Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Lipman, VMD
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
Weill Cornell Medical College
Program Overview
Pros and Cons: Engineering vs.
Performance Standards
Intra-program Standard Development
Examples
Conflicting Standards
Looking Forward
Ensures a minimal
standard the floor
Necessary
Standardization
Consistency
Ideally based on objective
data
Implementation
easier (B and W)
less costly (+/-)
Can be empirical
anthropomorphic
political influence
Problematic if based on
poor data
If tightly defined
restricts process
retards new knowledge
Difficult to
change/inflexible
Can result in unnecessary
costs
Lack of transparency
Greater flexibility
Not static
Alignment with science
Improve animal welfare
and care
Tailorable
Can result in the
refinement and
improvement of
engineering standards
Cost/time of developing
Subjectivity
Differing views on desired
outcome
Difficult to determine
what to measure
Challenging for programs
that are resource limited
animal health/welfare
customer
service
science
Desired Outcomes
Minimize pain and distress
Limit short and long-term physiologic and behavioral
effects
Safe for animal and operator
Fast and easy
Permanent
Unique number to be assigned to a large number of mice
Option of simultaneous tail biopsy
Low cost
C57BL/6 pups
Experienced technician
Sharp, microsurgery scissors, wiped
2 toes clipped at level of the proximal
phalange:
digit 3 on right forepaw
digit 3 on left hindpaw
Modified
SHIRPA &
grip test
Beam Test
Rotarod
Daily handling
Elevated Plus
Maze
Week 7
Week 8
Three 60s
trials/day X3 days
Week 9
Euthanasia by CO2
Harvest of toes for
histology
Week 10
Signs of distress
Toe-clipping
Vapocoolant + Toeclipping
Vapocoolant
PND 7: ~60%
vocalized, d activity
Bleeding
Ease of procedure
Post-procedural
observations
No maternal rejection
No maternal rejection
No maternal rejection
PND7: swelling of HP
12 h
PND 7: swelling of
paws 5 h
PND 17: no
abnormalities
N/A
No developmental
differences
No behavioral
differences
No differences in
weight gain
Digit fully innervated at
PND 7
Sig. diaphyseal
ossification by PND 7
PND 7
PND 7
Outcome
Revised institutional guidelines
Deleted recommendation for
vapocoolant topical anesthesia
Extended recommended ages < PND 17
Limit to 1 digit per paw for ID using
recmd numbering system
Toe-clip site distal 1/3rd of 1st phalanx
PND 14 -17: toe-clip and tail biopsy when both
necessary
Circa 2000
Large numbers of mice of
incorrect genotype require
euthanasia
Labor intensive
Few and imperfect systems
and solutions
commercial
home grown
Desired Outcomes
Achieve rapid
unconsciousness and
death
Avoid excitement
Minimizes fear, distress,
anxiety
Reliable
Simple to administer
Reproducible
As specified by the AVMA, ACLAM
and FELASA
Outcome
Automated, logic controlled
system
Based on individually
ventilated caging system
Fully validated and tested
Videography behavioral
assessment
Up to 80 cages per cycle
Operate 15 systems > 9 years
McIntyre et al (2007) JAALAS
46:65-73
Resources ($$$)
Extramural funding essential
Consortia
Multi-Site
Example: space and cage size