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Window
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Awindowisanopeninginawall,door,rooforvehiclethat
allowsthepassageoflightand,ifnotclosedorsealed,airand
sound.[1]Modernwindowsareusuallyglazedorcoveredin
someothertransparentortranslucentmaterial.Windowsare
heldinplacebyframes.[2]Manyglazedwindowsmaybe
opened,toallowventilation,orclosed,toexcludeinclement
weather.[3]Windowsoftenhavealatchorsimilarmechanismto
lockthewindowshut.
Typesincludetheeyebrowwindow,fixedwindows,single
WindowoftraditionaldesigninPorto
hunganddoublehungsashwindows,horizontalslidingsash
Covo,Portugal
windows,casementwindows,awningwindows,hopper
windows,tiltandslidewindows(oftendoorsized),tiltandturn
windows,transomwindows,sidelightwindows,jalousieorlouveredwindows,clerestorywindows,
skylights,roofwindows,rooflanterns,baywindows,orielwindows,thermal,orDiocletian,windows,
picturewindows,emergencyexitwindows,stainedglasswindows,Frenchwindows,anddoubleandtriple
panedwindows.
TheRomanswerethefirstknowntouseglassforwindows,atechnologylikelyfirstproducedinRoman
EgyptInAlexandriaca.100AD.PaperwindowswereeconomicalandwidelyusedinancientChina,
KoreaandJapan.InEngland,glassbecamecommoninthewindowsofordinaryhomesonlyintheearly
17thcenturywhereaswindowsmadeupofpanesofflattenedanimalhornwereusedasearlyasthe14th
century.Modernstylefloortoceilingwindowsbecamepossibleonlyaftertheindustrialplateglassmaking
processeswereperfected.

Contents
1Etymology
2History
3Types
3.1Eyebrow
3.2Fixed
3.3Singlehungsash
3.4Doublehungsash
3.5Horizontalslidingsash
3.6Casement
3.6.1Awning
3.6.2Hopper
3.7Tiltandslide
3.7.1Tiltandturn
3.8Transom
3.9Sidelight
3.10JalousieWindow

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3.10JalousieWindow
3.11Clerestory
3.12Skylight
3.13Roof
3.14Rooflantern
3.15Bay
3.15.1Oriel
3.16Thermal
3.17Picture
3.18Multilit
3.19Emergencyexit/egress
3.20Stainedglass
3.21French
3.22Doublepaned
4Terms
4.1Labeling
5Construction
5.1Gridsormuntins
5.2Frameandsashconstruction
5.3Glazingandfilling
5.4Otherconstructiondetails
6Windowsandthesun
6.1Sunincidenceangle
6.2Solarwindow
6.3Passivesolar
6.4Windowcoverings
7Gallery
8Seealso
9References
10Externallinks

Etymology
ThewordwindoworiginatesfromtheOldNorse'vindauga',from'vindrwind'and'augaeye',i.e.,wind
eye.InNorwegianNynorskandIcelandictheOldNorseformhassurvivedtothisday(inIcelandiconlyas
alessusedsynonymtogluggi),inSwedishthewordvindgaremainsasatermforaholethroughtheroof
ofahut,andintheDanishlanguage'vindue'andNorwegianBokml'vindu',thedirectlinkto'eye'islost,
justlikefor'window'.TheDanish(butnottheBokml)wordispronouncedfairlysimilarlytowindow.
Windowisfirstrecordedintheearly13thcentury,andoriginallyreferredtoanunglazedholeinaroof.
WindowreplacedtheOldEnglisheagyrl,whichliterallymeans'eyehole,'and'eagduru''eyedoor'.Many
GermaniclanguageshoweveradoptedtheLatinword'fenestra'todescribeawindowwithglass,suchas
standardSwedish'fnster',orGerman'Fenster'.TheuseofwindowinEnglishisprobablybecauseofthe
ScandinavianinfluenceontheEnglishlanguagebymeansofloanwordsduringtheVikingAge.InEnglish
thewordfenesterwasusedasaparalleluntilthemid18thcenturyandfenestrationisstillusedtodescribe
thearrangementofwindowswithinafaade.Also,wordssuchas"defenestration"areinuse,meaningto
throwsomethingoutofawindow.
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FromWebster's1828Dictionary:Window,n.[G.Thevulgarpronunciationiswindor,asiffromtheWelsh
gwyntdor,winddoor.][4]However,20thand21stcenturyetymologyshowsthatthewordcamefromOld
Norsevindauga,fromvindrwind+augaeye..[5]

History
Theearliestwindowswerejustholesinawall.Later,windowswere
coveredwithanimalhide,cloth,orwood.Shuttersthatcouldbeopened
andclosedcamenext.Overtime,windowswerebuiltthatboth
protectedtheinhabitantsfromtheelementsandtransmittedlight:
mullionedglasswindows,whichjoinedmultiplesmallpiecesofglass
withleading,paperwindows,flattenedpiecesoftranslucentanimal
horn,andplatesofthinlyslicedmarble.IntheFarEast,paperwasused
tofillwindows.[2]TheRomanswerethefirstknowntouseglassfor
windows,atechnologylikelyfirstproducedinRomanEgyptIn
Alexandriaca.100AD,castglasswindows,albeitwithpooroptical
properties,begantoappearbuttheseweresmallthickproductions,
littlemorethanblownglassjars(cylindricalshapes)flattenedoutinto
sheetswithcircularstriationpatternsthroughout.Itwouldbeovera
millenniumbeforeawindowglassbecametransparentenoughtosee
throughclearly,aswethinkofitnow.Overthecenturiestechniques
weredevelopedtoshearthroughonesideofablownglasscylinderand
producethinnerrectangularwindowpanesfromthesameamountof
glassmaterial.Thisgaverisetotallnarrowwindows,usuallyseparated
byaverticalsupportcalledamullion.Mullionedglasswindowswere
thewindowsofchoiceamongEuropeanwelltodo,whereaspaper
windowswereeconomicalandwidelyusedinancientChina,Korea
andJapan.InEngland,glassbecamecommoninthewindowsof
ordinaryhomesonlyintheearly17thcenturywhereaswindowsmade
upofpanesofflattenedanimalhornwereusedasearlyasthe14th
century.[6]Notedsciencehistorian,authorandtelevisionshow
host/producerJamesBurkeattributestherapiddeforestationofGreat
Britaininthelate1500stotheuptickinproductionofglazedwindows
aswellasironcannonproduction(1stCastin1547).Hewritesfurther
thisgaverisetocoalforfuel,whichspurredironproduction,requiring
morecoal,andmoreiron,thensteamenginepumps,canals...andmore
ironallbecausewindowsbecameamiddleclasscommodityinthe
latterdaysofthelittleiceage,onelargefactoramongseveralleading
tothedeforestingEnglishwoodlands,andtheswitchovertoacoal
economy.
Modernstylefloortoceilingwindowsbecamepossibleonlyafterthe
industrialplateglassmakingprocesseswereperfected.Modern
windowsareusuallyfilledwithglass,althoughafewaretransparent
plastic.[2]

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FragmentofaRomanwindow
glassplatedatedto1stto4th
centuryA.D.
Notetheobviouscurvature,thisis
notaflatpane.

Alabaster'mullion'divided
decorativewindowsinSanta
MariaLaMajorchurch(Morella,
Spain).

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Types
Eyebrow
Thetermeyebrowwindowisusedintwoways:acurvedtopwindowinawallorinaneyebrowdormer
andarowofsmallwindowsusuallyunderthefronteavessuchastheJamesLorahHousein
Pennsylvania.[7]

Fixed
Awindowthatcannotbeopened,whosefunctionislimitedtoallowinglighttoenter(unlikeanunfixed
window,whichcanopenandclose).Clerestorywindowsareoftenfixed.Transomwindowsmaybefixed
oroperable.Thistypeofwindowisusedinsituationswherelightorvisionaloneisneededasnoventilation
ispossiblewindowswithouttheuseoftrickleventsoroverglassvents.

Singlehungsash
Onesashismovable(usuallythebottomone)andtheotherfixed.Thisistheearlierformofslidingsash
window,andisalsocheaper.[2]

Doublehungsash
AsashwindowisthetraditionalstyleofwindowintheUnitedKingdom,andmanyotherplacesthatwere
formerlycolonizedbytheUK,withtwoparts(sashes)thatoverlapslightlyandslideupanddowninside
theframe.Thetwopartsarenotnecessarilythesamesize.Currentlymostnewdoublehungsashwindows
usespringbalancestosupportthesashes,buttraditionally,counterweightsheldinboxesoneithersideof
thewindowwereused.Thesewereandareattachedtothesashesusingpulleysofeitherbraidedcordor,
later,purposemadechain.Threetypesofspringbalancesarecalledatapeorclockspringbalancechannel
orblockandtacklebalanceandaspiralortubebalance.
Doublehungsashwindowsweretraditionallyoftenfittedwithshutters.Sashwindowscanbefittedwith
simplexhingesthatletthewindowbelockedintohingesononeside,whiletheropeontheothersideis
detachedsothewindowcanbeopenedforfireescapeorcleaning.

Horizontalslidingsash
Hastwoormoresashesthatoverlapslightlybutslidehorizontallywithintheframe.IntheUK,theseare
sometimescalledYorkshiresashwindows,presumablybecauseoftheirtraditionaluseinthatcounty.

Casement
Awindowwithahingedsashthatswingsinoroutlikeadoorcomprisingeitherasidehung,tophung(also
called"awningwindow"seebelow),oroccasionallybottomhungsashoracombinationofthesetypes,
sometimeswithfixedpanelsononeormoresidesofthesash.[1]IntheUSA,theseareusuallyopenedusing
acrank,butinpartsofEuropetheytendtouseprojectionfrictionstaysandespagnolettelocking.Formerly,
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plainhingeswereusedwithacasementstay.Handingappliestocasementwindowstodeterminedirection
ofswingacasementwindowmaybelefthanded,righthanded,ordouble.Thecasementwindowisthe
dominanttypenowfoundintheUKandpartsofEurope.
Awning
Anawningwindowisacasementwindowthatishunghorizontally,
hingedontop,sothatitswingsoutwardlikeanawning.EmiliePoisson
designedthiswindow.
Hopper
Ahopperwindowisabottompivotingcasementwindowthatopensby
tiltingvertically,typicallytotheinside.[8](Mostlyusedforschools)

Casementwindow

Tiltandslide
Awindow(moreusuallyadoorsizedwindow)wherethesashtiltsinwardsatthetopandthenslides
horizontallybehindthefixedpane.
Tiltandturn
Atiltandturnwindowcanbothtiltinwardsatthetoporopeninwardsfromhingesattheside.Thisisthe
mostcommontypeofwindowinGermany,itscountryoforigin.Itisalsowidespreadinmanyother
Europeancountries.[9]

Transom
Awindowaboveadoorinanexteriordoorthetransomwindowisoftenfixed,inaninteriordooritcan
openeitherbyhingesattoporbottom,orrotateonhinges.Itprovidedventilationbeforeforcedairheating
andcooling.Afanshapedtransomisknownasafanlight,especiallyintheBritishIsles.

Sidelight
Windowsbesideadoororwindowarecalledside,wing,andmargenlightsandflankingwindows.[10]

JalousieWindow
Alsoknownasalouveredwindow,thejalousiewindowconsistsofparallelslatsofglassoracrylicthat
openandcloselikeaVenetianblind,usuallyusingacrankoralever.Theyareusedextensivelyintropical
architecture.Ajalousiedoorisadoorwithajalousiewindow.

Clerestory
Awindowsetinaroofstructureorhighinawall,usedfordaylighting.
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Skylight
Aflatorslopewindowusedfordaylighting,builtintoaroofstructure
thatisoutofreach.[11]

Roof
Aslopedwindowusedfordaylighting,builtintoaroofstructure.Itis
oneofthefewwindowsthatcouldbeusedasanexit.Largerroof
windowsmeetbuildingcodesforemergencyevacuation.

Jalousieorlouveredwindow

Rooflantern
Arooflanternisamultipanedglassstructure,resemblingasmallbuilding,
builtonarooffordayormoonlight.Sometimesincludesanadditional
clerestory.Mayalsobecalledacupola.

Bay
Amultipanelwindow,withatleastthreepanelssetatdifferentanglesto
createaprotrusionfromthewallline.[1]

Clerestorywindow

Oriel
ThisformofbaywindowmostoftenappearsinTudorstylehouses
andmonasteries.Itprojectsfromthewallanddoesnotextendtothe
ground.Originallyaformofporch,theyareoftensupportedby
bracketsorcorbels.

Thermal
Thermal,orDiocletian,windowsarelargesemicircularwindows(or
niches)whichareusuallydividedintothreelights(window
compartments)bytwomullions.Thecentralcompartmentisoften
widerthanthetwosidelightsoneithersideofit.

Sidewalkskylight(alsonamed
'pavementlight')madeofGlassbrick
inBurlingtonHouse,London

Picture
Apicturewindowisalargefixedwindowinawall,typicallywithoutglazingbars,orglazedwithonly
perfunctoryglazingbarsneartheedgeofthewindow.Picturewindowsprovideanunimpededview,asif
framingapicture.[12]

Multilit

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Awindowglazedwithsmallpanesofglassseparatedbywoodenor
leadglazingbars,ormuntins,arrangedinadecorativeglazing
patternoftendictatedbythebuilding'sarchitecturalstyle.Duetothe
historicunavailabilityoflargepanesofglass,themultilit(orlattice
window)wasthemostcommonwindowstyleuntilthebeginningof
the20thcentury,andisstillusedintraditionalarchitecture.

Emergencyexit/egress
Awindowbigenoughandlowenoughsothatoccupantscanescape
Hexagonalexternalcladdingpanelsof
throughtheopeninginanemergency,suchasafire.Inmany
roofinEdenProjectBiomes
countries,exactspecificationsforemergencywindowsinbedrooms
(Cornwall,England,)
aregiveninmanybuildingcodes.Specificationsforsuchwindows
mayalsoallowfortheentranceofemergencyrescuers.Vehicles,
suchasbusesandaircraft,frequentlyhaveemergencyexitwindowsaswell.[13]

Stainedglass
Awindowcomposedofpiecesofcoloredglass,transparent,translucentor
opaque,frequentlyportrayingpersonsorscenes.Typicallytheglassinthese
windowsisseparatedbyleadglazingbars.Stainedglasswindowswere
popularinVictorianhousesandsomeWrightianhouses,andareespecially
commoninchurches.[14]

French

BaywindowinSan
Francisco

AFrenchwindow(whenhingedFrenchdoor)isalargedoorsizedlatticelight,
typicallysetinpairsormultiplesthereof.KnownasportefentreinFranceand
portafinestrainItaly,theyoftenoverlookaterraceandarecommonlyusedinmodernhouses.[15]

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Astainedglasspaneldepicting
Biblicalscenesatahistoricchurchin
Scotland

ActualfrenchwindowattheEmbassyofFrancein
Lisbon,early20thcentury.

Doublepaned
Doublepanedwindowshavetwoparallelpanes(slabsofglass)
withaseparationoftypicallyabout1cmthisspaceispermanently
sealedandfilledatthetimeofmanufacturewithdryairorother
drynonreactivegas.Suchwindowsprovideamarkedimprovement
inthermalinsulation(andusuallyinacousticinsulationaswell)
Acontemporarystainedglasswindow
andareresistanttofoggingandfrostingcausedbytemperature
inFrance
differential.Theyarewidelyusedforresidentialandcommercial
constructioninintemperateclimates.Triplepanedwindowshave
beencommerciallymanufacturedandmarketedwithclaimsofadditionalbenefitbuthavenotbecome
common.

Terms
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EN12519istheEuropeannormthatdescribeswindowstermsofficiallyusedinEUMemberStates.The
maintermsare:
Lightistheareabetweentheouterpartsofawindow
(transom,sillandjambs),usuallyfilledwithaglasspane.
Multiplepanesaredividedbymullionswhenloadbearing,
muntinswhennot.[16]
Latticelightisacompoundwindowpanemadeupofsmall
piecesofglassheldtogetherinalattice.
Fixedwindowisaunitofonenonmovinglite.Theterms
singlelight,doublelight,etc.,refertothenumberofthese
glasspanesinawindow.
Sashunitisawindowconsistingofatleastoneslidingglass
component,typicallycomposedoftwolites(knownasa
doublelight).

Casementwindow,withlatticedlights

ReplacementwindowintheUnitedStatesmeansaframedwindowdesignedtoslipinsidethe
originalwindowframefromtheinsideaftertheoldsashesareremoved.InEuropeitusuallymeansa
completewindowincludingareplacementouterframe.
Newconstructionwindow,intheUS,meansawindowwithanailingfinthatisinsertedintoa
roughopeningfromtheoutsidebeforeapplyingsidingandinsidetrim.Anailingfinisaprojection
ontheouterframeofthewindowinthesameplaneastheglazing,whichoverlapstheprepared
opening,andcanthusbe'nailed'intoplace.
IntheUKandmainlandEurope,windowsinnewbuildhousesareusuallyfixedwithlongscrews
intoexpandingplasticplugsinthebrickwork.Agapofupto13mmisleftaroundallfoursides,and
filledwithexpandingpolyurethanefoam.Thismakesthewindowfixingweatherproofbutallowsfor
expansionduetoheat.
Lintelisabeamoverthetopofawindow,alsoknownasatransom.
Windowsillisthebottompieceinawindowframe.Windowsillsslantoutwardtodrainwateraway
fromtheinsideofthebuilding.
SecondaryGlazingisanadditionalframeappliedtotheinsideofanexistingframe,usuallyusedon
protectedorlistedbuildingstoachievehigherlevelsofthermalandsoundinsulationwithout
compromisingthelookofthebuilding
Decorativemillworkisthemoulding,cornicesandlintelsoftendecoratingthesurrounding
edgesofthewindow.

Labeling
TheUnitedStatesNFRCWindowLabelliststhefollowingterms:
Thermaltransmittance(Ufactor),bestvaluesarearoundU0.15(equalto0.8W/m2/K)
Solarheatgaincoefficient(SHGC),ratioofsolarheat(infrared)passingthroughtheglasstoincident
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solarheat
Visibletransmittance(VT),ratiooftransmittedvisiblelightdividedbyincidentvisiblelight
Airleakage(AL),measuredincubicfootperminuteperlinearfootofcrackbetweensashandframe
Condensationresistance(CR),measuredbetween1and100(thehigherthenumber,thehigherthe
resistanceoftheformationofcondensation)[17]
TheEuropeanharmonisedstandardhEN143511,whichdealswithdoorsandwindows,defines23
characteristics(dividedintoessentialandnonessential.Twoother,preliminaryEuropeanNormsthatare
underdevelopmentdealwithinternalpedestriandoors(prEN143512),smokeandfireresistingdoors,and
openablewindows(prEN16034).[18]

Construction
Windowscanbeasignificantsourceofheattransfer.[19]Therefore,
insulatedglazingunitsconsistoftwoormorepanestoreducethe
transferofheat.

Gridsormuntins
Thesearethepiecesofframingthatseparatealargerwindowinto
smallerpanes.Inolderwindows,largepanesofglasswerequite
expensive,somuntinsletsmallerpanesfillalargerspace.In
modernwindows,lightcoloredmuntinsstillprovideauseful
functionbyreflectingsomeofthelightgoingthroughthewindow,
makingthewindowitselfasourceofdiffuselight(insteadofjust
thesurfacesandobjectsilluminatedwithintheroom).By
increasingtheindirectilluminationofsurfacesnearthewindow,
muntinstendtobrightentheareaimmediatelyaroundawindow
andreducethecontrastofshadowswithintheroom.

Frameandsashconstruction

5chamberplasticwindowprofile

Framesandsashescanbemadeofthefollowingmaterials:

Examplesofmodernplasticand
woodenwindowprofileswith
insulatedglazing

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Modernwoodenframedwindowfitted
inthe14thcenturyLymeRegis
watermill,UK.

Material

thermal
resistance

Durability Maintenance Cost

Recycled
content

Wood

verygood

variable

high

high low

PVC
("vinyl")

verygood

good*

low

low verylow

Aluminum bad**

good

verylow

low

Steel

superior

verylow

high >98%

very
good*

verylow

high medium

medium

Fiberglass verygood

typically
>95%

Comment
shrinksandswellswith
humiditychanges

usedinmostlargestructures
typicallyweldedatcorner
joints

*PVCandfiberglassframesperformwellinacceleratedweatheringtests.BecausePVCisnotasstrongas
othermaterials,somePVCframesarereinforcedwithmetalorcompositematerialstoimprovetheir
structuralstrength.
**Modernaluminiumwindowframesaretypicallyseparatedbyathermalbreakmadeofapolyamide.
Thisgreatlyincreasesthermalresistance,whileretainingvirtuallyallofthestructuralstrength.
Compositesmaycombinematerialstoobtainaestheticsofonematerialwiththefunctionalbenefitsof
another.
AspecialclassofPVCwindowframes,uPVCwindowframes,becamewidespreadsincethelate20th
century,particularlyinEurope:therewere83.5millioninstalledby1998[20]withnumbersstillgrowingas
of2012.[21]

Glazingandfilling

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Lowemissivitycoatedpanesreduceheattransferbyradiation,which,dependingonwhichsurfaceis
coated,helpspreventheatloss(incoldclimates)orheatgains(inwarmclimates).
Highthermalresistancecanbeobtainedbyevacuatingorfillingtheinsulatedglazingunitswithgasessuch
asargonorkrypton,whichreducesconductiveheattransferduetotheirlowthermalconductivity.
Performanceofsuchunitsdependsongoodwindowsealsandmeticulousframeconstructiontoprevent
entryofairandlossofefficiency.
Moderndoublepaneandtriplepanewindowsoftenincludeoneor
morelowecoatingstoreducethewindow'sUfactor(itsinsulation
value,specificallyitsrateofheatloss).Ingeneral,softcoatlowe
coatingstendtoresultinalowersolarheatgaincoefficient
(SHGC)thanhardcoatlowecoatings.
Modernwindowsareusuallyglazedwithonelargesheetofglass
persash,whilewindowsinthepastwereglazedwithmultiple
panesseparatedbyglazingbars,ormuntins,duetothe
unavailabilityoflargesheetsofglass.Today,glazingbarstendto
bedecorative,separatingwindowsintosmallpanesofglasseven
thoughlargerpanesofglassareavailable,generallyinapattern
dictatedbythearchitecturalstyleatuse.Glazingbarsaretypically
wooden,butoccasionallyleadglazingbarssolderedinplaceare
usedformoreintricateglazingpatterns.

Atypicalinstallationofinsulated
glazingwindowswithuPVCwindow
frames.

Otherconstructiondetails
Manywindowshavemovablewindowcoveringssuchasblindsorcurtainstokeepoutlight,provide
additionalinsulation,orensureprivacy.Windowsallownaturallighttoenter,buttoomuchcanhave
negativeeffectssuchasglareandheatgain.Additionally,whilewindowslettheuserseeoutside,there
mustbeawaytomaintainprivacyonintheinside.[22]Windowcoveringsarepracticalaccommodationsfor
theseissues.

Windowsandthesun
Sunincidenceangle
Historically,windowsaredesignedwithsurfacesparalleltoverticalbuildingwalls.Suchadesignallows
considerablesolarlightandheatpenetrationduetothemostcommonlyoccurringincidenceofsunangles.
Inpassivesolarbuildingdesign,anextendedeaveistypicallyusedtocontroltheamountofsolarlightand
heatenteringthewindow(s).
Analternativemethodistocalculateanoptimumwindowmountinganglethataccountsforsummersun
loadminimization,withconsiderationofactuallatitudeofthebuilding.Thisprocesshasbeenimplemented,
forexample,intheDakinBuildinginBrisbane,Californiainwhichmostofthefenestrationisdesigned
toreflectsummerheatloadandhelppreventsummerinterioroverilluminationandglare,bycanting
windowstonearlya45degreeangle.

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Solarwindow
Photovoltaicwindowsnotonlyprovideaclearviewandilluminaterooms,butalsoconvertsunlightto
electricityforthebuilding.[23]Inmostcases,translucentphotovoltaiccellsareused.

Passivesolar
Passivesolarwindowsallowlightandsolarenergyintoabuildingwhileminimizingairleakageandheat
loss.Properlypositioningthesewindowsinrelationtosun,wind,andlandscapewhileproperlyshading
themtolimitexcessheatgaininsummerandshoulderseasons,andprovidingthermalmasstoabsorb
energyduringthedayandreleaseitwhentemperaturescoolatnightincreasescomfortandenergy
efficiency.Properlydesignedinclimateswithadequatesolargain,thesecanevenbeabuilding'sprimary
heatingsystem.

Windowcoverings
Awindowcoveringisashadeorscreenthatprovidesmultiplefunctions.Forexample,somewindow
coveringscontrolsolarheatgainandglare.Thereareexternalshadingdevicesandinternalshading
devices.[24]Lowewindowfilmisalowcostalternativetowindowreplacementtotransformexisting
poorlyinsulatingwindowsintoenergyefficientwindows.Forhighrisebuildings,smartglasscanprovide
analternative.

Gallery

Wovenbamboo
windowinJapan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window

Churchwindow

FactorysiteinBerlin
Spindlersfeld:window
withletterSfor
Spindler

ClassicalChinese
windowinLanSu
ChineseGarden

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Arabstylewindowsin
Jerusalem

Romanesque/Gothic
DesayMaduJhya
windowfromAbbeyof traditionalcarved
St.Mariad'Arles
woodenwindowin
Kathmandu,Nepal

Windowsofabrick
Window,Villa
buildinginWashington Majorelle,France
DC

Ahalfglazedwindow
ofthe17thcentury
fromScotland

Asymmetricalwindows
atabuildinginthe
backyardofanarts
museuminOsnabrck,
Germany

Seealso
Airflowwindow
Gvalue
Glassmullionsystem
Insulatedglazing
Porthole
Rosewindow
Shopwindow
Tricklevent
Windowfilm
Windowtax
Windowtreatment
Witchwindow

References
1. /"Window"(http://www.thefreedictionary.com/window).TheFreeDictionaryByFarlex.Retrieved20120519.

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1. /"Window"(http://www.thefreedictionary.com/window).TheFreeDictionaryByFarlex.Retrieved20120519.
2. "Window"(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/645175/window).Britannica.Retrieved20120519.
3. "UnderstandingWindowTerminology"(http://www.cmhcschl.gc.ca/en/co/renoho/refash/refash_022.cfm).
CanadaMortgageandHousingCorporation.Retrieved20120519.
4. "1828Webster"(http://www.1828dictionary.com/d/search/word,window).1828dictionary.com.October16,
2009.Retrieved20100502.
5. "NewOxfordAmericanDictionary"(http://www.oxfordreference.com).2010.
6. Langley,Andrew(2011).MedievalLife.Eyewitness.DorlingKindersley.p.16.ISBN1405345454.
7. Harris,CyrilM..Americanarchitecture:anillustratedencyclopedia.NewYork:W.W.Norton,1998.Print.
8. Allen,EdwardThallon,Rob(2011).FundamentalsofResidentialConstruction(3ed.).Hoboken,NJ:Wiley.
p.654.ISBN9780470540831.
9. "WillTiltandTurnWindowsGainMarketShareinNorthAmerica?|Window&Door"
(http://www.windowanddoor.com/article/products/willtiltandturnwindowsgainmarketsharenorthamerica?
page=0%2C1).Windowanddoor.com.20100329.Retrieved20120211.
10. Curl,JamesStevens."Flankingwindow".Adictionaryofarchitectureandlandscapearchitecture.2nded.
OxfordEngland:OxfordUniversityPress,2006.285.Print.
11. "TypesofSkylightsAllYouNeedtoKnow"(http://www.roofingnetworks.com/info/typesofskylights/).
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Externallinks
EuropeanAluminiumAssociation'spublicationsdedicatedto
Buildings(http://www.alueurope.eu/publicationsbuilding/)
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mediarelatedtoWindows.
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WindowWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

NationalFenestrationRatingCouncil(http://www.nfrc.org)
(NFRC),anonprofitorganization,administersanindependent,uniformratingandlabelingsystem
fortheenergyperformanceoffenestrationproducts.NFRCisthe"engine"thatdrivesvirtuallyevery
windowenergyefficiencyprograminthecountryincludingENERGYSTAR(theU.SGovernment
SponsoredInitiative).
RomanGlassfromMetropolitanMuseumofArt
(http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/rgls/hd_rgls.htm)
Retrievedfrom"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Window&oldid=661636627"
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