(a) mistakes are seen as learning opportunities, and
(b)the experiences and insights gained are used to manage current and future
realities.
IS THERE A SOLUTION?
Indian companies can benefit by rethinking the process of planning and
implementing downsizing in a systemic manner. Based on our global and
Indian experience in providing consulting support to companies that are
downsizing, we have identified eight steps that greatly impact the value
realization from downsizing.
Step 2: Get your Core Team Onboard: Companies make the mistake of not
securing the core team before going ahead with downsizing. Hence in many
companies the employee who is supposed to be part of the core team does not know
that he/she is critical to the scheme of things and starts looking out for a job.
Capable people find jobs even in a down turn. When they leave, the organization
loses the muscle the vital organizational memory, core capabilities and importantly
technical and inspirational leadership. Speak to your core team. Share the business
case for downsizing and your vision and plan for bouncing back; enroll them to drive
the downsizing process in a humane manner. Make them part of your planning and
implementation team for revival and growth.
Step 3: Define Criteria for Downsizing: Across the board formulae based
downsizing is a recipe for disaster. Processes/ departments vary with respect to their
criticality to the business. Generally companies use nature of employment,
experience, value add to business, performance as criteria for deciding on who has
to go
Generally the reporting managers get it wrong in choosing who to retain and who to
let go. Its generally the classic case of separating the wheat from the chaff and
letting go the wheat. To prevent such wheat chaffing, we recommend a panel
consisting of two eminent external members, two assessment experts and two
internal senior managers to decide on the downsizing numbers. They should use
multiple criteria including feedback of internal and external customers.
is helped to identify their strengths and career direction and get skilled in self
marketing. Attitudes and behaviors that might be hindering personal effectiveness
are also identified and addressed though such processes. Onsite counselors/
telephonic support are variants. Do not sign up with a placement company and think
that you are meaning good to your employees. Placement companies have a clear
incentive in placing people. They tend to be aggressive in persuading a person to
take up the first job offer irrespective of whether it is the wrong job or the wrong
company.
Step 6: Prepare for the D Day: It is erroneous to assume that all Line
Managers can handle separation communication to downsized employees. Some of
them may be feeling guilty of asking people to go. Many of them may not anticipate
the fallouts and hence may not be prepared to handle employee reactions on being
told to go. Train Line and HR Managers. Wherever the Line Manager and HR need
support, have the Head of the department also in such a meeting. Give scripts to the
Line Managers on the business case and the rationale behind the decision. Such
separation meetings should not be for more than 10 minutes. No employee will be
happy with such a decision. The more the meeting prolongs, the greater will be the
dissatisfaction. Get a coach or a counselor to anchor with the employee immediately.
When you provide job search support, employees feel better about handling such a
situation.
are critical for getting the best out of the employees. This is the best time to shape a
new culture and align the same to the new vision.
Step 10: Finally, create your company Alumni : Just imagine that two
years down the line you rebound. If you have maintained excellent relations with
your downsized employees, they will all join back with rich experiences of other
organizations. Its like sending some one for a sabbatical for two years. Some of
them will become your loyal customers.
Boeing Company
Introduction
Boeing is a huge multinational corporation that designs and builds military and
commercial aircraft. In 2001, due to already lagging commercial jet sales and then
the airliner-driven carnage on September 11th, Boeing cut over 20,000 jobs across
the spectrum of the company, from office staff to factory workers.
Faced with a downturn in the commercial aircraft business and reduced military
spending, The Boeing Company was forced to downsize approximately 55,000
people over a five-year period. The company's management, organized labor, the
local community, multiple levels of government, and community colleges collectively
worked together to develop Reemployment Centers to assist in the transition of their
specialized workforce into alternative forms of employment.
One of the primary reason that downsizing occurs is that jobs are subcontracted out,
both domestically and internationally, to reduce corporate overhead. The Boeing
Company is no different than many other multinational enterprises. There are three
reasons that most companies subcontract jobs:The first is to lower the total costs of production. This is accomplished by relocating
jobs to lower cost wage regions, either domestically or internationally. The
subcontracting of jobs internationally not only lowers production costs, but also
assists in gaining market share which is the second reason that many companies
subcontract out component development. Sometimes firms are required by local
content requirements to produce components locally. Other countries require
production facilities in order to gain access to their market.
For example, China and The Boeing Company celebrated 25 years of working
together in June, 1996 (The Boeing News, 1996). Over the past few years, The
Boeing Company has invested heavily in developing all areas of the aviation industry
in China to the tune of $100 million U.S. dollars. This has been more than recouped
by the gain in market share through purchases from the Chinese-owned and
operated airlines. The most recent order alone from Air China was for $510 million
for three B747-400 planes. A total of 47 jet aircraft have been purchased by China,
making this a strong market for The Boeing Company.
For the same reason, General Motors is increasing its overseas presence in Asia. It
recently announced that its Opel unit could take over Peugot's position as the nonChinese partner in southern China's automotive industry (Cox, 1996). GM is also
awaiting approval from the Chinese government to build a plant in Guangzhou to
supply engines for a plant that GM is building in Thailand. This second Chinese plant
is in addition to the Shanghai plant which will begin producing Buick sedans in 1998.
The third major reason for subcontracting of jobs is also driven by the desire to
lower total production costs. Many countries will contribute to a company's
development costs in order to gain production plants and develop industries. In the
case of The Boeing Company and Japan, the development costs for the 777 jet
airliner were $5 billion. Japan contributed over $1 billion, or approximately 21% of
the total costs of development, in order to have production plants located in their
country. Given their skills of imitation and improvement, the government of Japan
considers this relationship with Boeing the basis of future industrial development that
will place Japan in the forefront of this Asian market. In addition to lower
development costs, Boeing received increased orders from Japan Airlines and All
Nippon Air.
The lowering of development costs and the gain of global market share are sound
reasons for subcontracting jobs internationally. However, there is always the danger
that The Boeing Company, and other multinationals following the same strategy, are
creating future competitors. Boeing is aware of the potential downside of this
strategy but their drive to compete in...
Boeing is said to be the world's largest aerospace and defense company which
operates in over 90 countries and claims the title of America's largest exporter. It has
three divisions: commercial airplanes (50.3% of revenue), integrated defense
systems (48.3%), and a small aircraft leasing subsidiary (1.2%). The most prominent
is the commercial airplane section which faces intense competition from its Airbus
line of planes.
Since Boeing is known to be the only remaining U.S manufacturer of large
commercial aircraft, they will be making military and special aircraft ten years from
now. But according to Alan MacPherson, professor and chair of the Department of
Geography in the College of Arts and Science its days of manufacturing large
passengers jets will probably have to come to an end.
After the incident of The World Trade Center and Pentagon on September 11. The
senior Boeing officials sensed that airplane manufacturer would suffer drastically on
this happening. Because of this event, the Boeing Commercial President and CEO
Alan Mulally consulted Chairman Philip M. Condit and made the decision on
September 18 to cut 20%( 20,000) to 30%( 30,000) of 96,000 people in Seattle area
employed by Boeings commercial airplane unit. This decision was hard to make by
the Boeings Company because such dealings and actions will affect the lives of the
people who work in their company.
That's why Boeing Commercial President and CEO Alan Mulally, in consultation with
Chairman Philip M. Condit in Chicago, made the decision on Sept. 18 to cut 20% to
30% of 96,600 people employed by Boeing's commercial airplane unit -- this
translates into 20,000 to 30,000 workers in the Seattle area. "We profoundly regret
that these actions will impact the lives of so many of our highly valued employees,''
Mulally said, in a statement issued late Tuesday. "However, it's critical that we take
these necessary steps now to size the business to support the difficult and uncertain
environment faced by our airline customers.''
AN EFFECTIVE CURE?
Boeing has sharply cut its forecasts for aircraft deliveries and says the downturn
could run into 2003 as U.S. airlines reduce capacity. The company predicts that it
might deliver just 500 jets this year, down from an earlier forecast of 538. And Boeing
officials say they've slashed their projections for 2002 deliveries to the "low 400s,
compared to the 510 to 520 previously forecast.'' The company says the sharp
reduction in its forecast sales was in line with the 20% capacity reduction by U.S.
carriers and its assessment of global air traffic."We've gotten inquiries from a number
of airlines that do not want to take the balance of their airplanes this year,'' the senior
Boeing executive notes.
The job cutbacks will occur across the entire spectrum of the company, touching
engineers, office staff, and factory workers, executives say. But even the leader of
the International Machinists Union, which represents about 24,000 factory workers
and has often had tense relations with Boeing, says he could hardly blame the
company for its decision. Adds Mark Blondin, president of International Association
of Machinists Local 751: "The tragedy that has rocked the nation is now personally
touching our members here in Puget Sound. We understand this is the kind of
devastating event no one could foresee.''
Less Space
Depending on the location of the move, downsizing can mean going to a new
town or a new state. Even if you're staying in the same city, you're still uprooting the
family and moving to a new neighborhood. Leaving behind friends and neighbors
who you've known for years is often emotionally challenging.
Stress
Moving is stressful, even when the move is good and necessary. You must
pack up all of your belongings, sell the old house if it was purchased or give
appropriate notice for a renter, and perhaps even buy a new house before the old
house is no longer available. This stress is a downfall of moving, but is unavoidable.
Extra Money
For a home that has gone up in value since it was purchased or that is either
paid off or mostly paid off, one potential advantage of downsizing is the extra money.
The sale of a larger home will often net more money than the new home requires,
meaning extra money in your pocket.
Lower Costs
A smaller home naturally has lower costs for regular household needs. For
example, heating and cooling are usually less expensive with a smaller house than a
larger house. Taxes may also be lower for smaller homes, though the amount of
lowered costs in taxes will vary depending on the state and the size of the lot, as well
as the size of the home.
CONCLUSION
The broad questions relating to downsizing (why, what, and how) have been studied
in fairly rigorous detail till date. Despite a theoretical understanding of the principles
underlying the process, the negative consequences associated with this exercise on
both organizations and individual employees continue unabated (Labib and
Applebaum, 1993). It is hypothesized that this could be the result of viewing
downsizing as a panacea for organizational problems rather than seeing it as a part
of an overall strategy for organizational renewal. These negative consequences
could be minimized by viewing it as a process of transformation not just through
incremental changes but also by reframing existing mental models, assumptions,
policies, and relationships to enhance the adaptive potential of the organization.
Downsizing is not just an activity. It demands leadership, a vision about handling the
present as well as a vision about handling the future. When you behave like a
responsible family head, care for each member, let go of people without malice and
engage everyone to navigate the difficult times, you have built true character. It is
one thing to design big posters on the company vision and values, an entirely
different game to demonstrate the same and come out triumphs during testing times.
This symposium considers the organizational downsizing phenomenon. Using
theoretical and case studies, we also benefit from a cross-national and cross-sector
focus..
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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www.jastor.com
www.ehow.com
www.city-data.com
www.institutionbuilders.com