3 Oxidation and Reduction

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009
CHAPTER 3
A.
Chapter 3 : Oxidation And Reduction
: OXIDATION AND REDUCTION
REDOX REACTIONS
Learning Outcomes:
You should be able to,
state what oxidation is
state what reduction is
explain what redox reaction is
state what oxidising agent is
state what reducing agent is
calculate the oxidation number of an element in a compound.
relate the oxidation number of an element to the name of its compound using the IUPAC
nomenclature.
explain with examples oxidation and reduction processes in terms of electron transfer
explain with examples oxidising and reducing agents in redox reactions.
write oxidation and reduction half-equations and ionic equations.
Activity 1
1)
The meaning of oxidation and reduction in terms of:

(a)
Gain or Loss of Oxygen
Oxidation
Reduction
The process of gaining oxygen
The process of losing oxygen
Example :
Mg + PbO MgO
+ Pb
Mg gains oxygen to form MgO : The process is
PbO loses oxygen to form Pb : The process is ..
Mg is a reducing agent because
PbO is an oxidizing agent because ...
(b)
The loss and gain of hydrogen
Oxidation
Reduction
The process of losing hydrogen
The process of gaining hydrogen
Example :
H2S + Cl2 2HCl
+ S
H2S loses hydrogen to form S : The process is ...
Cl2 gains hydrogen to form HCl : The process is .
H2S is a reducing agent because ..
Cl2 is an oxidizing agent because ..
(c)
the transfer of electrons
Oxidation
Reduction
The process of losing electrons
The process of gaining oxygen
Example :
2Na +
Cl2
2NaCl
Na Na+
+
e
//
Cl2
+
2e 2ClNa loses electron to form Na+ : The process is
Cl2 gains electrons to form 2Cl- : The process is ..
Na is a reducing agent because .
Cl2 is an oxidizing agent because ..
(d)
The change in oxidation number
Oxidation
Reduction
The increase in oxidation number
The decrease in oxidation number
Example :
2Na +
Cl2
2NaCl
+
Na Na
// Cl2
2Cl Oxidation number Na : 0 +1 //
Cl : 0 -1
Na is oxidized to Na+ : Na is
Cl2 is reduced to Cl- : Cl2 is .
2)
What are redox reactions?
Activity 2
Mark with arrows the oxidation and reduction processes as shown in the example
below:
Reduction
CuO + C Cu + CO2
Oxidation
ZnO + Mg MgO + Zn
Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2
2HI + Cl2 I2 + 2HCl

2NH3 + 3Br2 N2 + 6HBr
Activity 3
(a)
(b)
Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

(i)
The substance that causes oxidation is called the . agent.
(ii)
The substance that causes reduction is called is the agent.
(i)
2Zn + O2 2ZnO.
(ii)
Oxidising agent
..
Reducing agent
..
2Mg + CO2 2MgO + C

Oxidising agent
..
Reducing agent
..
Activity 4
Example :
a)
Determine the oxidation number for the underlined elements

(i)
H3PO4
(13) + P + (-24) = 0
3 + P + (-8) = 0
P
=83
P
= +5
the oxidation number for phosporus is +5
(ii)
N2H4
2N + (14) = 0
2N + 4 = 0
2N
= -4
N
= -2
the oxidation number for nitrogen is -2
1.
State the changes in oxidation nmber for the bolded element in the boxes provided
and state whether the element undergoes oxidation or reduction process .
a)
Cr2O7 2- Cr3+
Process
b)
4HCl + MnO2 MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O

Process
c)
2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3

Process
d)
Cu + 2AgNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag

Process
2.
3.
Calculate the oxidation number for chlorine and nitrogen in their compounds below.
Chlorine
compound
Nitrogen
Compoun
d
HCl
HClO
HClO2
ClO2
HClO3
HClO4
NH3
N2O
NO
NO2-
NO2
NO3-
Determine the oxidation number for the underlined elements in the table below and
name the compound using the IUPAC nomenclature.
Formula of compound
CuSO4
Oxidation number
Cu2O
CrCl3
Cr2 O72NO3NH4+
Name of compound
MnO2
Activity 5
For each of the reactions below,
- write the half-equations,
- identify the following:
(i) oxidised substance
(ii) reduced substance
(iii) oxidising agent

(iv) reducing agent
Example :
Zn + 2Ag+ Zn2+ + 2Ag
Oxidation Half-equation : Zn Zn2+ + 2eReduction Half-equation : 2Ag+ + 2e- 2Ag
Oxidised substance : Zinc (Zn)
Reduced substance : Silver ion (Ag+)
Oxidising agent
: Silver ion (Ag+)
Reducing agent
: Zinc (Zn)
a)
Cl2 + 2I 2Cl + I2
Oxidation Half-equation:
Oxidised Substance:
Reduction Half-equation:
Reduced Substance:
Oxidising Agent:
Reducing Agent:
b)
Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2
Oxidised
Substance:
Reduced
Substance:
Oxidising Agent:
Reducing Agent:
c)
Pb + Br2 PbBr2
Oxidised
Substance:
Reduced
Substance:
Oxidising Agent:
Reducing Agent:
d)
4Na + O2 2Na2O
Oxidised
Substance:
Reduced
Substance:
Oxidising Agent:
Reducing Agent:
Activity 6
Changing Iron(II) ions, Fe2+ to Iron(III) ions, Fe3+
(1) 2.0 cm3 of Iron(II)

sulphate solution
(light green)
Procedure :
1.
The test tube contains 2.0 cm3 of ............................................. solution.
2.
Add .................................. drop by drop into the test tube and heat the mixture.
3.
Record the .............................................................
4.
Observation :
The colour of iron(II) sulphate solution change from ....................... to ................. The
bromine water change from ....................... to ........................ In order to detect
iron(III) ion in the solution, add ...................................................................................in
excess. .................................... precipitate of iron(III) hydroxide is formed.
5.
Concept :
a)
Iron(II) ion is ..................... to iron(III) ion by ................................... At the

same time, .............................................. is reduced to ...............................
ion.
b)
Half equation
Fe2+ ............. + ............
Br2 + ............ .....................
c)
Iron(II) ions .............. electrons to become iron(III) ions. Iron(II) ions

are .........................................
d)
Bromine molecules ............. electrons to form bromide ions. Bromine

molecules are ....................................
e)
Reducing agent : ...................................

Oxidising agent : ...................................
Changing Iron(III) ions, Fe3+ to Iron(II) ions, Fe2+
(1) 2.0 cm3 of

iron(III) chloride
solution (yellow)
Procedure :
1. The test tube contains 2.0 cm3 of ............................................. solution.
2. Add ......................................... into the test tube and heat the mixture.
3. Record the .............................................................
4. Observation :
a. The colour of iron(III) chloride solution change from (i) .......................
to (ii) .................
b. In order to detect iron(II) ion in the solution, add (i)........................................
in excess. A (ii).................................... precipitate of iron(II) hydroxide is
formed.
5. Concept :
a. Iron(III) ion is (i)..................... to iron(II) ion by (ii)................................... At the
same time, zinc is (iii)......................... to (iv)............................... ion.
b. Half equations :
Fe3+ +
.................... ..............
Zn .................. + ..................
c. Iron(III) ions (i) .............. electrons to become iron(II) ions. Iron(III) ions
are (ii) .......................
d. Zinc atom (i).................. electrons to form (ii)................ ions. Zinc atoms
are (iii)........................
e. Reducing agent : (i) .................................

Oxidising agent : (ii) ...................................
Activity 7
Displacement of metal from its salt solution
M
1.
Mn+
ne
The (i) . (more/ less) electropositive element, is oxidized more

(ii) . (easily / harder )and acts as a (iii) ..
( stronger / weaker) reducing agent.
2.
The element that is located higher in the electrochemical series can displace other
elements that are (i) .. in the electrochemical series from its salt
solution.
Example :
Zn
Zn
Cu2+
CuSO4
ZnSO4
Zn2+
2e
[ Oxidation ]
2e
Cu
[ Reduction ]
Cu
Zinc, Zn is more electropositive than copper,Cu.

Thus Zn atom releases two electrons to form ion Zn2+.
The electrons are transferred from atom Zn to the copper(II) ion, Cu2+.
The copper(II) ion, Cu2+ receives the two electrons to form atom copper, Cu.
Zn atom acts as (ii)
Cu2+ ion acts as (iii)
Activity 8
Displacement of halogens from their halide solutions by other halogens.
less
receive
halide
seventeen
decreases
oxidising agent
more
1)
Halogens are located in Group .. of the Periodic Table
2)
Halogen elements tend to electrons to achieve a stable octet

electron arrangement.
3)
Halogens are reduced to ions
4)
The
electronegativity
of
halogens
or
their
tendency
to
accept
electrons
.. when going down Group 17.

5)
Thus, the reactivity of halogens acting as .. decreases when

going down the group 17.
6)
In a displacement of halogen, a .. electronegative halogen displaces a

electronegative halogen from its halide solution.
Activity 9
Transfer of electrons at a distance
1.
Redox reaction involving bromine water and potassium iodide solution
1. Electrons flow from ..
Carbon
Electrode
Bromine
Water
to
potassium
Xiodide
2. The colour of potassium iodide solution

changes from to
Solution
.
3. The colour of bromine water changes
from to
Dilute
Sulphuric acid
4. Oxidation half-equation :
.
Reduction half-equation :
.
5.
Overall Ionic Equation :

.
6. Oxidising
agent :
7. Reducing
10 agent :
Carbon rod
Acidified Potassium
Manganate (VII)
solution, 1.0 mol dm-3
Potassium Iodide
Solution, 1.0 mol dm-3
Dilute Sulphuric acid,
1.0 mol dm-3
2.
The half equation for the reaction that occurs around the carbon rod on the left is as
follow.
MnO4- +
a)
8H + +
5e
Mn 2+
4H2O
State the change in oxidation number of manganese.

..
b)
A brown vapour was observed around the carbon rod on the right. Name the
brown vapour formed.
..
c)
Write a half equation for the formation of the violet vapour.

..
d)
On the diagram above, show the direction of the flow of electron by

using arrows.
11
B.
RUSTING AS A REDOX REACTION
Learning Outcomes :
state the conditions for the rusting of iron
.state what corrosion of metal is.
describe the process of rusting in terms of oxidation and reduction.
Generate ideas on the use of other metals to control rusting,
Explain with examples on the use of a more electropositive metal to control metal
corrosion,
Activity 10
1. Fill in the blanks with suitable terms
a) (i).. is the oxidation of a metal while (ii)
is the oxidation of iron when the metal or iron interact with the environment by losing
electron.
b) The presence of
(i). and (ii).will cause
iron to rust, the rusting can be accelerated by adding (iii). or (iv)

.
c) Copper forms a green coating as a result of corrosion, it contains ..
ions.
d) Metals like (i). and (ii) forms a very tough
oxide which adhere tightly to the surface of the metal preventing further oxidation,
thus protecting the metals from further corrosion.
e) To prevent corrosion, metal A can be coated with a layer of metal B which is more (i)
. than A. Metal B will corrode first, thus preventing metal A from
corrosion. In this situation, metal B is also called the (ii). metal.
f)
If iron is in contact with another (i)which is less electropositive

than iron, the rate of rusting for iron will be (ii).
12
g) Zinc is used to protect iron or steel by coating a thin layer of zinc onto it, this process
is called (i).. In industry, zinc is chosen to serve the
purpose rather than other metals because zinc is (ii)
in cost.
h) Some household and bathroom equipments are coated with a layer of shiny finishes,
the metals usually used for these coatings are (i). and (ii)
. .
2.
Write the equations for the processes below

a) The formation of iron(II) ions from the metal:
When iron contacts with water, the iron surface oxidizes to form iron(II) ions.
Equation: .
b) The formation of hydroxide ions:
Electrons travel to the edges of the water droplets, where there is high concentration
of dissolved oxygen. Water and oxygen molecules receive the electrons, they are
reduced to form hydroxide ions.
Equation: .
c) Fe2+ readily combines with OH- to form Fe(OH)2
Equation:
d) With excess oxygen, the rust is formed:
The Fe2+ ions are further oxidized to form Fe 3+ ions, which reacts with OH- ions to
form the hydrated iron (III) oxide, Fe2O3. xH2O, known as rust.
Equation: .
Activity 11
Answer the questions below.
1.
Name three main ways to prevent rusting.

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
13

2.
Galvanising
involves

coating
an
iron
or
steel
sheet
with
thin
layer
of..
3.
Name three metals that can be used in sacrificial protection for an underground pipe.
4.
Name a reagent that is usually used to detect the presence of iron (II) ion in an
experiment to investigate the rusting of iron.
..
Activity 12
1
Diagram below shows the apparatus set-up for the experiment to study the effect
of metals P and Q on the rusting of iron nail. The results are recorded after one
day.
Experiment
A
(a)
After 1 day
Observation
Some
dark
precipitate.
blue
Large amount of dark

blue precipitate
No dark blue
precipitate. Solution
turns pink.
Write the half-equation for the formation of iron(II) ion from iron.
..............................................................................................................................
(b)
State the function of potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution in the experiment.
14
..............................................................................................................................
(c)
Which test tube shows the highest rate of rusting of iron? Explain your answer.
..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
(d)
Arrange the metals Fe, P and Q in order of decreasing electropositivity.

..............................................................................................................................
(e)
(i)
What happens to metal Q in test tube C?

.................................................................................................................
(ii)
Suggest a metal that can be used as metal Q.

.................................................................................................................
(f)
State the ion that causes the solution in test tube C to turn pink.
..............................................................................................................................
15
C.
THE REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS WITH OXYGEN AND ITS

APPLICATION
Learning Outcomes :
compare the differences in the vigour of the reactions of some metals with oxygen.
deduce the reactivity series of metals.
determine the position of carbon and hydrogen in the reactivity series of metals.
state what the reactivity series of metals are.
describe the extraction of iron and tin from their ores.
explain the use of carbon as the main reducing agent in metal extraction.
use the reactivity series of metals to predict possible reactions involving metals
Activity 13
1.
Figure below shows the set-up of apparatus for an experiment to determine the
order of metals in the reactivity series. Solid potassium manganate (VII) is
heated to release oxygen gas to react with metal powder.
The experiment is carried out using metal powders of copper, zinc, magnesium
and lead . The observation of the experiments on the metal powders of copper,
zinc, magnesium and lead in the experiments are shown in table below.
Type of metal
Copper
Observation
Faint glow
16
(a)
Zinc
A bright flame spreads slowly
Magnesium
A bright white shiny flame spreads

quickly
Lead
Red hot and embers slowly
Based on the observations in table above, arrange copper, zinc ,

magnesium and lead in descending order of reactivity of metal towards
oxygen.
Descending order of reactivity of metal towards oxygen.

(b)
(c)
Name two other substances that can be used to release oxygen gas.
(i)
(ii)
Write a balanced chemical equations for the reactions below.

(i)
Copper + oxygen
(ii)
Zinc + oxygen
(iii)
Magnesium + oxygen
(iv)
Lead + oxygen
.
2)
According to the equation below, Carbon reacts with oxygen to

form ..
C ( s ) + O2 (s ) CO2 ( g )
3)
Carbon displaces a metal from its metallic oxide. Thus, by

heating a mixture of metal oxide and carbon , the reactivity of carbon can be
17
determined.
0
Oxidation
+4
C ( s ) + 2PbO (s ) CO2 ( g ) + 2Pb(s)

+2
Reduction
4)
Carbon is to carbon dioxide and lead (II) oxide is reduced to

lead.
5)
Carbon acts as a (i).. agent which displaces a metal

from its oxides while the metallic oxide is the (ii) .agent.
6)
Carbon is not able to displace a . metal from its

metallic oxide. Hence, there is no displacement reaction when a mixture of
magnesium oxide and carbon is heated.
7)
Carbon
is
positioned
in
between
(i)
and
(ii)
.. in the reactivity series.

8)
Oxides of metals W,X, Y, Z are heated with equal amount of carbon powder in
an experiment to compare their reactivity with carbon. The changes observed
are recorded in table 2.2
Mixture
Carbon + oxide of W
Carbon + oxide of X
Carbon + oxide of Y
Carbon + oxide of Z
(a)
Observation
No change
Dim glow.Grey residue is formed
No change
Bright glow. Brown residue is formed
Based on the observation , classify the metals in groups that are

(i) more reactive than carbon
(ii) less reactive than carbon
(b)
Suggest the possible elements for metals X and Z

X : .
Z : .
18

(c)
The reactivity of W and Y can be compared by heating an equal amount

of W powder with oxide of Y in a crucible lid using the same apparatus
set-up.
(i) What is the expected observation if W is more reactive than Y?

Explain.
(ii) Suggest the possible elements for W and Y

W : .
Y : ..
(iii) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction between W
(charge of +2) and oxide of Y (charge of +3).
..
(iv) Identify the reducing agent and oxidising agent in the reaction
between W and oxide of Y.
Reducing agent :.
Oxidising agent : .
9.
Complete the reactivity series with oxygen below by writing the name of the
elements.
Potassium
Calcium
Aluminium
Reactivity
decreases
Iron
Tin
Mercury
Gold
19

10.
The following shows part of the reactivity series of metals with oxygen.
K
Na
Ca
Mg
Al
Zn
Fe
Sn
Pb
Cu
Hg
Ag
Au
Insert the positions of carbon and hydrogen in the above series by using arrows.
11.
Predict what will be observed when,

(a)
hydrogen gas is heated with copper (II) oxide.

............
(b)
.
a piece of burning magnesium ribbon is dropped into a gas jar filled with
carbon dioxide.
..
(c)
carbon is heated with magnesium oxide.

....................
12.
Complete the following table by giving the main mineral ore and the metal extracted
from ore.
Ore
Main mineral in ore

Name
Formula
(a) Bauxite
(b) Hematite
(c) Magnetite
(d) Cassiterite
20
Metal extracted
D.
ELECTROLYTIC AND CHEMICAL CELLS
Learning Outcomes :
explain with examples the oxidation and reduction reactions at the electrodes of various chemical
cells.
explain with examples the oxidation and reduction reactions at the electrodes of various
electrolytic cells.
state the differences between electrolytic and chemical cells in terms of basic structure, energy
conversion and the transfer of electrons at the electrodes .
compare and contrast electrolytic and chemical cells with reference to the oxidation and reduction
process.
Activity 14
1)
The differences between electrolytic and chemical cells
It requires a source of
It does not require a source of
The electrodes may be of
The electrodes must be of
the . material such as
two ...... metals.
The chemical reactions that occur at
21
the electrodes produce

an
The electrical energy

causes reactions
to occur at electrodes.
Electrons flow from the .
Electrons flow from the more

. metal
( terminal) to the less
metal
(. terminal)
electrode (anode) to the .

electrode (cathode).
2)
The figure above shows the electrolysis process of molten lead (II) bromide. Answer
the questions below.
(a)
State the ions contain in the molten lead (II) bromide.

.
(b)
Pb2+ ions move to the (i) . while Br ions move to the (ii)
..
(c)
Br ions act as the (i) . agent, losing electrons to become (ii)

..
molecules.
Thus,
Br
ions
undergo
(iii)
.. process.
(d)
Oxidation half-equation : .
(e)
Pb2+ ions act as the (i) . agent, accepting electrons to

become (ii) .. metal. Thus, Pb2+ ions undergo (iii)
.. process.
(f)
Reduction half-equation : ...
22
3)
Figure below shows a chemical cell.
a)
Label the negative terminal and positive terminal and show the direction of the flow of
electrons by using arrows the above figure.
b)
Write the half-equation for the reaction at the positive terminal.

..
.
c)
Write the half-equation for the reaction at the negative terminal.
..............
.
d)
State the substance that undergoes oxidation process.
...
e)
State the substance that undergoes reduction process.
...
23
4)
Similarities and differences of the redox reactions in electrolytic cell an chemical cell
Similarities
In both cells,
electrons are transferred from the
agent to the
agent.
oxidation occurs at the anode.
occurs at the cathode
Electrolytic cell
Chemical cell
Differences
Activity 15
24
1.
Draw and label one example of primary cell. Discuss the oxidation and reduction
processes that occur in the cell.
2.
Draw and label one example of secondary cell . Discuss the oxidation and reduction
processes that occur in the cell.
25

3 Oxidation and Reduction

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

3 Oxidation and Reduction

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009

Chapter 3 : Oxidation And Reduction

: OXIDATION AND REDUCTION

The meaning of oxidation and reduction in terms of:

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009

Chapter 3 : Oxidation And Reduction

What are redox reactions?

Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2

2HI + Cl2 I2 + 2HCl

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009

Chapter 3 : Oxidation And Reduction

Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

The substance that causes oxidation is called the . agent.

The substance that causes reduction is called is the agent.

2Mg + CO2 2MgO + C

Determine the oxidation number for the underlined elements

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009

Chapter 3 : Oxidation And Reduction

4HCl + MnO2 MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O

2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3

Cu + 2AgNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009

Chapter 3 : Oxidation And Reduction

(iii) oxidising agent

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009

Chapter 3 : Oxidation And Reduction

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009

Chapter 3 : Oxidation And Reduction

(1) 2.0 cm3 of Iron(II)

The test tube contains 2.0 cm3 of ............................................. solution.

Record the .............................................................

Iron(II) ion is ..................... to iron(III) ion by ................................... At the

Iron(II) ions .............. electrons to become iron(III) ions. Iron(II) ions

Bromine molecules ............. electrons to form bromide ions. Bromine

Reducing agent : ...................................

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009

Chapter 3 : Oxidation And Reduction

Changing Iron(III) ions, Fe3+ to Iron(II) ions, Fe2+

(1) 2.0 cm3 of

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009

Chapter 3 : Oxidation And Reduction

e. Reducing agent : (i) .................................

The (i) . (more/ less) electropositive element, is oxidized more

Zinc, Zn is more electropositive than copper,Cu.

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009

Chapter 3 : Oxidation And Reduction

Halogens are located in Group .. of the Periodic Table

Halogen elements tend to electrons to achieve a stable octet

Halogens are reduced to ions

.. when going down Group 17.

Thus, the reactivity of halogens acting as .. decreases when

In a displacement of halogen, a .. electronegative halogen displaces a

Redox reaction involving bromine water and potassium iodide solution

1. Electrons flow from ..

2. The colour of potassium iodide solution

Overall Ionic Equation :

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009

Chapter 3 : Oxidation And Reduction

State the change in oxidation number of manganese.

Write a half equation for the formation of the violet vapour.

On the diagram above, show the direction of the flow of electron by

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009

Chapter 3 : Oxidation And Reduction

RUSTING AS A REDOX REACTION