Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Multiaxial Fatigue
Multiaxial Fatigue
1 of 134
Uniaxial Stress
one principal stress
one direction
Multiaxial Fatigue
2 of 134
Proportional Biaxial
Z
1 = 2 = 3
Multiaxial Fatigue
3 of 134
Nonproportional Multiaxial
Principal stresses may
vary nonproportionally
and/or change direction
Multiaxial Fatigue
4 of 134
Crankshaft
Microstrain
2500
0
45
90
-2500
Time
Multiaxial Fatigue
5 of 134
90
0.005
0.0025
-0.0025
-0.005
Multiaxial Fatigue
-0.0025
0.0025
-0.005
6 of 134
135
0.005
-0.0025
0.0025 -0.0025
-0.005
Multiaxial Fatigue
0.0025
-0.005
7 of 134
3D stresses
Longitudinal Tensile Strain
0.001
0.008
0.012
Thickness
50 mm
x
y
0.002
30 mm
z
100
0.003
15 mm
0.004
0.005
Multiaxial Fatigue
0.004
7 mm
8 of 134
Book
Multiaxial Fatigue
9 of 134
Outline
Multiaxial Fatigue
State of Stress
Stress-Strain Relationships
Fatigue Mechanisms
Multiaxial Testing
Stress Based Models
Strain Based Models
Fracture Mechanics Models
Nonproportional Loading
Stress Concentrations
10 of 134
State of Stress
Stress components
Common states of stress
Shear stresses
Multiaxial Fatigue
11 of 134
Stress Components
Z
z
zy
zx
yz
xz
xy
x
yx
y
Y
12 of 134
x
xz
xy
X
Multiaxial Fatigue
13 of 134
Principal Stresses
13
3
12
23
2
1
14 of 134
% of applied stress
100
90
80
-20
-10
10
20
Multiaxial Fatigue
15 of 134
Tension
3
2
2 = 3 = 0
Multiaxial Fatigue
x
1
/2
2 = 3 = 1
16 of 134
Torsion
2
3
xy
Y
Multiaxial Fatigue
3
1
3
X
/2
1 = xy
17 of 134
Biaxial Tension
3
3
2 = y
Multiaxial Fatigue
/2
1 = x
1 = 2
1 = 2
2
3 =
18 of 134
Shear Stresses
3
2
1
Mises:
Multiaxial Fatigue
1 3
2
3
=
oct
2
3
2 2
13 = 0.94 13
19 of 134
18%
0.8
0.6
Maximum shear
0.4
Octahedral shear
6%
0.2
-1
-0.5
torsion
Multiaxial Fatigue
3/1
tension
0.5
biaxial tension
20 of 134
Multiaxial Fatigue
21 of 134
Outline
Multiaxial Fatigue
State of Stress
Stress-Strain Relationships
Fatigue Mechanisms
Multiaxial Testing
Stress Based Models
Strain Based Models
Fracture Mechanics Models
Nonproportional Loading
Stress Concentrations
22 of 134
Multiaxial Fatigue
23 of 134
Slip Bands
Ma, B-T and Laird C. Overview of fatigue behavior in copper sinle crystals II Population, size, distribution and growth
Kinetics of stage I cracks for tests at constant strain amplitude, Acta Metallurgica, Vol 37, 1989, 337-348
Multiaxial Fatigue
24 of 134
Mode I Growth
Multiaxial Fatigue
5 m
25 of 134
Mode II Growth
shear stress
slip bands
10 m
crack growth direction
Multiaxial Fatigue
26 of 134
1.0
0.8
Tension
0.6
0.4
Shear
0.2
Nucleation
100 m crack
0
1
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Multiaxial Fatigue
27 of 134
Tension
0.6
0.4
0.2
Shear
Nucleation
0
1
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Multiaxial Fatigue
28 of 134
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
Tension
0.2
Shear
Nucleation
0
1
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Multiaxial Fatigue
29 of 134
1.0
Tension
0.8
0.6
Nucleation
0.4
0.2
0
1
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Multiaxial Fatigue
30 of 134
1.0
Tension
0.8
0.6
Shear
0.4
0.2
Nucleation
0
1
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Multiaxial Fatigue
31 of 134
1.0
Tension
0.8
0.6
0.4
Shear
0.2
Nucleation
0
1
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Multiaxial Fatigue
32 of 134
Outline
Multiaxial Fatigue
State of Stress
Stress-Strain Relationships
Fatigue Mechanisms
Multiaxial Testing
Stress Based Models
Strain Based Models
Fracture Mechanics Models
Nonproportional Loading
Stress Concentrations
33 of 134
Multiaxial Fatigue
34 of 134
Multiaxial Fatigue
35 of 134
Shear stress
Octahedral stress
Principal stress
1.0
0.5
0
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Shear stress in torsion
2.0
Multiaxial Fatigue
36 of 134
Test Results
Cyclic tension with static tension
Cyclic torsion with static torsion
Cyclic tension with static torsion
Cyclic torsion with static tension
Multiaxial Fatigue
37 of 134
Axial stress
Fatigue strength
1.5
-1.5
Multiaxial Fatigue
1.0
0.5
-1.0
-0.5
0
Mean stress
Yield strength
0.5
1.0
1.5
38 of 134
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
1.0
0.5
Maximum Shear Stress
Shear Yield Strength
Multiaxial Fatigue
1.5
39 of 134
1.5
1.0
0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
40 of 134
1.5
-1.5
1.0
0.5
-1.0
-0.5
0
0.5
Axial mean stress
1.0
1.5
Yield strength
Multiaxial Fatigue
41 of 134
Conclusions
Tension mean stress affects both tension
and torsion
Torsion mean stress does not affect tension
or torsion
Multiaxial Fatigue
42 of 134
Sines
oct
+ (3h ) =
2
1
( x y )2 + ( x z )2 + ( y z )2 +6( 2xy + 2xz + 2yz ) +
6
mean
mean
(mean
+
)=
x
y
z
Multiaxial Fatigue
43 of 134
Findley
+ k n
= f
2
max
tension
Multiaxial Fatigue
torsion
44 of 134
Shear stress
Octahedral stress
Principal stress
1.0
0.5
0
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Shear stress in torsion
2.0
Multiaxial Fatigue
45 of 134
Dang Van
( t ) + a h ( t ) = b
ij(M,t) Eij(M,t)
ij(m,t)
ij(m,t)
m
V(M)
Multiaxial Fatigue
46 of 134
Isotropic Hardening
Multiaxial Fatigue
47 of 134
a)
b)
Yield domain
expands and
translates
Co
Oo
Ro
1
c)
1
d)
Loading
path
Oo
CL
RL
OL
Oo
Oo
48 of 134
(t) + ah(t) = b
Failure
predicted
Loading path
Multiaxial Fatigue
49 of 134
Multiaxial Fatigue
oct
+ (3h ) =
2
+ k n
= f
max
2
( t ) + a h ( t ) = b
50 of 134
Model Comparison R = -1
Relative Fatigue Life
10
Goodman
1
0.1
Findley
Sines
0.01
0.001
-1
Torsion
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
Tension
0.4
0.6
0.8
Biaxial Tension
Stress ratio,
Multiaxial Fatigue
51 of 134
Outline
Multiaxial Fatigue
State of Stress
Stress-Strain Relationships
Fatigue Mechanisms
Multiaxial Testing
Stress Based Models
Strain Based Models
Fracture Mechanics Models
Nonproportional Loading
Stress Concentrations
52 of 134
Multiaxial Fatigue
53 of 134
Plastic octahedral
shear strain range
0.1
Torsion
0.01
Tension
0.001
10
10 2
10 3
10 4
10 5
Cycles to failure
Multiaxial Fatigue
54 of 134
Plastic Work
100
T
A
T
A
0
90
180
135
45
T
T
T
10
Torsion
Axial
30
T
T
A
T
A
102
103
104
Fatigue Life, Nf
Multiaxial Fatigue
55 of 134
2 x103
= 0.03
103
5 x102
2 x102
102
0.0
0.005
0.01
Multiaxial Fatigue
56 of 134
Case A and B
Multiaxial Fatigue
57 of 134
Equ
ibia
x
Multiaxial Fatigue
ial
58 of 134
'f 2 n ,mean
max
( 2 N f ) b + B 'f ( 2 N f ) c
+ S n = A
2
E
Multiaxial Fatigue
59 of 134
Multiaxial Fatigue
60 of 134
Loading Histories
/ 3
Multiaxial Fatigue
61 of 134
Crack Length, mm
F-495
H-491
J-603
I-471
C-399
G-304
1.5
0.5
0
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Cycles
Multiaxial Fatigue
62 of 134
Multiaxial Fatigue
63 of 134
Multiaxial Fatigue
64 of 134
SWT
'2
f
1
(2Nf )2b + 'f 'f (2Nf )b+c
n
=
2
E
Multiaxial Fatigue
65 of 134
Liu
Virtual strain energy for both mode I and mode II cracking
WI = (n n)max + ( )
b+c
WI = 4 (2Nf )
' '
f f
'2
f
4
+
(2Nf )2b
E
WII = (n n ) + ( )max
bo + co
WII = 4 (2Nf )
'
f
Multiaxial Fatigue
'
f
'2
f
4
(2Nf )2bo
+
G
66 of 134
Cyclic Torsion
Cyclic Torsion
Shear Damage
Multiaxial Fatigue
Tensile Damage
67 of 134
Cyclic Torsion
Static Tension
Multiaxial Fatigue
Shear Damage
Tensile Damage
68 of 134
Cyclic Torsion
Static Compression
Multiaxial Fatigue
Shear Damage
Tensile Damage
69 of 134
Cyclic Torsion
Static Compression
Hoop Tension
Multiaxial Fatigue
Shear Damage
Tensile Damage
70 of 134
Test Results
Load Case
Torsion
with tension
with compression
with tension and
compression
Multiaxial Fatigue
/2
0.0054
0.0054
0.0054
0.0054
hoop MPa
0
0
0
450
axial MPa
0
450
-500
-500
Nf
45,200
10,300
50,000
11,200
71 of 134
Conclusions
All critical plane models correctly predict
these results
Hydrostatic stress models can not predict
these results
Multiaxial Fatigue
72 of 134
Loading History
Shear strain
0.003
Axial strain
0.006
-0.003
Multiaxial Fatigue
73 of 134
Model Comparison
Summary of calculated fatigue lives
Model
Epsilon
Garud
Ellyin
Brown-Miller
SWT
Liu I
Liu II
Chu
Gamma
Fatemi-Socie
Glinka
Multiaxial Fatigue
Equation
6.5
6.7
6.17
6.22
6.24
6.41
6.42
6.37
6.23
6.39
Life
14,060
5,210
4,450
3,980
9,930
4,280
5,420
3,040
26,775
10,350
33,220
74 of 134
Multiaxial Fatigue
75 of 134
1
2
1 = xy
Inconel
Multiaxial Fatigue
1045 steel
stainless steel
76 of 134
Cyclic Plasticity
p
p
p
p
Multiaxial Fatigue
77 of 134
Mean Stresses
'f mean
( 2 N f ) b + 'f ( 2 N f ) c
eq =
E
'f 2n
max
(2Nf )b + (1.5 + 0.5S) 'f (2Nf )c
+ Sn = (1.3 + 0.7S)
E
2
n,max 'f
= (2Nf )bo + 'f (2Nf )co
1+ k
2
y G
'2
f
1
(2Nf )2b + 'f 'f (2Nf )b+c
n
=
2
E
2
78 of 134
Outline
Multiaxial Fatigue
State of Stress
Stress-Strain Relationships
Fatigue Mechanisms
Multiaxial Testing
Stress Based Models
Strain Based Models
Fracture Mechanics Models
Nonproportional Loading
Stress Concentrations
79 of 134
Nonproportional Loading
In and Out-of-phase loading
Nonproportional cyclic hardening
Variable amplitude
Multiaxial Fatigue
80 of 134
x
x
x = osin(t)
1+
xy
xy
y
xy = (1+)osin(t)
In-phase
x
t
x = ocos(t)
1+
xy = (1+)osin(t)
xy
t
Out-of-phase
Multiaxial Fatigue
81 of 134
2 xy
xy
x
2
2xy
x
x
Multiaxial Fatigue
82 of 134
Loading Histories
out-of-phase
xy/2
diamond
xy/2
square
xy/2
cross
Multiaxial Fatigue
xy/2
x
83 of 134
Loading Histories
in-phase
out-of-phase
diamond
square
cross
Multiaxial Fatigue
84 of 134
MPa
n,max
/2 + 0.3
n,max
N/Nip
in-phase
90 out-of-phase
353
250
428
1.0
250
500
400
2.0
diamond
250
500
400
2.0
square
353
603
534
0.11
250
250
325
16
250
250
216
out-of-phase
xy/2
diamond
x
xy/2
square
x
xy/2
cross
x
xy/2
x
in-phase
Multiaxial Fatigue
85 of 134
Nonproportional Hardening
x
xy
x = osin(t)
xy = (1+)osin(t)
In-phase
x
t
x = ocos(t)
xy = (1+)osin(t)
xy
t
Out-of-phase
Multiaxial Fatigue
86 of 134
In-Phase
600
300
Axial
Shear
-0.003
0.003
-600
Multiaxial Fatigue
0.006
-0.006
-300
87 of 134
90 Out-of-Phase
600
Axial
Shear
-0.003
0.003-0.006
-600
Multiaxial Fatigue
300
0.006
-300
88 of 134
Critical Plane
Proportional
600
Nf = 38,500
Nf = 310,000
-0.004
600
0.004-0.004
-600
Multiaxial Fatigue
Out-of-phase
Nf = 3,500
Nf = 40,000
0.004
-600
89 of 134
Loading Histories
11
12
13
10
Multiaxial Fatigue
90 of 134
Stress-Strain Response
300
Case 1
300
300
Case 2
Case 3
150
150
150
-150
-150
-150
-300
-600
-300
300
300
-300
600 -600
-300
300
Case 5
150
150
-150
-150
-150
Multiaxial Fatigue
-300
300
300
600
300
600
Case 6
150
-300
-600
-300
300
300
Case 4
-300
-600
600
-300
600 -600
-300
300
-300
-600
600
-300
91 of 134
300
Case 7
300
Case 9
Case 10
150
150
150
-150
-150
-150
-300
-600
-300
300
-300
600 -600
-300
300
-300
600
-600
300
300
Case 11
150
-150
-150
-150
-300
600 -600
-300
-600
600
300
300
600
300
600
Case 13
150
-300
300
Case 12
150
-300
-600
-300
-300
300
-300
92 of 134
Maximum Stress
All tests have the same strain ranges
Equivalent Stress, MPa
2000
1000
200 2
10
103
Fatigue Life, Nf
104
93 of 134
Nonproportional Example
Case A
Case B
Case C
Case D
Multiaxial Fatigue
94 of 134
Shear Stresses
Case A
xy
Multiaxial Fatigue
Case B
xy
Case C
xy
Case D
xy
95 of 134
0.006
x
0.003 -300
-0.003
-0.006
Multiaxial Fatigue
300
-150
96 of 134
Stress-Strain on 0 Plane
x 0.003
-0.003
-300
Multiaxial Fatigue
xy
300
150
xy
-0.005
0.005
-150
97 of 134
300
-0.003
30
-300
Multiaxial Fatigue
60 plane
300
0.003 -0.003
60
0.003
-300
98 of 134
-0.003
300
120
-300
Multiaxial Fatigue
150 plane
300
0.003 -0.003
0.003
150
-300
99 of 134
Shear strain,
0.005
time
-0.005
Multiaxial Fatigue
100 of 134
Fatigue Calculations
Load or strain history
101 of 134
An Example
Analysis model
Single event
16 input channels
2240 elements
From Khosrovaneh, Pattu and Schnaidt Discussion of Fatigue Analysis Techniques for Automotive Applications
Presented at SAE 2004.
Multiaxial Fatigue
102 of 134
Damage
10-2
10-3
Uniaxial solution
Signed principal stress
10-4
10-5
10-6
10-7
10-8
1
10
100
1000
10000
Multiaxial Fatigue
103 of 134
Multiaxial Fatigue
104 of 134
Outline
Multiaxial Fatigue
State of Stress
Stress-Strain Relationships
Fatigue Mechanisms
Multiaxial Testing
Stress Based Models
Strain Based Models
Fracture Mechanics Models
Nonproportional Loading
Stress Concentrations
105 of 134
Notches
Stress and strain concentrations
Nonproportional loading and stressing
Fatigue notch factors
Cracks at notches
Multiaxial Fatigue
106 of 134
MX
P
MY
Multiaxial Fatigue
107 of 134
4
3
2
Bending
Torsion
D/d
2.20
1.20
1.04
1
0
0.025
Multiaxial Fatigue
0.050
0.075
0.100
Notch Root Radius, /d
0.125
108 of 134
Hole in a Plate
r
r
Multiaxial Fatigue
109 of 134
=1
=0
30
60
-1
-2
90
120
150
180
Angle
= -1
-3
-4
110 of 134
1.0
0.5
0
1
Multiaxial Fatigue
r
a
111 of 134
Torsion Experiments
Multiaxial Fatigue
112 of 134
Multiaxial Loading
Uniaxial loading that produces multiaxial
stresses at notches
Multiaxial loading that produces uniaxial
stresses at notches
Multiaxial loading that produces multiaxial
stresses at notches
Multiaxial Fatigue
113 of 134
Thickness Effects
Longitudinal Tensile Strain
0.001
0.008
0.012
Thickness
50 mm
x
0.002
30 mm
0.003
15 mm
y
z
100
0.004
0.005
Multiaxial Fatigue
0.004
7 mm
114 of 134
Multiaxial Loading
Uniaxial loading that produces multiaxial
stresses at notches
Multiaxial loading that produces uniaxial
stresses at notches
Multiaxial loading that produces multiaxial
stresses at notches
Multiaxial Fatigue
115 of 134
MY
Multiaxial Fatigue
MY
116 of 134
C
B
C
A
A
D
B
C
Location
Multiaxial Fatigue
117 of 134
Bending Moments
M
2.82
2.00
1.41
1.00
0.71
B
1
D
1
2
2
1
2
2
M = 5 M 5
M
Multiaxial Fatigue
A
2.49
B
2.85
C
2.31
D
2.84
118 of 134
Combined Loading
1 =
1.72
2 = 0.72
=
=
Multiaxial Fatigue
= 0.41
119 of 134
32
Kt = 3
1 =
Multiaxial Fatigue
45
Kt = 3.41
1 = 1.72
Kt = 4
1 =
120 of 134
Out-of-phase
Kt = 3
Kt = 4
121 of 134
Multiaxial Loading
Uniaxial loading that produces multiaxial
stresses at notches
Multiaxial loading that produces uniaxial
stresses at notches
Multiaxial loading that produces multiaxial
stresses at notches
Multiaxial Fatigue
122 of 134
Torsion Loading
MX
t1
MT
t3
1 = z
MX
t2
1 = T
MT
t4
z
t1
t2
t3
t4
123 of 134
6
5
4
D
d = 2.2
Kf Bending
Kt Bending
Kt Torsion
2
1
Kf Torsion
0
0.025
Multiaxial Fatigue
0.050
0.075
Notch root radius,
0.100
0.125
124 of 134
Calculated Kf
2.5
bending
torsion
Petersons Equation
KT 1
Kf = 1 +
a
1+
r
conservative
2.0
1.5
non-conservative
1.0
1.0
Multiaxial Fatigue
1.5
2.0
Experimental Kf
2.5
125 of 134
Circumferencial Notch
Shoulder Fillet
Multiaxial Fatigue
126 of 134
Neubers Rule
Actual stress
KtS
Kt S Kt e =
Stress (MPa)
S ee =
Kte
e S 2 = E
Strain
Multiaxial Fatigue
127 of 134
e S 2 = E
Stress strain curve
=
+
E K'
1
n'
Constitutive equation
x
x
f(E,K,n)
y
y =
xy
xy
Five equations and six unknowns
Multiaxial Fatigue
128 of 134
e2
2 = e 1
e1
e
e3
3 = e 1
e1
e
S2
2 = e 1
S1
e
S3
3 = e 1
S1
Multiaxial Fatigue
129 of 134
Multiaxial Fatigue
130 of 134
Glinka
Strain energy density
ij ij
ij ij
e Sij e eij
Stress (MPa)
eS
e Sij e eij
ee
Strain
Multiaxial Fatigue
131 of 134
Koettgen-Barkey-Socie
Structural Yield Surface
e
Ko no
K n
Eo
e Sx
e
S y = fo(Eo,Ko,no)
e Txy
Multiaxial Fatigue
x
y
xy
x
x
f(E,K,n)
=
y
y
xy
xy
132 of 134
= 1
1.25
=0
1.00
F 0.75
=1
0.50
0.25
0.00
1.00
1.50
da
m
= C (K eq )
dN
Multiaxial Fatigue
2.00
a
R
2.50
3.00
K I = F a
133 of 134
Crack Length, mm
100
= 1
80
60
40
20
0
0
2 x 10 6
4 x 10 6
6 x 10 6
8 x 10 6
Cycles
Multiaxial Fatigue
134 of 134
Notches Summary
Uniaxial loading can produce multiaxial
stresses at notches
Multiaxial loading can produce uniaxial
stresses at notches
Multiaxial stresses are not very important in
thin plate and shell structures
Multiaxial stresses are not very important in
crack growth
Multiaxial Fatigue
135 of 134
Multiaxial Fatigue