CHAPTER XIII-Collaboration and Resistance (1)

A.

Introductory Points

Ilustrados used by Americans as :

1.
B.

exhibits to substantiate their claim that Filipinos wholeheartedly accepted American rule
2. intermediaries between colonizing power and people
Negotiating for the Future

-Ilustrados were the collaborationist forces

= encouraged Aguinaldos conciliatory attitude toward Americans
=took over Malolos after victories over Spanish made independence possible under Americans;
-Arellano & Tavera early believers in annexation
= pro-Spanish , pro-American and anti-independence; offered him premier post of cabinet and even presidency of republic
= Benito Legarda-told Belgian consul in Manila he would be glad to see US take these islands under their protection...
C.

Leading Collaborators

-T.H. Pardo de Tavera, Cayetano Arellano, Gregorio Araneta, Benito Legarda=went over
to Americans prior the outbreak of hostilities
-Gen. Alejandrino=bitter comment on people who followed their example ; flew away
like birds with great fright after hearing the first gun report
*Arellano, de Tavera, Legarda=of Spanish descent
=Arellano held position in Manila Council w/c only men of distinction & Spanish origin were appointed; also appointed to Consultative
Assembly; reluctantly accepted Foreign Affairs portfolio; feigned illness and never attended meetings of Council of the Government
=Arellano severed minimal connection w/ Malolos govt by resigning to his post on January 1899 to openly side w/
Americansappointed as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

=de Tavera was also a member of the Spanish Consultative Assemblypresented himself to Americans to offer services on August
1898; letter to McKinley ...employing all my energies for the establishment of American sovereignty...
=Tavera still appointed by Aguinaldo on Sept.15 to represent Cebu in Malolos Congress, despite pro-American sympathies
=Tavera appointed by Gen. Otis on Sept. 29 to Board of Health; also appointed by Aguinaldo on Oct. 1 to be Director of Diplomacy, w/c
he resigned for the Americans

=Legarda was also a member of the Municipal Council of Manila & teniente-mayor of Quiapo in 1891
=Legarda appointed as one of the commissioners (together w/ Felipe Buencamino, Gregorio Araneta, Teodoro Sandiko) on August 14,
1898 confer w/ General Merritt on unwarranted exclusion of Filipinos in surrender of Manila; also Aguinaldos private secretary
=Legarda also elected to Vice-President of M. Congress but deserted to Americans in less than three months later; angry
revolutionaries wanted to arrest him for desertion indignation not shared by Aguinaldo
=diary of Col. Villa the mother & son of Presidentin Manila living in Legardas house
=report on Second Philippine Commissionexpression of appreciation for Legardas services
=Tavera & Legarda appointed to Philippine Commission in 1901
D.

More Collaborators

-Jose Luzuriaga; third member of Phil. Commission; justice of the peace and jude of the Court of First Instance under Spaniards
=one of those who formed the provisional govt of Negros;
=accepted appointment as auditor of the American military govt in Negros 1899-1900 appointed governor of Negros Occidental
member of Philippine commission

-Gregorio Araneta was auxiliary registrar of deeds in Manila, later a prosecuting attorneymember of Spanish Consultative
Councilelected first secretary of M. Congressappointed by Aguinaldo as Secretary of Justice
-Florentino Torresearly also appointed to the Supreme Courtsent by Gen. Otis to Malolos to persuade Aguinaldo for negotiations
after publication of Benevolent Assimilationwatered down Malolos govt to support a protectorate under U.S.-->precursor of
negotiators more partial to Americans
-Rianzares Bautist aAguinaldos adviser whom Americans selected for appointment to Supreme Court while in revolutionary camp as
Auditor-General of War judge of the court of first instance of Pangasinan
D. Paterno and Buencamino
-Pedro Paternonegotiator of betrayal at Biak-na-Bato & president of Spanish Consultative Assemblymanifesto in May 1898 asking
the people to support Spain against AmericansPresident of Malolos Congress in September and later premier of Peace
Cabinetadvocating annexation by U.S.
-Felipe BuencaminoGov.Gen. Augustins emissary to AguinaldoSecretary of Foreign Affairs to Paternopro-American and
declared so in 1902 before the US Committee on Insular Affairs
E. Bonifacios Detractors
-Mariano TriasAguinaldos V.P. at Tejeros & Biak na Bato commissioned in the Filipino Volunteer Militia under SpainSecretary of
Finance under Mabini1901, appointed by Americans as first civil governor of Cavite
-Lieutenant of Tirona Battalion in Northern Luzon went to Palanan to report on the surrender of his unit
-Daniel Tironacollaborated in a menial manner; Col. Simeon Villas diary contains the end of his revolutionary careerlived w/
American captain due to surrender, worked as general factotum (served meals and cleaned shoes)
E. From Deception to Myth
F. The Americanistas
-twin aspects of American imperialist propaganda: Filipinos could not be abandoned because they were incapable of self government +
Filipinos welcomed American tutelage
-when asked by Schurman commission whether Filipinos were capable of governing provinces w/o federal govt at Manila:
=Arellanoto a certain extent, yes, but independent general govt, no.
=Legarda=maligned entire revolutionary government never heard of this word independence
=Tavera-wrote letter addressed to Macarthurenthusiastic acceptance of American rule
G. Resistance Belittled
-William Howard Taftresistance leaders are bandits and are mafia on a very large scale
H. Statehood U.S.A., 1900
-collaborators exhibited remarkable resiliencyArellano headed a committee to plan for reorganization of local govtsreduced mass
support for guerrillas
-Asosacion de Paz organized by Pedro Paterno and Felipe Buencamino
-December 23, 1900, meeting presided by Florentino Torres Asosacion Paz becomes Partido Federal due to main goal--annexation
of Philippines as one of the federated states of the Union
-president was Tavera, and toured w/ Taft to advocate that US came to defend Phils. Liberty; directorates were Arellano and Torres
-Bourns member of Taft Commission and director to the group
-nationalistas: referred to the elite group as Americanistas
I. Licensed Political Parties
-Americans appreciative of the Federalistas; Taft : man of Federal Party is a good recommendation for appointment
- Partido Conservador-group of Spanish mestizos organized in February 1901 that stood for peace and acknowledged American
sovereignty under Treaty of Paris
=headed by Enrique Barrera, Macario Adriatico, Eusebio Orense, Gregorio Singian, etc. of Spanish blood
-establishment of govt participates by ilustradosimpression that Fil-American hostilities have ended, but only signalled the end of
Revolution for the wealthy Filipinos who had nothing more to gain from it

J. Illegitimacy of Leadership
-National Army of Iloilo, 1900reflects sentiments of patriotic Filipinos on collaborators; excoriated prominent persons who filled
important offices under Revolution for changing ideals and nationality
K. Official History
-Taft established civil government on July 4, 1901 prove that Filipinos accepted American sovereignty though suppression of
campaigns are still going on
-growing size of pacification forces; 70,000 American soldiers in Phils. in 1900; 639 military posts in December 1901
-July 7, 1902, Pres. Theodore Roosevelt proclaimed end of insurrection but 50,000 soldiers still suppress Filipino resistance
L. The Original Vietnamization
-Philippine Constabulary established by Americans on July 18, 1901 2 weeks after civil govt
-native force to suppress native resistanceforeshadows more recent policy of Vietnamization
M. Suppression and Atrocities
-atrocities perpetrated by army of occupation resistance of individual Filipinos
-insurrectos given water cure; description of torture taken from report of the American Anti-Imperialist League entitled Marked
Severities of Philippine Warfare
-suppression campaigns of Brig. Gen. Jacob H. Smith in Samar and Gen. Franklin Bell in Batangashostility involved the entire
population
=Gen. SmithSamar a howling wilderness; order applies to anyone above 10 yrs old; just like killing niggers
=Smith court-martialed and found guilty but sentenced only with admonition
N. Reconcentration
-Gen. Franklin Bell believe that Batangas and Laguna are hostile to Americansemployed tactics to cause twin virtues of anxiety and
apprehension & prevent them from aiding guerrillas of Gen. Miguel Malvar principal measure: reconcentration (keeping them within
a zoned area where they could be closely watched)
O. Casualties and Losses
-Gen. Bellstarving of unarmed hostile belligerents as well as armed ones
-7 months later after the surrender of Malvar and 3000 men: Batangas is a jungleno working men and cultivated field
P. Anti-Nationalist Laws
-Sedition Law by Philippine Commission on Nov. 4, 1901death penalty/ long prison term on those who will advocate independence or
separation from US even by peaceful means
-Kahapon Ngayon at Bukas by Aurelio Tolentino attacked American occupation and ended w/ a scene of revolutionary
victoryTolentino sentenced to life imprisonment in 1905 but pardoned in 1912
-Brigandage Act/ Ley de Bandolerismo passed by Taft on Nov.12, 1902;
=guerrilla resistance as banditry, guerrilla actions as disturbances/disorders, guerrilla fighters as ladrones/robbers
-Manila Bilibid Prison 72/1000 deaths in 1902 438/1000 in 1905
-Reconcentration Act by Philippine Commission on June 1, 1903
=gov-general had power to authorize provincial governors to reconcentrate all residents in outlying barrios to towns if outlaws
operated in those areas
=law passed to facilitate apprehension of guerrillas hidden & protected by people
-Flag Law ; prohibited display of Philippine emblem from 1907-1919
Q. Religion and Nationalism
-Father Gregorio Aglipay-only priest in Malolos Congress
=appointed by Aguinaldo as Military Vicar General on Oct. 20, 1898

-Mabini: civil marriages valid + doctrine of separation between Church and State + Revolutionary Govt no longer recognized
Nozaledas authority
-Aglipaydeclaration of independence w/ letter to Filipino priests urging them to rally for Revolution & proposing organization of council
w/c will work to complete Filipinization of Church but remain loyal to Holy See
R. The Philippine Independent Church
-Isabelo de los Reyes (founder of Union Obrera Democratica), proposed membership the establishment of Iglesia Filipina
Independiente--Aglipay as Supreme bishop