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Fatigue and Fracture

Multiaxial Fatigue

Professor Darrell F. Socie


Mechanical Science and Engineering
University of Illinois
2004-2013 Darrell Socie, All Rights Reserved

When is Multiaxial Fatigue Important ?


Complex state of stress
Complex out of phase loading

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Uniaxial Stress
one principal stress
one direction

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Proportional Biaxial
Z

principal stresses vary


proportionally
but do not rotate
Y

1 = 2 = 3

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Nonproportional Multiaxial
Principal stresses may
vary nonproportionally
and/or change direction

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Crankshaft

Microstrain

2500

0
45
90

-2500
Time

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Shear and Normal Strains


0
0.005

90

0.005

0.0025

-0.0025

-0.005

Multiaxial Fatigue

-0.0025

0.0025

-0.005

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Shear and Normal Strains


45
0.005

135
0.005

-0.0025

0.0025 -0.0025

-0.005

Multiaxial Fatigue

0.0025

-0.005

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3D stresses
Longitudinal Tensile Strain

Transverse Compression Strain

0.001

0.008

0.012
Thickness
50 mm

x
y

0.002

30 mm

z
100

0.003

15 mm

0.004
0.005

Multiaxial Fatigue

0.004

7 mm

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Book

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Outline

Multiaxial Fatigue

State of Stress
Stress-Strain Relationships
Fatigue Mechanisms
Multiaxial Testing
Stress Based Models
Strain Based Models
Fracture Mechanics Models
Nonproportional Loading
Stress Concentrations

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State of Stress
Stress components
Common states of stress
Shear stresses

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Stress Components
Z

z
zy

zx

yz

xz
xy
x

yx

y
Y

Six stresses and six strains


Multiaxial Fatigue

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Stresses Acting on a Plane


Z
X

x
xz

xy

X
Multiaxial Fatigue

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Principal Stresses
13
3

12

23

2
1

3 - 2( X + Y + Z ) + (XY + YZXZ -2XY - 2YZ -2XZ )


- (XYZ + 2XYYZXZ - X2YZ - Y2ZX - Z2XY ) = 0
Multiaxial Fatigue

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Stress and Strain Distributions

% of applied stress

100

90

80
-20

-10

10

20

Stresses are nearly the same over a 10 range of angles

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Tension
3

2
2 = 3 = 0

Multiaxial Fatigue

x
1

/2

2 = 3 = 1

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Torsion
2
3

xy
Y

Multiaxial Fatigue

3
1

3
X

/2

1 = xy

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Biaxial Tension
3
3

2 = y

Multiaxial Fatigue

/2

1 = x

1 = 2

1 = 2

2
3 =

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Shear Stresses
3

2
1

Maximum shear stress


13 =

Mises:
Multiaxial Fatigue

1 3
2

3
=
oct
2

Octahedral shear stress


1
oct =
3

(13 )2 +(12 )2 +(2 3 )2


oct =

3
2 2

13 = 0.94 13

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Maximum and Octahedral Shear


1.0

18%
0.8
0.6

Maximum shear

0.4
Octahedral shear

6%

0.2

-1

-0.5

torsion
Multiaxial Fatigue

3/1
tension

0.5

biaxial tension

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State of Stress Summary


Stresses acting on a plane
Principal stress
Maximum shear stress
Octahedral shear stress

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Outline

Multiaxial Fatigue

State of Stress
Stress-Strain Relationships
Fatigue Mechanisms
Multiaxial Testing
Stress Based Models
Strain Based Models
Fracture Mechanics Models
Nonproportional Loading
Stress Concentrations

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The Fatigue Process


Crack nucleation
Small crack growth in an elastic-plastic
stress field
Macroscopic crack growth in a nominally
elastic stress field
Final fracture

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Slip Bands

Ma, B-T and Laird C. Overview of fatigue behavior in copper sinle crystals II Population, size, distribution and growth
Kinetics of stage I cracks for tests at constant strain amplitude, Acta Metallurgica, Vol 37, 1989, 337-348
Multiaxial Fatigue

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crack growth direction

Mode I Growth

Multiaxial Fatigue

5 m

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Mode II Growth

shear stress

slip bands

10 m
crack growth direction

Multiaxial Fatigue

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1045 Steel - Tension


Damage Fraction N/Nf

1.0
0.8
Tension

0.6
0.4
Shear
0.2

Nucleation
100 m crack

0
1

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

Fatigue Life, 2Nf

Multiaxial Fatigue

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1045 Steel - Torsion


1.0
0.8
f

Damage Fraction N/Nf

Tension

0.6
0.4

0.2

Shear
Nucleation

0
1

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

Fatigue Life, 2Nf

Multiaxial Fatigue

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304 Stainless Steel - Torsion


Damage Fraction N/Nf

1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
Tension
0.2

Shear
Nucleation

0
1

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

Fatigue Life, 2Nf

Multiaxial Fatigue

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304 Stainless Steel - Tension


Damage Fraction N/Nf

1.0
Tension

0.8
0.6

Nucleation

0.4

0.2
0
1

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

Fatigue Life, 2Nf

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Inconel 718 - Torsion


Damage Fraction N/Nf

1.0

Tension

0.8
0.6
Shear
0.4

0.2
Nucleation

0
1

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

Fatigue Life, 2Nf

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Inconel 718 - Tension


Damage Fraction N/Nf

1.0
Tension
0.8
0.6
0.4
Shear

0.2

Nucleation
0
1

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

Fatigue Life, 2Nf

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Outline

Multiaxial Fatigue

State of Stress
Stress-Strain Relationships
Fatigue Mechanisms
Multiaxial Testing
Stress Based Models
Strain Based Models
Fracture Mechanics Models
Nonproportional Loading
Stress Concentrations

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Fatigue Mechanisms Summary


Fatigue cracks nucleate in shear
Fatigue cracks grow in either shear or tension
depending on material and state of stress

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Stress Based Models


Sines
Findley
Dang Van

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Shear stress
Octahedral stress
Principal stress

1.0

1/2 Bending fatigue limit

Shear stress in bending

Bending Torsion Correlation

0.5

0
0

0.5

1.0
1.5
Shear stress in torsion

2.0

1/2 Bending fatigue limit

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Test Results
Cyclic tension with static tension
Cyclic torsion with static torsion
Cyclic tension with static torsion
Cyclic torsion with static tension

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Cyclic Tension with Static Tension

Axial stress
Fatigue strength

1.5

-1.5

Multiaxial Fatigue

1.0

0.5

-1.0

-0.5

0
Mean stress
Yield strength

0.5

1.0

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Cyclic Torsion with Static Torsion

Shear Stress Amplitude


Shear Fatigue Strength

1.5

1.0

0.5

0
1.0
0.5
Maximum Shear Stress
Shear Yield Strength
Multiaxial Fatigue

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Cyclic Tension with Static Torsion


Bending Stress
Bending Fatigue Strength

1.5

1.0

0.5

1.0

2.0

3.0

Static Torsion Stress


Torsion Yield Strength
Multiaxial Fatigue

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Cyclic Torsion with Static Tension

Shear fatigue strength

Torsion shear stress

1.5

-1.5

1.0

0.5

-1.0

-0.5
0
0.5
Axial mean stress

1.0

1.5

Yield strength
Multiaxial Fatigue

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Conclusions
Tension mean stress affects both tension
and torsion
Torsion mean stress does not affect tension
or torsion

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Sines
oct
+ (3h ) =
2
1
( x y )2 + ( x z )2 + ( y z )2 +6( 2xy + 2xz + 2yz ) +
6
mean
mean
(mean
+

)=
x
y
z

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Findley

+ k n
= f

2
max

tension
Multiaxial Fatigue

torsion

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Shear stress
Octahedral stress
Principal stress

1.0

1/2 Bending fatigue limit

Shear stress in bending

Bending Torsion Correlation

0.5

0
0

0.5

1.0
1.5
Shear stress in torsion

2.0

1/2 Bending fatigue limit

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Dang Van
( t ) + a h ( t ) = b
ij(M,t) Eij(M,t)
ij(m,t)
ij(m,t)
m
V(M)

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Isotropic Hardening

Multiaxial Fatigue

stabilized stress range

Failure occurs when


the stress range is
not elastic

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Multiaxial Kinematic and Isotropic


3

a)

b)
Yield domain
expands and
translates

Co
Oo
Ro

1
c)

1
d)

Loading
path

Oo

CL

RL
OL

Oo

Oo

* stabilized residual stress


Multiaxial Fatigue

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Dang Van ( continued )

(t) + ah(t) = b

Failure
predicted

Loading path

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Stress Based Models Summary


Sines:
Findley:
Dang Van:

Multiaxial Fatigue

oct
+ (3h ) =
2


+ k n
= f

max
2

( t ) + a h ( t ) = b

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Model Comparison R = -1
Relative Fatigue Life

10

Goodman
1

0.1

Findley

Sines

0.01

0.001

-1

Torsion

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0.2

Tension

0.4

0.6

0.8

Biaxial Tension

Stress ratio,
Multiaxial Fatigue

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Outline

Multiaxial Fatigue

State of Stress
Stress-Strain Relationships
Fatigue Mechanisms
Multiaxial Testing
Stress Based Models
Strain Based Models
Fracture Mechanics Models
Nonproportional Loading
Stress Concentrations

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Strain Based Models


Plastic Work
Brown and Miller
Fatemi and Socie
Smith Watson and Topper
Liu

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Octahedral Shear Strain

Plastic octahedral
shear strain range

0.1

Torsion
0.01
Tension

0.001
10

10 2

10 3

10 4

10 5

Cycles to failure
Multiaxial Fatigue

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Plastic Work per Cycle, MJ/m3

Plastic Work
100

T
A

T
A

0
90

180
135
45

T
T
T

10

Torsion
Axial

30

T
T
A

T
A

102

103

104

Fatigue Life, Nf
Multiaxial Fatigue

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Brown and Miller

Fatigue Life, Cycles

2 x103

= 0.03

103
5 x102
2 x102
102
0.0

0.005

0.01

Normal Strain Amplitude, n

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Case A and B

Growth along the surface

Multiaxial Fatigue

Growth into the surface

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Brown and Miller ( continued )


al
i
x
a
Uni

Equ
ibia
x

Multiaxial Fatigue

ial

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Brown and Miller ( continued )


= ( max + S n )

'f 2 n ,mean
max
( 2 N f ) b + B 'f ( 2 N f ) c
+ S n = A
2
E

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Fatemi and Socie

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Loading Histories
/ 3

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Crack Length Observations


2.5

Crack Length, mm

F-495

H-491

J-603

I-471

C-399
G-304

1.5

0.5

0
0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

Cycles
Multiaxial Fatigue

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Fatemi and Socie


n,max 'f

= (2Nf )bo + 'f (2Nf )co
1+ k
2
y G

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Smith Watson Topper

Multiaxial Fatigue

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SWT
'2
f

1
(2Nf )2b + 'f 'f (2Nf )b+c
n
=
2
E

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Liu
Virtual strain energy for both mode I and mode II cracking
WI = (n n)max + ( )
b+c

WI = 4 (2Nf )
' '
f f

'2
f

4
+
(2Nf )2b
E

WII = (n n ) + ( )max
bo + co

WII = 4 (2Nf )
'
f

Multiaxial Fatigue

'
f

'2
f

4
(2Nf )2bo
+
G

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Cyclic Torsion

Cyclic Shear Strain

Cyclic Tensile Strain

Cyclic Torsion
Shear Damage

Multiaxial Fatigue

Tensile Damage

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Cyclic Torsion with Static Tension

Cyclic Torsion
Static Tension

Multiaxial Fatigue

Cyclic Shear Strain

Cyclic Tensile Strain

Shear Damage

Tensile Damage

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Cyclic Torsion with Compression

Cyclic Shear Strain

Cyclic Torsion
Static Compression

Multiaxial Fatigue

Shear Damage

Cyclic Tensile Strain

Tensile Damage

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Cyclic Torsion with Tension


and Compression

Cyclic Torsion
Static Compression
Hoop Tension

Multiaxial Fatigue

Cyclic Shear Strain

Cyclic Tensile Strain

Shear Damage

Tensile Damage

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Test Results

Load Case
Torsion
with tension
with compression
with tension and
compression

Multiaxial Fatigue

/2
0.0054
0.0054
0.0054
0.0054

hoop MPa
0
0
0
450

axial MPa
0
450
-500
-500

Nf
45,200
10,300
50,000
11,200

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Conclusions
All critical plane models correctly predict
these results
Hydrostatic stress models can not predict
these results

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Loading History

Shear strain

0.003

Axial strain

0.006

-0.003

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Model Comparison
Summary of calculated fatigue lives
Model
Epsilon
Garud
Ellyin
Brown-Miller
SWT
Liu I
Liu II
Chu
Gamma
Fatemi-Socie
Glinka

Multiaxial Fatigue

Equation
6.5
6.7
6.17
6.22
6.24
6.41
6.42
6.37
6.23
6.39

Life
14,060
5,210
4,450
3,980
9,930
4,280
5,420
3,040
26,775
10,350
33,220

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Strain Based Models Summary


Two separate models are needed, one for
tensile growth and one for shear growth
Cyclic plasticity governs stress and strain
ranges
Mean stress effects are a result of crack
closure on the critical plane

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Separate Tensile and Shear Models

1
2
1 = xy

Inconel

Multiaxial Fatigue

1045 steel

stainless steel

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Cyclic Plasticity

p
p

p
p

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Mean Stresses
'f mean
( 2 N f ) b + 'f ( 2 N f ) c
eq =
E
'f 2n
max
(2Nf )b + (1.5 + 0.5S) 'f (2Nf )c
+ Sn = (1.3 + 0.7S)
E
2
n,max 'f

= (2Nf )bo + 'f (2Nf )co
1+ k
2
y G
'2
f

1
(2Nf )2b + 'f 'f (2Nf )b+c
n
=
2
E
2

WI =[(n n )max + ()]


1R
Multiaxial Fatigue

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Outline

Multiaxial Fatigue

State of Stress
Stress-Strain Relationships
Fatigue Mechanisms
Multiaxial Testing
Stress Based Models
Strain Based Models
Fracture Mechanics Models
Nonproportional Loading
Stress Concentrations

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Nonproportional Loading
In and Out-of-phase loading
Nonproportional cyclic hardening
Variable amplitude

Multiaxial Fatigue

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In and Out-of-Phase Loading

x
x

x = osin(t)

1+

xy

xy
y

xy = (1+)osin(t)

In-phase
x
t

x = ocos(t)

1+

xy = (1+)osin(t)

xy
t

Out-of-phase

Multiaxial Fatigue

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In-Phase and Out-of-Phase


xy
2

2 xy

xy
x

2
2xy

x
x
Multiaxial Fatigue

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Loading Histories
out-of-phase

xy/2
diamond

xy/2

square

xy/2

cross

Multiaxial Fatigue

xy/2
x

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Loading Histories
in-phase

out-of-phase

diamond

square

cross
Multiaxial Fatigue

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Findley Model Results


/2 MPa

MPa

n,max

/2 + 0.3

n,max

N/Nip

in-phase
90 out-of-phase

353

250

428

1.0

250

500

400

2.0

diamond

250

500

400

2.0

square

353

603

534

0.11

cross - tension cycle

250

250

325

16

cross - torsion cycle

250

250

216

out-of-phase

xy/2

diamond
x

xy/2

square
x

xy/2

cross
x

xy/2
x

in-phase
Multiaxial Fatigue

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Nonproportional Hardening
x
xy

x = osin(t)

xy = (1+)osin(t)

In-phase
x
t

x = ocos(t)
xy = (1+)osin(t)

xy
t

Out-of-phase

Multiaxial Fatigue

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In-Phase
600

300

Axial

Shear

-0.003

0.003

-600

Multiaxial Fatigue

0.006

-0.006

-300

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90 Out-of-Phase
600
Axial

Shear

-0.003

0.003-0.006

-600

Multiaxial Fatigue

300

0.006

-300

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Critical Plane
Proportional

600

Nf = 38,500
Nf = 310,000

-0.004

600

0.004-0.004

-600
Multiaxial Fatigue

Out-of-phase
Nf = 3,500
Nf = 40,000

0.004

-600

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Loading Histories

11

12

13

10

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Stress-Strain Response
300
Case 1

Shear Stress ( MPa )

300

300
Case 2

Case 3

150

150

150

-150

-150

-150

-300
-600

-300

300

300

-300
600 -600

-300

300

Case 5
150

150

-150

-150

-150

Multiaxial Fatigue

-300

300

300

600

300

600

Case 6

150

-300
-600

-300

300

300
Case 4

-300
-600
600

-300
600 -600

-300

300

-300
-600
600

-300

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Stress-Strain Response (continued)


300

300

Shear Stress ( MPa )

Case 7

300
Case 9

Case 10

150

150

150

-150

-150

-150

-300
-600

-300

300

-300
600 -600

-300

300

-300
600
-600

300

300
Case 11

150

-150

-150

-150

-300
600 -600

-300
-600
600

300

300

600

300

600

Case 13

150

-300

300
Case 12

150

-300
-600

-300

-300

300

-300

Axial Stress ( MPa )


Multiaxial Fatigue

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Maximum Stress
All tests have the same strain ranges
Equivalent Stress, MPa

2000

1000

200 2
10

103
Fatigue Life, Nf

104

Nonproportional hardening results in lower fatigue lives


Multiaxial Fatigue

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Nonproportional Example
Case A

Case B

Case C

Case D

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Shear Stresses

Case A

xy

Multiaxial Fatigue

Case B

xy

Case C

xy

Case D

xy

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Simple Variable Amplitude History


150

0.006

x
0.003 -300

-0.003

-0.006

Multiaxial Fatigue

300

-150

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Stress-Strain on 0 Plane

x 0.003

-0.003

-300

Multiaxial Fatigue

xy

300

150

xy

-0.005

0.005

-150

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Stress-Strain on 30 and 60 Planes


30 plane

300

-0.003

30

-300

Multiaxial Fatigue

60 plane

300

0.003 -0.003

60

0.003

-300

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Stress-Strain on 120 and 150 Planes


120 plane

-0.003

300

120

-300

Multiaxial Fatigue

150 plane

300

0.003 -0.003

0.003
150

-300

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Shear Strain History on Critical Plane

Shear strain,

0.005

time

-0.005

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Fatigue Calculations
Load or strain history

Cyclic plasticity model

Stress and strain tensor

Search for critical plane


Multiaxial Fatigue

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An Example
Analysis model
Single event
16 input channels
2240 elements

From Khosrovaneh, Pattu and Schnaidt Discussion of Fatigue Analysis Techniques for Automotive Applications
Presented at SAE 2004.
Multiaxial Fatigue

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Biaxial and Uniaxial Solution

Damage

10-2
10-3

Uniaxial solution
Signed principal stress

10-4

Critical plane solution

10-5
10-6
10-7
10-8
1

10

100

1000

10000

Element rank based on critical plane damage

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Nonproportional Loading Summary


Nonproportional cyclic hardening increases
stress levels
Critical plane models are used to assess
fatigue damage

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Outline

Multiaxial Fatigue

State of Stress
Stress-Strain Relationships
Fatigue Mechanisms
Multiaxial Testing
Stress Based Models
Strain Based Models
Fracture Mechanics Models
Nonproportional Loading
Stress Concentrations

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Notches
Stress and strain concentrations
Nonproportional loading and stressing
Fatigue notch factors
Cracks at notches

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Notched Shaft Loading


MT

MX
P
MY

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Stress Concentration Factors

4
3
2

Bending

Torsion

Stress Concentration Factor

D/d
2.20
1.20
1.04

1
0
0.025

Multiaxial Fatigue

0.050
0.075
0.100
Notch Root Radius, /d

0.125

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Hole in a Plate

r
r

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Stresses at the Hole


4
3

=1

=0

30

60

-1
-2

90

120

150

180

Angle
= -1

-3
-4

Stress concentration factor depends on type of loading


Multiaxial Fatigue

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Shear Stresses during Torsion


1.5

1.0

0.5

0
1

Multiaxial Fatigue

r
a

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Torsion Experiments

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Multiaxial Loading
Uniaxial loading that produces multiaxial
stresses at notches
Multiaxial loading that produces uniaxial
stresses at notches
Multiaxial loading that produces multiaxial
stresses at notches

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Thickness Effects
Longitudinal Tensile Strain

Transverse Compression Strain

0.001

0.008

0.012
Thickness
50 mm
x

0.002

30 mm

0.003

15 mm

y
z
100

0.004
0.005

Multiaxial Fatigue

0.004

7 mm

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Multiaxial Loading
Uniaxial loading that produces multiaxial
stresses at notches
Multiaxial loading that produces uniaxial
stresses at notches
Multiaxial loading that produces multiaxial
stresses at notches

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Applied Bending Moments


MX
MX

MY

Multiaxial Fatigue

MY

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Bending Moments on the Shaft


A
MY
MX
B

C
B

C
A

A
D

B
C

Location

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Bending Moments
M
2.82
2.00
1.41
1.00
0.71

B
1

D
1

2
2

1
2
2

M = 5 M 5

M
Multiaxial Fatigue

A
2.49

B
2.85

C
2.31

D
2.84

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Combined Loading

1 =
1.72

2 = 0.72

=
=

Multiaxial Fatigue

= 0.41

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Maximum Tensile Stress Location

32

Kt = 3
1 =
Multiaxial Fatigue

45

Kt = 3.41
1 = 1.72

Kt = 4
1 =

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In and Out of Phase Loading


In-phase

Out-of-phase

Kt = 3

Kt = 4

Damage location changes with load phasing


Multiaxial Fatigue

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Multiaxial Loading
Uniaxial loading that produces multiaxial
stresses at notches
Multiaxial loading that produces uniaxial
stresses at notches
Multiaxial loading that produces multiaxial
stresses at notches

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Torsion Loading
MX

t1

MT

t3

1 = z

MX
t2

1 = T

MT

t4
z

t1

t2

t3

t4

Out-of-phase shear loading is needed to produce


nonproportional stressing
Multiaxial Fatigue

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Fatigue Notch Factors

Stress concentration factor

6
5
4

D
d = 2.2

Kf Bending
Kt Bending
Kt Torsion

2
1

Kf Torsion

0
0.025

Multiaxial Fatigue

0.050
0.075
Notch root radius,

0.100

0.125

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Fatigue Notch Factors ( continued )

Calculated Kf

2.5

bending
torsion

Petersons Equation

KT 1
Kf = 1 +
a
1+
r

conservative
2.0

1.5
non-conservative
1.0
1.0

Multiaxial Fatigue

1.5
2.0
Experimental Kf

2.5

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Fracture Surfaces in Torsion

Circumferencial Notch

Shoulder Fillet

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Neubers Rule
Actual stress

KtS

Kt S Kt e =

Stress (MPa)

Stress calculated with


elastic assumptions
e

S ee =

For cyclic loading

Kte

e S 2 = E

Strain

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Multiaxial Neubers Rule


Define Neubers rule in equivalent variables

e S 2 = E
Stress strain curve


=
+

E K'

1
n'

Constitutive equation

x
x


f(E,K,n)
y
y =
xy
xy


Five equations and six unknowns
Multiaxial Fatigue

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Ignore Plasticity Theory


e

e2
2 = e 1
e1
e

e3
3 = e 1
e1
e

S2
2 = e 1
S1
e

S3
3 = e 1
S1

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Hoffman and Seeger


e
S2
2
= e
S1
1
e
2
e
= e 2
1
e1

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Glinka
Strain energy density

ij ij

ij ij

e Sij e eij

Stress (MPa)

eS

e Sij e eij

ee

Strain
Multiaxial Fatigue

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Koettgen-Barkey-Socie
Structural Yield Surface
e

Ko no

K n

Eo

e Sx
e
S y = fo(Eo,Ko,no)
e Txy

Multiaxial Fatigue

Material Yield Surface

x

y
xy

x
x


f(E,K,n)
=

y
y
xy
xy

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Stress Intensity Factors


1.50

= 1

1.25

=0

1.00
F 0.75

=1

0.50

0.25
0.00

1.00

1.50

da
m
= C (K eq )
dN
Multiaxial Fatigue

2.00
a
R

2.50

3.00

K I = F a

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Crack Growth From a Hole


= -1 = 0

Crack Length, mm

100

= 1

80
60
40
20
0
0

2 x 10 6

4 x 10 6

6 x 10 6

8 x 10 6

Cycles
Multiaxial Fatigue

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Notches Summary
Uniaxial loading can produce multiaxial
stresses at notches
Multiaxial loading can produce uniaxial
stresses at notches
Multiaxial stresses are not very important in
thin plate and shell structures
Multiaxial stresses are not very important in
crack growth

Multiaxial Fatigue

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Multiaxial Fatigue

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