Tantalum Vs Ceramic

TANTALUM
Tantalum vs.
Ceramic capacitor
DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES
TANTALUM
Why Not Ceramics ?

Ceramic Capacitors Issues:
Capacitance drops due to increasing
DC BIAS
Capacitance degradation over
temperature range
Capacitance goes down due to
small AC signal (20-30%)
Loosing capacitance during life time
Piezoeffect mechanism
Mechanical weakness
Degradation of capacitance can lead to wrong

performance and instability of an amplifier
2
TANTALUM
STABLE PARAMETERS
Why Not Ceramics ?
Capacitance dependent to BIAS and temperature

may degrade smoothing capability
Tantalum TAJ A10uF/6.3V
CERAMIC A10uF/6.3V
X7R, X5R
Graph of capacitance stability
Graph of capacitance stability
12
12
11
11
10
Capacitance (uF)
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
110
120
70
60
Temperature(C)
90
(V)
40
4
5 DC bias voltage
50
10
20
30
100
80
110
120
90
70
100
Temperature(C)
80
60
40
1
0
50
10
20
30
Capacitance (uF)
10
3
4
5 DC bias voltage
(V)
TANTALUM
Temperature Characteristic
Typic al Capac itanc e vs . Te mpe rature
15%
Capacitance [%]
Stable Capacitance +/- 5% in

temperature range 55/+85C
= Stable Filtering even with
Operating Temperature
Variation
20%
10%
5%
0%
-5%
OxiCapTM
Tantalum
-10%
-15%
-20%
-50
-25
25
50
75
100
125
Te mpe rature [C]
Cap
Typical ESR Vers us Temperature

100%
ESR change [%]
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
-20%-50
ESR drop with Temperature

- MnO2 conductivity driven
as tantalum
= Better Filtering at Higher
Operating Temperatures
ESR compare to ESR@25C specification
OxiCap
Tantalum
-25
25
50
-40%
-60%
Temperature [C]
75
100
125
2. Stable capacitance over applied

AC signal
TANTALUM
Why Not Ceramics ?

Degradation of capacitance can lead to wrong
performance and instability of the amplifier
CERAMIC A10uF/6.3V
X7R, X5R
Tantalum TAJ
A10uF/6.3V
AC s ig nal ve rs us c apac itanc e
AC s ig nal ve rs us c apac itanc e

4
10.55
3.95
10.5
3.9
Capacitance (uF)
Capacitance (uF)
IN
10.6
10.45
10.4
10.35
10.3
3.85
3.8
3.75
3.7
10.25
3.65
10.2
3.6
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
AC sig na l le ve l (V)
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
AC sig na l le ve l (V)
Measured at 5V application voltage
The capacitance of ceramic capacitor drops down with

applied small AC signal voltage therefore the amplifier
cannot secure stable performance
5
Barium titanate used in ceramic
capacitors is permitive material and
exhibits PIEZO EFFECT =
X5R,X7R,Y5V dielectrics can work as
a small microphone or speaker and
thus degrade signal purity to create
additional noise
Oscilloscope
CERAMIC
Voltage (uV)
Why Not Ceramics ?
TANTALUM
CLEAR FILTERING
Output level - 1000Hz input sinus
signal MLC capacitor 10uF/16V (Y5V)
300
200
100
0
-100
-200
-300
time (ms)
TANTALUM
Output level - 1000Hz input sinus
signal Tantalum capacitor 10uF/10V
Ceramic
A10uF/6.3V
Tantalum
A10uF/6.3V
Mechanical and/or Electrical

Stress
Voltage (uV)
~G
300
200
100
0
-100
-200
-300
time (ms)
0.5
Supplier 5- Standard Aluminum 100/6.3
Supplier 5- Standard Aluminum 100/16
Supplier 4- Aluminum polymer 150/6.3
AVX- Niobium Oxide Y 100/6.3
AVX- Niobium Oxide C 100/6.3
AVX- Niobium Oxide B 22/6.3
10
AVX- Niobium Oxide A 10/6.3
12
Supplier 3- Tantalum 150/6.3
18
AVX- tantalum Y 100/6.3
Technology assessment
AVX- tantalum C 100/6.3
14
Vo ltag e (mV)
16
AVX- tantalum B 22/6.3
AVX- tantalum A 10/6.3
Supplier 1- Ceramic A 4.7/6.3
Supplier 1- Ceramic A 4.7/10
Supplier 1- Ceramic A 4.7/16
Supplier 1- Ceramic A 10/6.3
Supplier 1- Ceramic A 10/16
Supplier 1- Ceramic B 22/10
Supplier 1- Ceramic A 22/6.3
Supplier 1- Ceramic B 100/6.3
Supplier 2- Ceramic B 100/6.3
Supplier 1- Ceramic B 22/10
Vrms [mV]
Piezoeffect measurement
TANTALUM
Transient measurement
20
S upplier 1- MLCC A10uF/6.3V X5R
15
AVX- OxiCapTM A10uF/6.3V
10
AVX- Tantalum A10uF/6.3V
-5
-10
-15
-20
Time (ms)
1.5
2
2.5
Compared technology
Ceramic
Tantalum
Niobium Oxide
Aluminium
7
Why Not Ceramics ?
TANTALUM
CLEAR FILTERING
Example of Picture Density

what could happen when Tantalum or Ceramic capacitors are
used as a coupling components in VIDEO (CCD) applications.
with Tantalum
capacitor
with Ceramic
capacitor
8
TANTALUM
RELIABILITY
Why Not Ceramics ?
Based on MILITARY SPECIFICATION !

MIL-HDBK-217F
higher failure rate of ceramic than tantalum
capacitors for derating 30%
Absolute failure rate
Relative failure rate
FIT
[parts/BPcHr]
CERAMIC
CERAMI C
TANTALUM
60x
10x
20x
applied
/ rated
voltage
30x
TAN TALUM
Temperature
[C]
Ua/Ur [-]
Assumptions:
temperature
C = 10F; standard failure rate 1%/kPcHr;

Ground-Benign environment; circuit resistance < 0.1/V
9
4. Mechanical robustness against

cracking
TANTALUM
Why Not Ceramics ?

High CV Ceramic Issues During Drop Test
Mechanical Stress
Sensitivity
Reliability on
High CV
10
Legislation Technology Driving

Why Not Ceramics ?
TANTALUM
Non-Smoke Initiative
electronic devices should not emit smoke

- environmental law in Japan, USA under preparation
- after dielectric breakdown capacitors changing to SC (smoke
& burn)
47 & 100 nF 50V 0805 X7R (MLCC)
in automotive application
Even MLCC can burn

11
TANTALUM
POWER SUPPLIES
Why Tantalums are

the Best Choice for
Most of the Output
Capacitors ?
Source: Technical Paper, Linear Technology

stabilization time
22uF ceramic
22uF cer. + 0.5 Ohm
AVX ta TPS 22uF/25V
power up
22uF cer + 30V TVS

47uF leaded Aluminium
Aluminium - good for transient however too high ESR for smoothing
Ceramic good for high freq. smoothing but risk of transient & oscillation
Tantalum good compromise, relatively easy for reliable DC/DC design
12
Why Not Ceramics ?
TANTALUM
STABLE PARAMETERS
One range lower ESR not always advantage

4.7uF/10V
Tantalum
OxiCap potential
For stable operation over the full

operating range, use a 4.7F (1F
min) low-cost, high-ESR small size
tantalum capacitor with ESR > 0.5
Source: MAX8885 datasheet
Power Supply converter

for cellular phone Maxim 8885
13
TANTALUM
Typical application
Suitability for 22uF and higher
capacitance of Tantalum and
OxiCapTM capacitors
Wide range stability of the output voltage is secured by capacitor with capacitance 22uF or over and ESR level in range from
100mOhms to 1Ohm. However, output current higher then 200mAms requires wider range of ESR (from 50mOhms to 5Ohms)
14
TANTALUM
DIGITAL CAMERAS
How to achieve clear video filtering ?

combine ceramic and tantalum capacitors
INCORRECTLY PROCESSED IMAGE-FREQUENCY INFORMATION CAN DISTORT

DISPLAYS GENERATED FROM DIGITAL-VIDEO SOURCES. BEFORE YOU DESIGN YOUR
NEXT DIGITAL-VIDEO SYSTEM, TAKE SOME TIME TO INVESTIGATE VIDEORECONSTRUCTION-FILTER DESIGN AND TRADE-OFFS IN OVERSAMPLING.
0.001 and 0.1uF ceramic

10uF tantalum
buffer/filter for standard-video output with
encoder with four-times oversampling and a
filter cutoff frequency of 12 MHz.
Source: Technical Paper, Analog Devices
15
TANTALUM
NOTEBOOKS
Dell Cost Saving
VDC= 2.59V, VAC(pk-pk)=95mV
1x Ceramic B 22uF/10V, 5mOhm
AC e le me nt o f s ig nal
60
Vo lta g e (mV)
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60
0
20
40
60
80
100
Time (us)
1x OxiCapTM B 47uF/4V,
VDC= 2.59V, VAC(pk-pk)=46.7mV
VDC=2.59V, VAC(pk-pk)=47.1mV
60
60
Vo lta g e (m V)
20
0
-20
40
Vo lta g e (mV)
C1
OxiCapTM B 47u/4V
+
40
20
0
-20
-40
-40
-60
C2
ceramic L 470nF/10V
-60
0
20
40
60
80
100
Time (us)
1x OxiCapTM B 47uF/4V
COST SAVING & THE SAME PERFORMANCE 1x Ceramic L 1uF/10V
0
20
40
60
80
100
Time (us)
16
TANTALUM
PC MOTHERBOARDS
PC Motherboards Get More Powerfull
- total capacitors count per MB increased by 25% in 2002
- cap count >10uF increased from 30 to more than 100 (by 230%)
- in 2002 tantalum caps dominated 10-22uF range (40 per board)
compare to 2001 where aluminium capacitors > 10uF were used
2002 model
2001 model
120
120
Aluminium
149
Tantalum
100
Aluminium (Polymer)
Tantalum (Polymer)
Aluminium
Tantalum
MLCC
363
100
MLCC
Pcs.
Pcs.
80
60
60
40
40
20
20
80
0
101 102 103 104 105 225 475 106 226 476 107 227 337 477 108
Capacitance
101 102 103 104 105 225 475 106 226 476 107 227 337 477 567 108 228
Capacitance
State of affairs with installation of capacitors on PC mother boards
Source: AEI, Murata
17
TANTALUM
Tantalum and Hi CV Ceramic

comparison
Pa ra me te r
Ta nta lum ca pa cito r Ce ra mic
Vo lume tric e fficie ncy
X
Re lia bility
X
ES R/ES L
DC bia s ca pa cita nce sta bility
X
Te mpe ra ture sta bility
X
Pie zo e ffe ct
X
Lo w fre que ncy filte ring
X
Hig h fre que ncy filte ring
Po la rity o rie nta tio n
No cra cking
X
ca pa cito r
X
X
X - positive features
18

Tantalum Vs Ceramic

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Tantalum Vs Ceramic

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TANTALUM

Why Not Ceramics ?

Degradation of capacitance can lead to wrong

Why Not Ceramics ?

Capacitance dependent to BIAS and temperature

Graph of capacitance stability

Graph of capacitance stability

Stable Capacitance +/- 5% in

Te mpe rature [C]

Typical ESR Vers us Temperature

ESR change [%]

ESR drop with Temperature

2. Stable capacitance over applied

Why Not Ceramics ?

AC s ig nal ve rs us c apac itanc e

AC s ig nal ve rs us c apac itanc e

Measured at 5V application voltage

The capacitance of ceramic capacitor drops down with

Why Not Ceramics ?

Mechanical and/or Electrical

Supplier 5- Standard Aluminum 100/6.3

Supplier 5- Standard Aluminum 100/16

Supplier 4- Aluminum polymer 150/6.3

AVX- Niobium Oxide Y 100/6.3

AVX- Niobium Oxide C 100/6.3

AVX- Niobium Oxide B 22/6.3

AVX- Niobium Oxide A 10/6.3

Supplier 3- Tantalum 150/6.3

AVX- tantalum Y 100/6.3

AVX- tantalum C 100/6.3

AVX- tantalum B 22/6.3

AVX- tantalum A 10/6.3

Supplier 1- Ceramic A 4.7/6.3

Supplier 1- Ceramic A 4.7/10

Supplier 1- Ceramic A 4.7/16

Supplier 1- Ceramic A 10/6.3

Supplier 1- Ceramic A 10/16

Supplier 1- Ceramic A 10/16

Supplier 1- Ceramic B 22/10

Supplier 1- Ceramic A 22/6.3

Supplier 1- Ceramic B 100/6.3

Supplier 2- Ceramic A 10/25

Supplier 2- Ceramic B 100/6.3

Supplier 1- Ceramic B 22/10

Supplier 1- Ceramic A 10/16

Example of Picture Density

Why Not Ceramics ?

Based on MILITARY SPECIFICATION !

C = 10F; standard failure rate 1%/kPcHr;

4. Mechanical robustness against

Why Not Ceramics ?

Legislation Technology Driving

electronic devices should not emit smoke

Even MLCC can burn

Why Tantalums are

Source: Technical Paper, Linear Technology

22uF cer + 30V TVS

One range lower ESR not always advantage

For stable operation over the full

Power Supply converter

How to achieve clear video filtering ?

INCORRECTLY PROCESSED IMAGE-FREQUENCY INFORMATION CAN DISTORT