Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Ci il E
Civil
Engineering
i
i F
Faculty
lt
.
%ULGJH 'HVLJQ
%ULGJH'HVLJQ
,
7HO
O
(PDLOVRNUDVPH\#KRWPDLOFRP
NP
1
NP
3P
(JDFNVRn, 88)
.. (Wooden Bridges)
PDOPHU WHUnwDg
(W
(WUuVVHd
d DUFK
K bULdgH)
b Ld )
PDOPHU
3
(
(
)
)
BuUU
(3)
PKLOLppL (
(
)
)
7\gDnW VLUgLnLD LHPuHO CKHnRwHWK
6P
6
(ODWWLFH WUuVV)
Fig. 1.4 Philippi
hili i coveredd bridge.
b id (Photo
( h
by
b Larry Belcher,
l h courtesy of
West Virginia Department of Transportation.)
Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, M. Eng,
IWKLHO 7Rwn
7
()
(
(
6)
6)
..
CRORnHO SWHpKHn H
LRng
OKLR ((dwDUdV, ) CRORnHO LRng
(FDVWLURn
( W L
DngOH
O bORFN)
bO N)
(
(
)
)
PUDWW
10
11
12
PUDWW (8)
SquLUH WKLppOH
PUDWW
..
(Suspension Bridges)
JDPHV FLnOH\
(wURugKWLURn FKDLn) P
13
14
NLDgDUD
NL
P,
CLnFLnDWL
3P
BURRNO\ 86P
WK OL
WKHHOLng
38P
38 (
(
)
)
15
16
DunORpV
D O CUHHN
C N BURwnVvLOOH
B
LOO
PHnnV\OvDnLD
(DUFK)
P
(fLxHd VuppRUWV)
P 6P
P
6P
38PP
WDVKLngWRn
17
18
P
(pODWH
( O W gLUdHU)
L d )
3
3
PDnWKHU
P WK
HROORw
P
3P
P
(
(
)
)
(DdV
HHOO GDWH
P
8P NHw YRUN
Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, M. Eng,
19
Fig. 1.12 Eads Bridge, St. Louis, Missouri. (Photo courtesy of Kathryn
Kontrim, 1996.)
20
BD\RnnH KLOO vDn KuOO
SWDWHn IVODnd NHw JHUVH\ 8P
NHw
N
RL
RLvHU
G
GRUgH
8P
..
(R i f
(Reinforced
d Concrete
C
t Bridges)
B id
)
AOvRUd
RDnVRPH
Fig. 1.13 New River Gorge Bridge.
22
6P
P
(RpHnVpDndUHO) GHRUgH WHVWLngKRuVH
M
MHPRULDO
L O
7uUWOH
7 O CUHHN
C N
VHUVDLOOHV, PHnnV\OvDnLD VHUnRn R CRvHOO
BLxb\ CUHHN
P
CDUPHO, CDOLfRUnLD
(
(
)
) FW
F W PDnKRUVW
P K W
C
C H
H PuUFHOO
P
OO
23
Fig. 1.14 Bixby Creek Bridge, south of Carmel, California. [From Roberts
(1990). Used with permission of American Concrete Institute.]
24
..
(Girder Bridge)
P
P
25
26
((VHgPHnWDO
g
bULdgH)
g )
CRRpHU
(
(
)
)
(APHULFDn
(APH LFDn RDLOURDd
RDLO RDd (ngLnHHULng
(ngLnHH Lng AVVRFLDWLRn,
AVVRFLDWLRn
. ((Bridge
g Specification)
p
)
AR(A)
)
Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, M. Eng,
(AASHO)
27
28
H AASHO
7 FN
7UuFN
(APHULFDn
AVVRFLDWLRn
Rf
SWDWH
HLgKwD\
Dnd
7
7UDnVpRUWDWLRn
W WL OffLFLDOV,
OffL L O AASH7O)
AASHO
(LRDd
Dnd
RHVLVWDnFH
FDFWRU
DHVLgn LRFD)
DHVLgn,
LRFD)
LRFD
AASHO
LRFD
29
AASH7O LRFD
(AAS7HO, 8)
(AASH7O,
(AASH7O )
(AASH7O,
(AASH7O
(Problem)
)
)
AASH7O
?
?
30
?
?
??
?
(gLUdHUbULdgH)
(g
g )
(WUuVV)
31
32
The End
33
. (Introduction)
(how
is
conceptual
design
formulated)? ( design
Addis (1990)
Output, Input, Regulation Design Procedure
Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.
(Design Process)
2.1
-
(Topography),
(Availability
Materials),
(Hydrology)
of
(Temperature range)
Drawings
and
Specification
-
,
Structural Integrity
and
Stability
, , , ,
..
..
Watson Hurd
(Definition of Aesthetics)
(texture)
Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.
2.4
(Function)
2.5
1991)
(Leonhardt,
Magnan Viaduct
(Proportion)
(low profile)
2.3
9
2.2
Bosporus Straits Istanbul (Brown et al., 1976)
10
12
2.7
Wasserman (1991)
2.4
,
2.8 2.9
(Leondardt, 1991)
2.10
(Menn, 1991) Leonhardt (1991)
1/8
2.5
V:
(2.11)
(Leondardt, 1991)
13
14
2.7 ()
, ()
(Leonhardt, 1991)
2.6
Magnan Viaduct Nizza, France (Muller, 1991)
15
16
2.9
2.8
17
18
2.11 1/8
2.10
(Menn, 1991)
19
(Leonhardt, 1991)
20
1/3 (2.12)
(Harmony)
2.12
2.13
22
2.14
2.17
(Contrast and Texture)
Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.
2.13
,
Napa, California
23
24
2.14
(Murray, 1991)
2.15
26
2.17
Tunkhannock Nicholson,
2.16
Linn Cove Carolina
28
(cable-stay)
(suspension)
2.18 2.19
(Light and Shadow)
(2.21)
2.22
2.18
East Huntingtion Huntington, West Virginia
29
2.19
Brooklyn, New York
30
, Prosser, Washington
31
32
2.22
(a)
(b)
(c)
2.21
33
34
Resolution
2.24
2.25
(haunch)
2.26
Leonhardt (1991)
Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.
2.23
Cedar Falls, I-90, King County, Washington
35
36
2.25 (a)
(b)
2.24
(c)
37
38
2.27
/
(Girder Span/Depth Ratio)
Leonhardt (1990)
(L/d)
L/d
2.1
ACI-ASCE 343 (1988)
2.26 (a)
(b)
39
40
2.1 /
2.27
I-39 north-central Illinois
41
42
(Deck Overhangs)
L/d 30 2.1
2.22 2.28
S
W 0.4S
W
h Leonhardt (1991)
W/h 2:1
Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.
2.28
(Leonhardt, 1991)
43
44
4:1
(Piers)
2.30
(2.4, 2.5 2.31)
(2.32) 2.33
2.31
2.34
Wasserman (1991) T
46
2.30
(a-e, g, h)
T (f) (i)
(Glomb, 1991)
2.31
47
48
2.32
2.33
(Seim and Lin, 1990)
cab beam
49
2.35
50
51
52
2.37
(2.8) (2.35)
2.39
2.37
(Abutments)
2.38
()
1:2
54
55
56
2.39
2.38
(Mays, 1990)
57
58
..
(Computer Modeling)
(a)
(a)
(b)
2.40
Broadway, Daytona,
Florida. (a)
(a)
(b)
(b)
59
(b)
60
. (Types of Bridges)
- :
(a)
- :
- :
..
2.42
Smart Road,
Blacksburg, Virginia.
arched bridge)
(a)
(b)
(b)
()
61
62
-
(arch rib)
-
-
2.43
New River Gorge
(2.45)
Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.
63
64
2.44
Salginatobel
2.45
65
66
(2.46)
(tower)
(nonlinear geometry)
(flexible cable)
(anchorage)
600MPa
Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.
2.46
67
68
600m
300m
(a)
(b) local
(three-dimensional truss)
69
70
2.48
..
2.49
2.50
(applied load)
2.47
2.2
Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.
71
72
2.48
Greater new Orleans
2.49
73
74
2.2
2.50
75
76
2.2
()
2.48
..
2.49
2.50
(applied load)
2.2
77
78
2.3
.
(Selection of Bridge Type)
.. (Factors to be Considered)
79
80
..
10m - 20m
- (Wood Beam)
(Small-Span
Bridge) [ 15m]
Beam)
- (Culvert)
- (Slab)
10m - 50m
12m
- I (Precast Concrete I
- T (T-beam)
Beam)
T 2.2(e)
I
81
82
10m - 50m
I-Beam)
Beam)
20% - 30%
15m
30m
(cover plate)
100m
- I
25m - 50m
83
84
100m
20m - 150m
(Large-Span Bridges) [ 50m - 150m]
- (Cast-in-Place
15m - 35m
180m
- (Composite Steel Box Girder)
2.2(b) (c)
Steel Arch)
85
86
2.4
- (Steel Truss)
[
150m]
2.3
150m
87
88
(Problem)
.
description
justification
.
?
.
(Suspension)?
(Arch)
.
2.51
Sydney
89
90
The End
?
.
?
.
?
91
92
(Resistance) (effect of load) (3.1)
.
.
(Introduction)
AASHTO
..
(Allowable Stress Design, ASD)
()
1860
(truss)
ft :
Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.
ASD
3
S
M
ASD
fb :
(3.2)
..
ASD
(Variability of Load)
(design code)
..
(ADS)
ASD
ASD
3.1
5
..
Rn
(3.3)
3.3
()
(LRFD)
Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.
(Material properties)
/ (Workmanship)
(Quality control)
(Consequence of a failure)
.
(
(Magnitudes of loads)
ACI AISC)
() (Arrangement(position) of load)
. ( AASHTO )
9
10
(3.4)
Qi
, Rn , i
.. (General)
(nonstrength limit state) = 1
i i
3.4 3.3
11
12
D [A1.3.3]
(3.5a)
(3.5b)
D 1.05
D , R I
D 1.00
D 0.95
D = 1.00
R [A1.3.4]
= R =1.0
13
14
R 1.05
R 1.00
R 0.95
R = 1.00
I [A1.3.5]
I 1.05
Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.
I 1.00
I 0.95
15
16
I = 1.00
(permanent) (transient)
EH
(Horizontal earth
pressure load)
EL
Y (Permanent Loads)
DD
(Downdrag)
DC
(Dead load of structural components
17
18
ES
FR
(Friction)
EV
IC
(Ice load)
IM
Y (Transient Loads)
BR (Vehicular braking force)
LL
CE
LS
CR
(Creep)
PL
CT
SE
(Settlement)
CV
SH
(Shrinkage)
EQ
(Earthquake force)
TG
(Temperature gradient)
19
allowance)
20
TU
(Shrinkage)
3.1 3.2
WA
(Water load
..
load)
WS
(Wind load on
structure)
[A1.3.2.2]
=1.0
i 1.0
21
3.1
22
3.2 p
23
24
. II (Service II)
.
I (Service I)
90km/h
(slip of slip-critical connection)
AASHTO
.
III (Service III)
25
26
0.70
0.80
135km/h
..
-range)
Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.
(stress
.
IV (Service IV)
[A1.3.2.2]
27
28
1.0
. I (Strength I)
= 1.0
..
(3.4)
. II (Strength II)
(Flexure) (Shear)
(Axial force)
29
30
90km/h
. IV (Strength IV)
IV
. V (Strength V)
90km/h
60m
V
III
31
32
..
SE [C3.4.1]
= 1.0
. I (Extreme Event I)
[A1.3.2.5]
WA FR
[C1.3.2.5]
[C3.4.1]
33
[A3.4.1] EQ
0.0, 0.5 1.0 [C3.4.1]
34
3.1
3.3
3.3
0.5
CT
Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.
35
36
3.2
3.1
37
38
3.3
3.4
39
40
(Problems)
. ASSHTO LRFD
(Fatigue) (Fracture)?
1.0?
? ?
. strength III
strength IV?
. p
.
II III 1.0?
.
1.0 EQ, IC, CT CV?
41
42
The End
18.90m (62ft)
3.3
?
43
44
Design Loads
.
(Introduction)
.
(Gravity Loads)
: (permanent
..
(Permanent Loads)
(DC)
(DW)
(EV)
(EH)
(ES)
(EL)
Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.
(DD)
..
(Transient Loads)
- (Design Lanes)
(Traffic lane)
(Design lane)
3.6m (12ft)
5
6m(20ft) 7.2m(24ft)
(Design lane)
4.1 (
)
1/2
- (Vehicular Design Loads)
[A3.6.1.2] 35kN(8kip)
145kN(32kip) 4.3m(14ft)
HL-93
145kN(32kip) 4.3m
9m
4.1(b)
(Design truck)
110kN(25kip)
(Design tandem)
1.2m(4ft)
3m
3.1 3.2
4.2
- (Fatigue Load)
10
4.2
Fatigue
9.0m 0.75 3.1
4.1 AASHTO HL-93 (SI unit)
Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.
11
12
4.3
, p
AASTHO [A3.6.1.4.2]
(ADTT)
ADTTSL = p(ADTT)
p
4.4
4.3 ADTT
(ADT) 4.4
13
14
-
(Pedestrian Loads)
AASTHO[A3.6.1.6] 3.6kPa
4.1kPa
4.8kPa
(IBC, 2009)
0.73N/mm
[A13.8.2 &
A13.9.3] 4.2
Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.
4.2
15
16
890N
14.6N/mm 300mm
4.3
220kN
7.6m (25ft)
4.4(a)
AASHTO [A3.6.1.3.3]
[A9.4.3]
cantilever
4.4(b)
(deck overhang)
cantilever
17
4.4 (a)
(b)
4.3
Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.
18
19
20
AASHTO [A13.7.2]
4.5
(TL)
4.5
AASHTO [A13.7.2]
- (Multiple Presence)
AASHTO
[A3.6.1.1.2]
21
4.6
22
4.6
(Dynamic Effects)
4.5
Ddyn
Dsta
4.1 [A3.6.2]
factor
Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.
AASHTO
23
24
4.5
26
4.8
(Hwang and Nowak, 1991)
27
28
ULL+I = UL(1+IM)
(4.1)
ULL+I
UL
IM 4.7
4.7 IM
30
(Buried Components)
(Centrifugal Forces)
IM = 33(1.0 - 4.1x10-4DE)0%
(4.2)
DE (mm)
(4.3)
(Wood Components)
V r
4.10
Nowton
Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.
(4.4)
31
32
(4.5)
Fr
(
)
1.8m [A3.6.3]
m
(4.6)
W g (9.807m/s2)
4.6 4.5
4.10
33
34
m Fr
1.8m
(4.7)
AASHTO[A3.6.3]
4/3
4/3
(4.8a)
(train of truck)
(Braking Forces)
(4.8b)
f=4/3 f=1.0
v m/s, R
(kinetic)
35
36
(4.9)
FB
m
FB 4.6
(4.10a)
(4.10b)
4.11
37
38
1.8m (6ft)
AASHTO
Permit
Pennsylvania (PennDOT)
umbrella loads 4.12
umbrella
PennDOT
25%
907kN 16.8m
[A3.6.4]
Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.
California (Caltrans)
39
40
42
(
4.13)
.
(Lateral Loads)
4.14
a b
(4.11)
Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.
a
b
43
44
(Wind Forces)
(4.12)
(drag coefficient) Cd
4.15
(4.13)
45
46
(4.14)
Z , von Karman
(~0.4), Z0 ,
(4.15)
47
48
4.15 4.16
V0
() Z0
(4.18a)
(4.16)
(4.18b)
4.17 4.18a
0m(30ft)
D0 V0 1
[mph] Z = 10m
(4.19)
4.14 V0:
(4.17)
4.19 4.18b
49
50
Z0 4.8
(4.20)
4.8 V0 Z0
AASHTO [A3.8.1.1]
(4.21)
VDZ Z (mph)
[ V(Z) 4.14], VB
(V30/VB) ()
100mph(160km/h), V0
100mph (160km/h)
4.8
4.19 V0 Z0
(mph)
51
52
VB = 100mph
4.22
(4.22)
4.4N/mm(0.3kip/ft)
(windward) 2.2N/mm (0.15kip/ft)
4.9[Table A3.8.1.2.1-1]
4.9
(leeward)
()
- (WS) 4.9
53
54
(WL)
(4.23US)
(4.23SI)
(Water Forces)
AASHTO [A3.7.3.1]
(4.24US)
(4.24SI)
4.13
CD 4.10 V
=1000kg/m3
55
56
p = (Mpa)
CL = 4.11
[ft/s(m/s)]
4.10 , CD
4.11 , CL
(4.25SI)
57
58
(Uniform
temperature)
4.17(a)
4.16
[4.17(b)]
.. (Temperature)
4.12
( [A3.12.2] [A3.12.3])
Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.
( non-
59
60
4.12
4.17(a) (b)
61
62
(solar)
4.13
AASTHO [A3.12.3]
4.19
AASTHO T3
Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.
64
4.13 a
A = 300mm t
-0.3 -0.2
..
(asphalt overlay)
T3 30C
4.19 A
A = 300mm
400mm A = 100mm
65
66
.. (Settlement)
67
68
(Collision Loads)
..
(Vessel Collision)
consolidation,
()
AASTHO
[A3.14]
..
(Rail Collision)
69
. (Summary)
70
AASHTO
3.2 3.2
9m
15m
(Vehicle Collision)
Lecturer: SOK RASMEY, MEng.
71
72
(Problem)
The End
. AASTHO HL-93
? ?
. AASTHO LRFD
?
(multiple presence factor), m
, p
?
.
.
?
. (traffic lane)
(design lane) ?
73
74