Name: Lanie B.

Bagutsay

Instructor: Antonio Transporto

COMPARATIVE REPORT

History Application Readability/ Syntax Features Limitations

Imperative (Structured/Procedural Programming
FORTRAN FORmula Scientific, When FORTRAN was  Simple to learn Absence of an inexpensive
TRANslation. mathematical, design one of the  Machine Independent compiler
FORTRAN was statistical, and objectives was to
developed in the engineering type write a language that  More natural ways to Control statements are fairly
1950-s by a team procedures and was easy to learn and express mathematical rudimentary, whereas its
of IBM computations understand. functions input/output facilities are
programmers  Problem orientated positively paleolithic.
and released in language
1957.  Remains close to and
exploits the available
hardware
 Ability to control
storage allocation
 More freedom in code
layout
C C is a general- C's primary use is C source code is free- C has facilities for structured  No direct assignment
purpose for "system form which allows programming and allows lexical of arrays or strings,
computer programming", arbitrary use of variable scope and recursion,  No requirement for
programming including whitespace to format while a static type system bounds checking of
language implementing code, rather than prevents many unintended arrays,
developed in 1972 operating systems column-based or operations.
by Dennis Ritchie and embedded text-line-based  No operations on
at the Bell system restrictions. All executable code is contained whole arrays
Telephone applications, can Comments may within functions.  No syntax for ranges,
Laboratories for be used for appear either Function parameters are always  No formal closures or
use with the Unix website between the passed by value. functions
operating system. programming delimiters /* and */,
 using CGI as a or (in C99) following Pass-by-reference is simulated in  No generators or
"gateway" for // until the end of the C by explicitly passing pointer coroutines; i
information line. values.  No exception
between the Web handling variable
application, the Heterogeneous aggregate data and/or special return
server, and the types (struct) allow related data values
browser. elements to be combined and
manipulated as a unit.  Only rudimentary
support for modular
programming
 No compile-time
polymorphism in the
form of function or
operator overloading
 Very limited support
for object-oriented
programming with
regard to
polymorphism and
inheritance
 Limited support for
encapsulation
 No native support for
multithreading and
networking
 No standard libraries
for computer
graphics and several
other application
programming needs

Object Oriented Programming

C++ C++ is a fairly General C++ improves It offers a very broad range of Has a number of
complicated application considerably on the OOP features: multiple features that support unsafe
object-oriented programs. language inheritance, strong typing, and defective software.
 language derived characteristics of C dynamic memory management,
from C. C++ was for supporting templates (generics), Does not have garbage
originally reliability with polymorphism, exception collection; this allows
developed as an features such handling and overloading. Some programs to misuse and leak
extension to C, as encapsulation, as newer C++ systems also offer memory
but quickly well as improved run-time type identification and
evolved into its expression. separate namespaces. C++ also
language. supports the usual features
expected of an application
language: a variety of data types
including strings, arrays and
structures, full I/O facilities, data
pointers and type conversion.
JAVA Java is a simple, Java is used to Java is strictly object The feature set of Java has no true pointers, no
portable object- develop embedded oriented, so its form Java is fairly broad: it has true multiple inheritance, no
oriented language programs, called is very inheritance, strong type operator overloading, and no
designed by applets, for web well defined. The checking, modularity (packages), macro preprocessor.
research staff at browsers and code suffers exception handling,
Sun other enabled somewhat from the polymorphism, concurrency,
Microsystems. platforms. Mobile cryptic C dynamic loading of libraries,
application. syntax forms. arrays, string handling, garbage
collection, and a pretty extensive
standard library.
Python Python was language for Python claims to It supports multiple As taken from the internet,
conceived in the scripting and combine remarkable programming paradigms – python programming
late 1980’s and rapid application power with a very primarily object oriented, language is not suited for fats
its Python has also clear syntax. It is imperative and functional). and memory intensive tasks.
implementation seen extensive use designed to have an Fully dynamic type system and
was started in in the information uncluttered visual automatic memory management.
December 1969 security industry, layout, uses English
by Guido van including exploit words, has a smaller
Rossum. development. number of syntactic
exceptions and
special cases
Ruby Ruby was Application The syntax of Ruby is Ruby supports multiple Execution speed much slower
conceived on programs. broadly similar to programming paradigms, than with compiler (e.g.
February 24, Perl and Python. including functional, object Pascal, C++)
1993 by Yukihiro Class and method oriented, imperative and
Matsumoto who definitions are reflective.
wished to create signaled by keywords.
a new language In contrast to Perl, It also has a dynamic type
that balanced variables are not system and automatic memory
functional obligatorily prefixed management
programming with a sigil. The most
with imperative striking difference Implemented on all major
programming. from C and Perl is platforms
that keywords are
typically used to Large standard library
define logical code
blocks, without
braces (i.e., pair of {
and }).

Smalltalk Smalltalk was the It was designed Smalltalk-80 syntax is object-oriented, dynamically No good instructions or
product of and created in rather minimalist, typed, reflective programming documentation.
research by a part for based on only a language.
group of educational use, handful of
researchers led more so for declarations and
by Alan Kay at constructionist reserved words. In
Xerox Palo Alto learning, fact, only six
Research Center keywords are
(PARC); Alan Kay reserved in Smalltalk:
designed most of true, false, nil, self,
the early super and
Smalltalk thisContext.
versions, which
Dan Ingalls
implemented.
Functional Programming
Lisp Lisp is Functional Artificial Lisp is an expression- macros, string handling, No readily available
or lambda-based Intelligence oriented language. recursion, closures, compilers.
languages and it Unlike most other reflection,packaging, arrays, and
is extremely rich AI Robots languages, no extensive IO facilities. Modern
and powerful distinction is made Lisp
programming Computer Games between systems support object-oriented
language that has "expressions" and programming, database
enjoyed Pattern "statements"; all code access,GUI construction, and all
continuous use Recognition and data are written other forms of general-purpose
and popularity as expressions. When programming.
since the mid- Air Defense an expression is
1960s. Systems evaluated, it produces
a value (in Common
Implementation of Lisp, possibly
Real-Time, multiple values),
embedded which then can be
Knowledge-Based embedded into other
Systems expressions. Each
Educational value can be any data
Purposes type.

Sources:

Python (programming language). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language

Features of Ruby. Michael Neuman. http://www.ntecs.de/old-hp/s-diretnet/ruby_en.html

Lisp(programming language). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language).htm

Ruby(programming language). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language