Chapter 07

More on Deductive Geometry ()

Section
7.1

7.2

7.3

New Century Mathematics (Oxford Canotta Maths)

Topic

Teaching Notes

Classwork or Homework

Using the Deductive Approach to - Students should be able to give formal proof for congruent triangles.
Ex.7A Q.4-6
Solve Geometric Problems on - Students should be able to give formal proof for similar triangles.
Ex.7A Q.7-9
Triangles
- Students should be able to give formal proof for isosceles triangles.
Ex.7A Q.13-15
- Students should be able to identify angle bisector ( ), Ex.7B Q.11-13
Special Lines in Triangles
perpendicular bisector (), median () and altitude (
).
Relations between Lines in a Triangle - Students should be able to use Triangle Inequality ().
Ex.7C Q.2, 7
- Students should be able relate angle bisector with incentre ( ), Ex.7C Q.8-11
perpendicular bisector with circumcentre (), median with centroid (
) and altitude with orthocentre ().
- Students should be able to recall the properties of the special lines and the
special centres of triangles.

Appendix
1. Four centres and two circles of a triangle
Name of centre

Construction line

Special circle relating the centre

Other feature
centroid divides the line from vertex to midpoint in the ratio 2 : 1
AC
AH
If AH and BK are the lengths of the altitudes, BK = BC

centroid ()

median ()

--

orthocenter ()

altitude ()

--

incentre ()

angle bisector ()

circumcentre ()

perpendicular bisector

incircle ()
circumcircle ()

2.

Positions of the centres in different types of triangles

Centre

In acute-angled triangle

In right-angled triangle

In obtuse-angled triangle

Centroid

Inside the triangle

Inside the triangle

Inside the circle

Circumcentre

Inside the triangle

At the midpoint of the hypotenus

Outside the circle

Incentre

Inside the triangle

Inside the circle

Inside the circle

Orthocentre

Inside the triangle

At the right-angle vertex

Outside the circle

3.

For an isosceles triangle with AB = AC,

the 4 special lines (altitude, angle bisector, median, perpendicular bisector) through A are the same line.

4.

Geometric reasons relating angles and sides:

Condition

5.

Conclusion

Geometric reason

2 equal sides in a triangle

opposite angles are equal

s opp. eq. sides

an isosceles triangle

base angles are equal

base s, isos.

2 equal angles in a triangle

opposite sides are equal

sides opp. eq. s

longer side

larger

greater , greater side

larger

longer side

greater side, greater

Triangle Inequality for a triangle with a < b < c,

a+b>c
cb<a

Handout 07-1

a+b = 180o

adjacent angles on straight line

adj.s on st.line

angles at a point

s at a pt.

vertically opposite angles

vert.opp. s

AB//CD

corresponding angles, AB//CD

corr. s, AB//CD

AB//CD

alternate angles, AB//CD

alt. s, AB//CD

AB//CD

interior angles, AB//CD

corresponding angles equal

int. s, AB//CD
corr. s equal

alternate angles equal

alt. s equal

interior angles supplementary

int. s supp.

a+b+c = 360o

a=b
b=d

a=c
b+c = 180

AB // CD

SSS

SAS

ASA
AAS
RHS

3 sides proportional

3 sides prop.

2 sides in ratio, included angles

2 sides in ratio,

equal

equiangular

AAA

angle sum of triangle

sum of

exterior angle of triangle

ext. of

angle sum of polygon

sum of polygon

sum of exterior angles of polygon

sum of ext. s of

inc. s

a+b+c = 180o

a+b = c

= (n-2)180

= 360

polygon

a=b

base angles of isosceles triangle

base s, isos.

a=b

sides opposite equal angles

sides opp.equal s

ABC

AB = AC

ABC is an

base angles equal

base s equal

opposite sides equal

opp.sides equal

opposite angles equal

opp.s equal

diagonals bisect each other

diags.bisect each

isos. with
AB = AC

other

2 sides equal and parallel

opposite sides of parallelogram

opposite angles of parallelogram

prop.of //gram

diagonals of parallelogram

property of rectangle

prop.of rect.

property of rhombus

prop.of rhom.

property of square

prop.of sq.

midpoint theorem

mid-pt.th.

intercept theorem

intercept th.

equal ratios theorem

equal ratios th.

converse of equal ratios theorem

converse of eq.ratios

MN // BC
1
MN = 2 BC

2 sides equal and //

BD = DF

AP
AQ
PB = QC

PQ // BC

th.

PA = PB

perpendicular bisector theorem

bisector th.

angle bisector theorem

bisector th.

PH = PK

Project 07-1

YAN OI TONG TIN KA PING SECONDARY SCHOOL

F.3 Mathematics Challenge Questions
Chapter 07
More on Deductive Geometry
F.3_____
Name:____________________________________(
)
***************************************************************************************
1. In the figure, an isosceles triangle ABC can be divided into 2 smaller isosceles triangles.
Suggest all other isosceles triangles.
Draw these triangles and indicates the sizes of all angles in each triangle.
Example:

2.

In a star-shaped figure ABCDE, it is known that B = C = D = E = 34o.

3.

How many isosceles triangles can be found in the following figure?

Find A.

Chapter 07
F.3_____
1.

More on Deductive Geometry

Name:___________________________________________________(

Given BAC = CDE.

2.

Given ACB = ECD.

3.

(a)

Name a pair of similar triangles

and give reason.

(a)

Name a pair of similar triangles

and give reason.

(b)

Find the lengths of CE and DE.

(b)

Find the lengths of CD and DE.

(6 marks)

(6 marks)

Quiz 07-0

Given ABC = BDC

and

ACB = CBD.

(a)

Name a pair of similar triangles

and give reason.

(b)

Find the length of BD. (4 marks)

(a)

ABC ~ CDB

Marks:_____ / 44
4.

Given AXY = ACB.

(a)

Name a pair of similar triangles

and give reason.

(b)

Find the lengths of YC and BC.

(6 marks)

A
5

20

3
B
(a)

ABC ~ DEC
(AAA / equiangular)

(a)

ABC ~ EDC

20
DE
CD
(b) 4 = 3 = 5

CE = 5

CD = 16

DE = 4

DE = 12

ABC ~ AYX
(AAA / equiangular)

(AAA / equiangular)

(AAA / equiangular)

6
DE
CE
(b) 2 = 2.5 = 3

(a)

9
BD
(b) 9 = 6
BD = 13.5

(b)

2.5 + 3.5
BC
AC
=
=
4
3
2.5
AC = 5
YC = 2
BC = 8

5.

Given AB // DE.

6.

Given ACE = 90o.

(a)

Name a pair of similar triangles

and give reason.

(a)

(b)

Find the lengths of CE and DE.

(b)

7.

Name a pair of similar triangles

and give reason.
Find the lengths of CD and DE.

(6 marks)

(6 marks)

Given ABC = DBC

and

8.

ACB = CDB.

(a)

Name a pair of similar triangles

and give reason.

(b)

Find the length of BD.

Given XY // BC.
(a)

Name a pair of similar triangles

and give reason.

(b)

Find the lengths of YC and BC.

(6 marks)

(4 marks)
E

A
5

20

3
B
(a)

ABC ~ EDC

(a)

6
DE
CE
=
=
2
3
2.5
CE = 7.2

ABC ~ CDE

(a)

ABC ~ CBD

(b)

20
CD
DE
=
=
3
4
5
CD = 12

(a)

(AAA / equiangular)

(AAA / equiangular)

(AAA / equiangular)

(b)

(b)

9
BD
9 = 4
BD = 20.25

ABC ~ AXY
(AAA / equiangular)

(b)

2.5 + 3.5
BC
AC
3 = 4 =
2.5
AC = 7.2
YC = 4.2

DE = 4.8

DE = 16
BC = 9.6

Chapter 07
F.3_____
1.

More on Deductive Geometry

Name:_________________________________________________(
(a)

18

In EGI and GHI,

1.

EGI = GHI = 90o

(given)

2.

EGF = EIG

(given)

3.

EGF + 90o + IGH = 180o

(a) Write down 2 triangles similar to ABD.

(b) Hence, find the length of AC.
(4 marks)

ABD ~ CBD ~ CAD

(b)

Consider CBD and CAD,

18
AC
8 = AC

(AAA)

(adj. s on st. line)

4.

EIG + 90o + IEG = 180o

5.

ie. IEG = IGH

(fr. (2), (3) & (4))

6.

EGI ~ GHI

(AAA)

(b) In EFG, applying Pythagoras Theorem,

(corr. sides, ~s)

EF = 16, FG = 12, EG = 20

AC 2 = 144
AC = 12
A familiar figure:
F.1 Given BC and AC, and ask for CD.
(Similar triangles)
F.2 Given AB and AD, and ask for AC.
(Pythagoras Theorem)
F.3 Given BC and CD, and ask for AC.
(Similar triangles)
Acutally, given any 2 lengths, lengths of the rest can
be found.

)
Marks: _____ / 24
2. Given EFG = EGI = GHI= 90o and
EGF = EIG
E

( sum of )
(a)

Quiz 07-1

As EFG ~ EGI,
FG
EG
EF
EG = GI = EI

(corr. sides, ~s)

EI = 25, GI = 15
As EGI ~ GHI,
HI
GI
=
GI
EI

(corr. sides, ~s)

HI = 9
NB: With the given conditions, the area of trapezium
EFHI can also be found.

(a) Prove that EGI ~ GHI.

(b) If EF = 16 and FG = 12, find the length of HI.
(8 marks)

3. Find the length of AC.

(State the similar triangles you used and no proof is
required in this question.)
(5 marks)

(a)

In GHJ and PIJ,

1.

GJH = PJI

(common )

2.

HGJ = IPJ

(corr. s, GH // PI)

3.

GHJ = PIJ

(corr. s, GH // PI)

4. GHJ ~ PIJ

(AAA)

(b) As GHJ ~ PIJ,

PI
JP
=
GH
JG

(corr. sides, ~s)

36 63
PI = 36 + 45
= 28
In BCF and applying Pythagoras Theorem,
BC2 = 602 + 802
BC = 100
As ABC ~ AED (equiangular / AAA),
100
AC
AC + 156 = 180
AC = 195
NB: BCF ~ DEF and ABC ~ AED,
lengths of BC and ED are important.

Similarly, GPL ~ GJK

GL
GP
=
GK
GJ

(AAA)
(corr. sides, ~s)

81 GL = 45 (GL + 27)
36 GL = 45 27
GL =

135
4

NB: The question can given the lengths of GH, PI and

LP, and calculate the length of KJ.
JPI ~ JGH and GPL ~ GJK,
lengths of GP and PJ are important.

4. In the figure, GJ and LI intersect at P. GP = 45,

PJ = 36 and GH // LI // KJ.
G
L
45
63

27
P

K
36

H
I
J
(a) Prove that GHJ ~ PIJ.
(b) Find the lengths of PI and GL.

(7 marks)

Chapter 07
More on Deductive Geometry
F.3_____
Name:_________________________________________________(
1. In the figure, AD = CD, AC = BC, AC = 8 cm and
(a) Given AD = AC, ACD is an isos..
AB // DC. Area of ACD is 12 cm2.
Given AC = BC, ACB is an isos..

Quiz 07-2

Marks: _____ / 21
2. In the figure, GEJ is a right-angled triangle, and
FHIK is a square, of side length x.
E

In isos.ACD,

(a)
(b)

Prove that the two isosceles triangles are

similar.
Hence, find the length of AB.
(7 marks)

1.

DAC = DCA

2.

DAC + DCA + ADC = 180o

(base s, isos.)

( sum of )
In isos.ACB,
3.
4.

CAB = CBA

G
(base s, isos.)

CAB + CBA + ACB = 180

( sum of )
5.

DCA = CAB

(alt.s, DC // AB)

6. DAC = DCA = CAB = CBA

(fr. (1),(3) & (5))
7.

ADC = ACB

8. ACD ~ABC

(fr. (1)-(6))
(AAA)

NB: The underlined 2 points must be corresponding.

(b) Given AC = 8 cm and area of ACD = 12 cm2,
height of ACD = 3 cm
In ACD, applying Pythagoras Theorem,
AD = CD = 5 cm
As ACD ~ABC,
AC
AB
=
AD
AC
AB = 12.8 cm

(corr. sides, ~s)

50

Find the value of x. State the similar triangles you

used and no proof is required in this question.
(4 marks)
As GFH ~ KJI
(AAA)

FH
GH
JI = KI
x2 = 8 50
x = 20
c.f. Q.1 of Quiz 07-1

(corr. sides, ~s)

3.

Given AB = 60, EF = 20 and AB // DC // EF.

4.
EITHER Using ABF ~ DCF

A
60

Find the length of CD.

(AAA)

CD
BC
=
BF
20

20
C

(AAA)

CD
CF
BF = 60
Using BCD ~ BFE

In ABC, AB = BC = CD and AD = BD.

Find the size of ACB.

reasons you have used.

State all the geometric

(5 marks)

NB: Lengths of BC and CF are hidden.

State the similar triangles

you used and no proof is required in this question.

Let BAC = .
OR

Using ABD ~ FED

(AAA)

60
BD
ED = 20

(5 marks)

Using BCD ~ BFE

(AAA)

CD
BD
=
BE
20

In ABD,
BAC = ABD =

(base s, isos.)

In ABC,
BAC = ACB =
(base s, isos.)
BDC = BAD + DAB (ext. of )
= 2

NB: Lengths of BD and DE are hidden.

OR

Using ABD ~ FED

(AAA)

60
AD
=
20
FD
Using CDF ~ BAF

(AAA)

CD
DF
=
AF
60
NB: Lengths of AD and DF are hidden.
CD = 15

In BCD,
BDC = DBC = 2 (base s, isos.)
and BCD + BDC + CBD = 180o
( sum of )
o
5 = 180
= 36o
Hence, ACB = 36o

Chapter 07
More on Deductive Geometry
F.3_____
Name:_________________________________________________(
1. In the figure, BPQC is a straight line.
BP = CQ and AP = AQ.
(a) Prove that APB = AQC.
(b) Prove that APB AQC.
(5 marks)

Alternative method for Q.2

(a)

AP = AQ

2.

APQ = AQP

Prove that BC 2 = 2 AB BF.

(9 marks)
(Hint: Draw an altitude of ABC through A.)

(given)

As ABC is an isos. with AB = AC, AD is also a median

(base s, isos.)
o

1
1
(adj. s on st. line) area of ABC = 2 (CF)(AB) = 2 (AD)(BC)

3.

APB + APQ = 180

4.

AQC + AQP = 180o (adj. s on st. line)

5.

APB = AQC

(fr.(2)-(4))

CF AB = AD BC

ie.

CF2 AB2 = AD2 BC2

(b)

In APB and AQC,

(BC BF ) AB = AD BC

6.

AP = AQ

(given)

BC2 (AB2 AD2) = BF2 AB2

7.

BP = CQ

(given)

BC2 BD2 = BF2 AB2

8.

APB = AQC

9. APB AQC

)
Marks: _____ / 20
2. In the figure, AB = AC and CF is an altitude of
ABC.

Adding the altitude AD in the triangle.

In APQ,
1.

Quiz 07-3

(from (a))
(SAS)

1
2
2
2
2
4 BC BC = BF AB
2

BC = 2 AB BF

Construct the altitude AN as shown in the figure.

In ABN and ACN,
1.
AN = AN
2.
ANB = ANC = 90o
3.
AB = AC
4. ABN ACN

(common side)
(as constructed)
(given)
(SAS)

In BCF and BNA,

5.
CBF = NBA
6.
BFC = BAN = 90o
7.
CBF + BFC + BCF = 180o
8.
NBA + BAN + BNA = 180o
9. BCF ~ BNA

(common )
(given)
( sum of )
( sum of )
(AAA)

Hence,

BF
BC
AB = 1
2BC
BC 2 = 2 AB BF

(corr. sides, ~s)

3. In the figure, an isosceles triangle ABC can be divided into 2 smaller isosceles
triangles.
Suggest all other isosceles triangles.
Draw these triangles and indicates the sizes of all angles in each triangle.
Example: The figure of Q.4 in Quiz 07-2.

(6 marks)

[Level 1] Questions of Similar Triangles:

[Level 2] Questions of Similar Triangles:

[Level 3] Questions of Similar Triangles:

- The triangles are seperated.

- Pythagoras Theorem is involved.

- Pairs of similar triangles cascaded together.

- Either 2 angles in each triangles are given,

or a pair of parallel lines are given.

- Usually omitting the lengths of a pair of lines which are

- Example: Q.1 in Quiz 07-1,

common to 2 paris of similar triangles.

Q.2 in Quiz 07-1, and

- Example: Q.1-8 in Quiz 07-0, and
Q.4 in Quiz 07-2.

Q.1 in Quiz 07-2.

- Example: Q.3 in Quiz 07-1,

Q.4 (modified) in Quiz 07-1, and
Q.3 in Quiz 07-2.

Chapter 07
More on Deductive Geometry
F.3_____
Name:_________________________________________________(
In this quiz, write down ALL geometric reasons you have used.
1.

In the figure, prove that ABC is an isosceles 2.

triangle.
(5 marks)

As 78o + (3x - 12o) + (2x + 9o) = 180o

(a)

ie. The 3 angles of the triangle are 78o, 51o and 51o.

(sides opp. eq. s. / base s eq.)

Marks: _____ / 22

In the figure, AB = CD, CAB = ECD and

ABC = CDE. Which of the following must be
true?

In an isosceles triangle, there has two equal

c ABC CDE
d ABC EAC
e EAC is an isosceles triangle

sides,

So, ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB = AC.

The lengths of the 3 sides of an isosceles triangle 3.

are 3x cm, (3x + 6) cm and 5x cm. Find
(a) the value of x, and
(b) the perimeter of the triangle.
(4 marks)

( sum of )
x = 21

Quiz 07-4

as

3x < 3x + 6 and 3x 5x,

then

3x + 6 = 5x

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

x=3
(b)

Hence, the lengths of the 3 sides are 9 cm,

conly
eonly
cand donly
cand eonly
c, dand e

15 cm and 15 cm respectively.
Perimeter = 39 cm

4.

Which of the following statements about the triangles

in the figure must be true?

A. I and III are similar.

B. I and IV are similar.
C. II and III are similar.
D. II and IV are similar.

5.

In ABD, C is the mid-point of BD and AB = BC. 7.

Prove that 3 AB > AD.
(3 marks)

In the figure, ABC is an acute-angled triangle, 9. In the figure, ABC and AFED are straight lines.
AB = AC and D is a point lying on BC such that
ABF = CDE and BE // CD. Which of the
AD is perpendicular to BC.
following triangles are similar?
c ABF
d AEB
e ADC

By Triangle Inequality,
AB + BD > AD

Which of the following must be true?

c The circumcentre of ABC lies on AD
d The orthocentre of ABC lies on AD
e The centroid of ABC lies on AD

AB + 2 AB > AD
3 AB > AD

A.
B.
C.
D.
6.

c and d only
c and e only
d and e only
c, d and e

Match the special lines of a triangle witn the

corresponding centres.
(4 marks)
Angle bisector

Incentre

Median

Orthocentre

Perpendicular
bisector

Centroid

Altitude

Circumcentre

A.
B.
C.
D.
10.

8.

c and d only
c and e only
d and e only
c, d and e

In the figure, ABCD is a trapezium.

following must be true?

Which of the

In ABC is an obtuse-angled triangle, which of the

following points must lie outside ABC?
c The centroid of ABC
d The circumcentre of ABC
e The orthocentre of ABC
B
A.
B.
C.
D.

c and d only
c and e only
d and e only
c, d and e

c AED is an equilateral triangle

d EBCD is a parallelogram
e AB = 2DC
A. conly
B. donly
C. cand donly
D. cand eonly
E. c, dand e

Chapter 07
More on Deductive Geometry
F.3_____
Name:_________________________________________________(
1. In the figure, AB // CDE // FG, CD = 8 and FG = 12. 2. In the figure, ADB is a straight line.
Find (a) the length of AB, and
Prove that AB + 2 CD > AC + BC.
(6 marks)
(b) the length of DE.
(State the similar triangles you used and no proof is
required in this question.)
(9 marks)
In ACD,
AC
triangle inequality
AD + CD > __________(_________________)
In BCD,
BC
triangle inequality
BD + CD > __________(_________________)
AD + CD + BD + CD > ___________
AC + BC
Hence, ____________________
AB + 2 CD > ___________
AC + BC
____________________
(a)

BCD ~ BGF (equiangular / AAA)

8
BC
BG = 12

3.

The figure shows quadrilateral ABCD, where AB

is the longest side and DC is the shortest side.
Prove that ADC > ABC.
(4 marks)

GCD ~ GBA (equiangular / AAA)

8
CG
AB = BG
BC
= 1 BG
1
= 3
AB = 24
(b)

FED ~ FAB (equiangular / AAA)

FD
DE
=
AB
FB
CG
= BG
DE = 8

In ABD,
given
(____________________)
greater side, greater
ADB > ABD (____________________)
AB > AD

In BCD,
given
(____________________)
greater side, greater
BDC > CBD (____________________)
ADB
ABD
Hence, ________ + BDC > _______ + CBD
ADC
ABC
______ > _______
BC > CD

Quiz 07-S

4.

)
Marks: _____ /
How many isosceles triangles can be found in the
following figure? Name all of them.
(6 marks)