MATHEMATICAL REASONING

6.1: STATEMENT
-

is a sentence which states a definite true or false but not both

it cannot be a question (?)
it cannot be an exclaimation (!)
it cannot be an instruction.

6.1.1: Determine whether each of the following is a statement ( ) or not a statement ( ).

Example
Answer
Exercise
1
18 is an odd number
4 x 12 x = 48 x 2
2
X+4
642000 = 6.42 10 3
3
21 + 4 = 25
(2.56 10 4) 2
4
I good in mathematics
23 > 34
5
6
7
8
9

43 + 25 68
All octagons have 3 edges
What is the price of the dictionary?
89 is a perfect square
Some even numbers can be divided by 5

10

Finish your mathematics` exercise

Answer

3.46 is an integer
7 + 91
Please try again
A parallelogram is a circle

1,3, 4

{ 0,1,2,3, 4,5,}

5 x + 3x 4
2

6.1.2: Determine whether each of the following is true or false.

Example
1
2
3
4

1 > 3
81 is a perfect square
0.0002450 = 2.45 103

25 + 3 = 4

Answer
False

Exercise
The root of x2 32 is x = 3

True
False

13 + 6 > 10 3

False

Zero is smaller than 1

{2, 4,6,8}
8 4 = 50 25 = 1 + 1

2 x 2 + 2 x = ( 2 x + 2) ( x )

41 is a prime number

True

6
7
8

All hexagons have 6 sides

13 is a factor of 69
12 is multiple of 4

True
False
True

Ice melts at 10oC

9
10

All sets have as its subset

True
False

(5 3) 2 = 2 6
x = 4 is a root of x2 5x + 4 = 0

11
12

What is the square root of 9?

A parallelogram is a quadrilateral.

{ 0} =

10,11 {6,7,8,9,10,}

Draw a graph of y = 3x3 2.

A heptagon has nine sides.

Answer

6.2 QUANTIFIER ALL AND SOME

6.2.1 Based on the information given, construct a true statement using the quantifier
all or some
6.2.1 a) Exercise:
Object and property
1 Acute angle ; less than 90o
2 Negative number; smaller than zero
3 Triangle ; right-angled triangles
4 Sets; as its subset

Answer (true statement)

All acute angles are less than 90o
All negative numbers are smaller than zero
Some triangles are right-angled triangles
All sets have as its subset

6.2.1 b) Exercise:

Object and property

Rhombuses ; four equal sides

Odd number ; prime number

Factor of 6 ; factor of 3

Isosceles triangle ; two equal sides

Even number ; divisible by 10

Answer (true statement)

6.2.2 Based on the information given, construct a false statement using the quantifier
all or some
6.2.2 a) Example:
Object and property
1 Null sets ; no elements
2 Parallel line ; the same length
3 Quadrilaterals ; two parallel sides
4 Odd number ; perfect square

Answer (false statement)

Some null sets have no elements
All parallel lines have the same length
Some quadrilaterals have two parallel sides
All odd number are perfect squares

6.2.2 b) Exercise:
1

Object and property

Multiple of 2 ; multiple of 4

Orchid flower ; yellow in colour

Animal ; can swim

Human being ; heart

Multiples of 8 ; can be exactly divided

by 2

Answer (false statement)

6.3: Operations on statement

6.3.1: Change the truth of each of the following statements by using the word not or no
6.3.1 a) Example:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Statement
4 is a factor of 32
4 is not a factor of 32
Human being have legs
Human being have no legs
All triangles have a sum of interior angles of 180o
Not all triangles have a sum of interior angles of 180o
Rambutan have thorns
Rambutan have no thorns
12 + 32 is more than 32
12 + 32 is not more than 32
Fish has fins
Fish has no fins
Mammal is warm blooded
Mammal is not warm blooded
All perfect squares are integers
Not all perfect squares are integers
56 can be exactly divided by 6
56 can not be exactly divided by 6
122 is equal to 144
122 is not equal to 144

Truth
True
False
True
False
True
False
False
True
True
False
True
False
True
False
True
False
False
True
True
False

6.3.1 b) Exercise:
Change the truth of each of the following statements by using the word not or no

Statement
Some even numbers are divisible by 10

All factors of 7 are factors of 14

All trapeziums have a pair of parallel lines

44 is a multiple of 11

3
2

100 is equal to 102

Truth

Nucleus is an organelle

Plants have hair roots to absorb water and minerals

10 and 120 are multiples of 10

20 is equal to 2

10

All prime numbers are not divisible by 2

6.3.2 : Forming a compound statement by combining two given statements using the word
and or or

Concept: The truth table for p and q

p
true
true
false
false

Q
true
false
true
false

p and q
true
false
false
false

Concept: The truth table for p or q

p
true
true
false
false

Q
true
false
true
false

p or q
true
true
true
false

6.3.2 a) Example:
Form a true statement for each of the two given statements.
(The first statement is p and the second statement is q)
Statements
p
q
Compound statement (true statement)
3
1
25 = 5 ; 125 = 5
25 = 5 and 3 125 = 5 @
25 = 5 or 3 125 = 5
2
a 1 = a ; a +1 = a
a 1 = a or a + 1 = a
3 100 is an even number ;
100 is an even number and 2 is a prime number @
2 is a prime number
100 is an even number or 2 is a prime number
4
a {a, b} ; {a} {a, b}
a {a, b} or {a} {a, b}

5
6

6 is a factor of 12 ;
6 is a factor of 18
3 5 > 12 ; 24 2 = 8

6 is a factor of 12 and 6 is a factor of 18 @

6 is a factor of 12 or 6 is a factor of 18
3 5 > 12 or 24 2 = 8

2 m = 200 cm ; 1 m = 100 cm

2 m = 200 cm and 1 m = 100 cm

A triangle has 3 sides

A hexagon has 5 sides
4 < 2 ; 8 0 = 1

A triangle has 3 sides or a hexagon has 5 sides

10 4 + 9 = 5 ; 2 > 32

4 < 2 and 8 0 = 1
4 + 9 = 5 or 2 > 32

6.3.2 b) Exercise:
Determine the truth of each of the following compound statement.
Statements
p
1
5 5 < 15 1 and 8 8 = 1
2

35 or 45 is a multiple of 10

4 is a factor of 24 or 30

A rectangle has 4 sides and a pentagon has 6 sides

7 is a factor of 49 and a prime number

12 + 22 = 32 and 32 + 42 = 52

2 is equal to 20 or (2 1) 1

Some even numbers are divisible by 2 or all odd numbers are

divisible by 3

36 is a perfect square and a multiple of 4

10

80 is a perfect square or an even number

11

17 is a prime number and a factor of 34

12

1 m2 = 10 000 cm2 or 1 cm3 = 1000 mm2

13

Ant is an insect and has 4 legs

14

The symbols and

15

5%=

{ } denote a null set

1
1
1
and % =
20
5
200

Compound statement
False

6.4: Implication
Implication If p, then q where p is the antecedent and q is the consequent.
If a compound statement consisting of if and only if ,
we can write its two implications as If p, then q and If
(known as converse of an implication)

q, then p

6.4.a) Example:
Write two implications from each of the following compound statements.
Compound Statement
Implications
a) 5 + x = 5 if and only if x = 0
Implication 1 : If 5 + x = 5, then x = 0
Implication 2 : If x = 0, then 5 + x = 5
b) P Q = P if and only if

Q P
c) x is a multiple of 4 if and
only if x is divisible by 4

Implication 1 : If P Q = P , then Q P
Implication 2 : If Q P , then P Q = P
Implication 1 : If x is a multiple of 4, then x is divisible by 4
Implication 2 : If x is divisible by 4, then x is a multiple of 4

d) y 3 = 3 if and only if y = 27

Implication 1 : If y 3 = 3 , then y = 27
1
3

Implication 2 :If y = 27, then y = 3

e) x2 = 9 if and only if x = 3

Implication 1 : If x2 = 9, then x = 3
Implication 2 : If x = 3, then x2 = 9

6.4. b) Exercise
Write two implications from each of the following compound statements.
Compound Statement
a) 10 a = 1 if and only if a = 0

Answer
Implication 1 :
Implication 2 :

b) x3 = 64 if and only if x = 4

Implication 1 :
Implication 2 :

c) Abu will be punished if and

only if he is late to school

Implication 1 :
Implication 2 :

d) x + 3 = 7 if and only if
x 8 = 18

Implication 1 :
Implication 2 :

e) A B if and only if

A B = A
f) y2 4y = 4 if and only if
y=2

Implication 1 :
Implication 2 :
Implication 1 :
Implication 2 :

g) k is a perfect square if and

only if

k is an integer

h) m is a negative number if and

only if m3 is a negative number

Implication 1 :
Implication 2 :
Implication 1 :

Implication 2 :

i) 10 1 =

1
if and only if z =10
z

Implication 1 : If 10 1 =
Implication 2 :

j) m = 5 if and only if 52 = m

Implication 1 :

Implication 2 :

1
, then z =10
z

6.5: Argument
Argument is the process in making a conclusion based on two given premises.
A premise is a given statement.
There are three simple types of arguments which can be used to make a conclusion.

Argument Type I
Premise 1:
All A are B
Premise 2:
C is A
Conclusion:
C is B
Argument Type II
Premise 1:
If p then q
Premise 2:
p is true
Conclusion:
q is true
Argument Type III
Premise 1:
If p then q
Premise 2:
Not q is true
Not p is true
Conclusion:

6.5 a) Complete each of the following arguments.

Example
Premise 1: If m < n, then m n < 0.
Premise 2 : m < n
Conclusion: m n < 0.

Exercise
Premise 1: If m > n then m n > 0.
Premise 2: m > n
Conclusion: .

Premise 1 : All rectangles have four right angles

i.) Premise 1:..
Premise 2 : ABCD is a rectangle

Conclusion : ABCD has four right angles

Premise 2 : 20 is a negative number
Conclusion : 20 is smaller than zero

ii.) Premise 1: All numbers with a last digit 0 is a

multiple of 10.
Premise 2: 2340 is a number with a last digit 0
Conclusion:
3

Premise 1 : All odd numbers are not divisible by 2

Premise 1: All pentagons have a sum of their

interior angles equal to 540o

Premise 2 : 23 is an odd number

Premise 2 :..
Conclusion : 23 is not divisible by 2
.
Conclusion: MNOPQ has a sum of the interior
angles equal to 540o
4

Premise 1 : If set B = , then n(B) = 0

Premise 1 : If x + 7 = 10, then x = 3

Premise 2 : n(B) 0

Premise 2 : x 3

Conclusion : set B
Premise 1 : All factors of 12 are factors of 24

Conclusion:.
Premise 1: If 90o < < 180o, then is an obtuse
angle

Premise 2 : 4 is a factor of 12
Premise 2:
Conclusion : 4 is a factor of 24
Conclusion : 100o is an obtuse angle
6

Premise 1 : If x = - 3, then x3 = - 27
Premise 2 : x3 -27
Conclusion: x 3

Premise 1 :If x {2,4,6,8} , then x is an even

number
Premise 2:
Conclusion: x is not an even number

Premise 1: If x and y are odd numbers,

then the product of x and y is an odd
number
Premise 2 : 3 and 5 are odd numbers
Conclusion : The product of 3 and 5 is an odd
number

Premise 1 : If KLM is an equilateral triangle,

then KL = LM = KM

Conclusion: ..

Premise 1 : If p > 3 , then 6p > 18

Premise 1 : If C is a subset of D, then n(C) n(D)

Premise 2 : 6p < 18

Premise 2 : n(C) > n(D)

Conclusion : p < 3

Conclusion:

Premise 2: KLM is an equilateral triangle

6.6: Deduction and Induction

6.6.1 Deduction is making a conclusion for a specific case based on given general
statements.
6.6.1 a) Example :
Make a conclusion by deduction for each of the following cases.
1

All perfect squares can be written in the form of x2.

36 is a perfect square
Conclusion: 36 = 62.

The sum of the interior angles of a polygon is (n 2) 180o.

Hexagon is a polygon
Conclusion : The sum of the interior angles of a hexagon is (6 2) 180o = 720o

All sets have an empty set, as subset

Set N = {5, 6}

Conclusion : Set N has an empty set, as subset

4

The radius of a circle is 3 cm

The circumference of the circle with a radius of r cm is 2 h r
Conclusion : The circumference of the circle with a radius of 3 cm is 2 h (3) = 6h cm

All parallelograms have two pairs of parallel lines.

ABCD is a parallelogram
Conclusion : ABCD has two pairs of parallel lines

6.6 b) Exercise
Make a conclusion by deduction for each of the following cases.
1 It is compulsory for all form 5 students to sit for the SPM examination.
Ali sat for the SPM examination.
Conclusion: .
2

All herbivores eat grass

Goats are herbivores
Conclusion: .

All cuboids have 12 edges.

Object D is a cuboid
Conclusion: ..

All quadratic equations have 2 as the highest power of the unknown.

x2 + 2x 14 = 0 is a quadratic equation.
Conclusion:

All those who are wearing school uniforms are students.

Abu was not wearing the school uniform.
Conclusion: .

6.6.2 Induction is making generalization based on the pattern of a numerical

sequence, or specific cases.
6.6.2 a) Example:
Make a conclusion by induction for each of the following cases.
1

Given 1, 7, 17, 31
and 1 = 2(12) 1
7 = 2(22) 1
17 = 2(32) 1
31 = 2(42) 1,
...
General conclusion: 2n2 1 where n = 1, 2, 3, 4

Given 5, 11, 17, 23

and 5 = 6(0) + 5
11 = 6(1) + 5
17 = 6(2) + 5
23 = 6(3) + 5
..
General conclusion: 6(n) + 5 , where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, .

Given 5, 11, 21, 35

and

5 = 2(1)2 + 3
11 = 2(2)2 + 3
21 = 2(3)2 + 3
35 = 2(4)2 + 3 , .. make a general conclusion and find the 9th number

General conclusion: 2(n)2 + 3 where n = 1, 2, 3, 4,.

Hence, the 9th number is 2(9)2 + 3 = 165
6.6.2 b.) Make a conclusion by induction for each of the following cases.
1 Given 5, 14, 29, 50
2. The numerical sequence 88, 82, 72, 58, .
can be written as
and 5 = 2 + 3(1)2
14 = 2 + 3(2)2
88 = 90 2 1
29 = 2 + 3(3)2
82 = 90 2 4
50 = 2 + 3(4)2
72 = 90 2 9

58 = 90 2 16
..
General conclusion
General conclusion
3

Given 2, 9, 16, 23,

4. Given 3, 24, 81, 192,

And 2 = 2 + 7(0)
9 = 2 + 7(1)
16 = 2 + 7(2)
23 = 2 + 7(3)
..
General conclusion :..

and 3 = 3(1)3
24 = 3(2)3
81 = 3(3)3
192 = 3(4)3

General conclusion :..

Given 1, 4, 7, 10, 13,

and 1 = 3 1 2
4=3 22
7=3 32
10 = 3 4 2
13 = 3 5 2
General conclusion :

1) i: State whether the following statement is true or false.

9 > 6 and 42 = 8
ii : Complete the premise in the following argument.
Premise 1: If JKL is an equilateral triangle, then the value of its interior angle is 60o
Premise 2: ______________________________________________________
Conclusion: The value of the interior angle of JKL is 60o.
iii : Write down two implications based on the following sentence.

x > y if and only if x y > 0

Answer:
i.

ii.

Premise 2:
.

iii.

Implication 1 : .
Implication II : .

2) i : Is the sentence below a statement or a non-statement ?

5 is an even number

ii : Write down two implications based on the following sentence.

PQR is a right-angled triangle if and only if PR2 = PQ2 + QR2

iii : Based on the information below, make a general conclusion by induction regarding the sum of
the interior angles of a triangle.

The sum of the interior angles of triangle ABC = 180o

The sum of the interior angles of triangle JKL = 180o
The sum of the interior angles of triangle PQR = 180o
Answer:

i.

ii.

Implication 1 : .
Implication II :

iii. General conclusion :

3. a) Determine whether the following statement is true or false.

34 = 12 or

5
= 1.25
4

b) Write two implications from the statement given below.

x = 4 if and only if x3 = 64
c) Complete the premise in the following argument.
Premise 1 : If 2y = 10, then y = 5.
Premise 2 : ..
Conclusion : 2y 10.
Answer:
a)
b) Implication I:
Implication II:
c) Premise 2: ..

4. a) Complete the conclusion in the following argument.

Premise 1 : All regular hexagons have 6 equal sides.
Premise 2 : ABCDEF is a regular hexagon.
Conclusion : .
b) Make a conclusion by induction for a list of numbers 9,29, 57, 93,that follow the patterns
below :
9 = 4(2)2 7
29 = 4(3)2 7
57 = 4(4)2 7
93 = 4(5)2 7
c) Combine the two statements given below to form a true statement.

i) 15 ( 5) = 5
ii) 32 is a multiple of 8.

Answer:
a.) Conclusion:
b.) .
c.) ..

5. a) Below are three statements : 42 = 8

:

3
= 0.75
4

Combine any of the two statements

to form a false statement.

: 5 < 2
b) Complete the following argument.
Premise 1 : If a = 6, then 5a = 30 .
Premise 2 : 5a 30
Conclusion : .. .
c) Write down two implications based on the following;

3r > 6 if and only if r > 2

Answer:
a.)
b.) Conclusion:
c.). Implication 1 : .
Implication 2 : ....

SPM PAST YEAR QUESTIONS

Year 2003 (Nov)
a) Is the sentence below a statement or non-statement?
4 is a prime number
b) Write down two implications based on the following sentence;

P R if and only if R' P'

The number of subsets in a set with 2 elements is 22.
The number of subsets in a set with 3 elements is 23.
The number of subsets in a set with 4 elements is 24.
c) Based on the information above, make a general conclusion by induction regarding the number of
subsets in a set with k elements.
(5 marks)
Answer :

a)

Statement

b) Implication 1 : If P R , then R ' P '

Implication 2 : If R' P ' , then P R
c) The number of subsets in a set with k elements is 2 k

Year 2004 (July)

a) State whether the following sentence is a statement or a non-statement.
All multiples of 2 are divisible by 4.
b.) Write down a true statement using both of the following statements:
Statement 1:

5 2 = 10

Statement 2:

10 10 = 100

c.) Write down two implications based on the following sentence:

y < x if and only if y > -x
(4 marks)
Answer :

a) Statement
b) 52 = 10 or 10 x 10 = 100
c) Implication 1 : If y < x then -y > -x
Implication 2 : If -y > -x then y < x

Year 2004 (Nov)

a) State whether the following statement is true or false.

8 > 7 or 32 = 6
b) Write down two implications based on the following sentence

m3 = 1000 if and only if m = 10

c) Complete the premise in the following argument :
Premise 1 : All hexagons have six sides.
Premise 2 : .
Conclusion : PQRSTU has six sides.

(5 marks)

Answer : a) True
b) Implication 1 : If m3 = 1000 then m = 10
Implication 2 : If m = 10 then m3 = 1000
c) PQRSTU is a hexagon

Year 2005 (July)

a) Determine whether the following sentence is a statement or non-statement.

2 m 2 + 5m 3 = 0
b) Write down the converse of the following implication, hence state whether the converse is true or false.
If x is an odd number then 2x is an even number.

a) Make a general conclusion by induction for a list of number 3, 17, 55, 129, which follows the following
pattern:

3 = 2(1) 3 + 1
17 = 2(2) 3 + 1
55 = 2(3) 3 + 1
129 = 2(4) 3 + 1
(5 marks)

Year 2005 (Nov)

a) State whether each of the following statement is true or false.
i) 8 2 = 4 and 82 = 16.
ii) The elements of set A = {12,15,18} are divisible by 3 or the elements of set B = {4, 6, 8}
are multiples of 4.
b) Write down premise 2 to complete the following argument .
Premise 1 :If x is greater than zero, then x is a positive number.
Premise 2 : .
Conclusion : 6 is a positive number.
c) Write down 2 implications based on the following sentence.
3m > 15 if and only if m > 5
Implication 1 :
Implication 2 :

(5 marks)

Year 2006 (July)

a.) State whether each of the following statements is true or false.
(i)

64 = 4

(ii.) -5 > - 8 and 0.03 = 3 10 1

b) Write down two implications based on the following sentence.
ABC is an equilateral triangle if and only if each of the interior angle of

ABC is 60 0 .

c.) Complete the premise in the following argument:

Premise 1

: .

Premise 2

: 90 0 x 180 0.

Conclusion

: sin x 0 is positive.

(5 marks)

Year 2006 (Nov)

(a) Complete each of the following statements with the quantifier all or some so that it will become
a true statement
(i)

of the prime numbers are odd numbers.

(ii)

... pentagons have five sides.

(b) State the converse of the following statement and hence determine whether its converse is true or false.

If x > 9 , then x > 5

(c) Complete the premise in the following argument:
Premise 1 : If set K is a subset of set L, then K L = L
Premise 2 :
Conclusion: Set K is not a subset of set L
Year 2007 (June)
a) State whether the following statement is true or false.
b) Write down Premise
2 to complete
Some even
numbersthe
arefollowing
multiplesargument:
of 3
Premise 1 : If a quadrilateral is a trapezium, then it has two parallel sides.
Premise 2 : ..
Conclusion: ABCD is not a trapezium.
c) Based on the information below, make a general conclusion by induction regarding the
sum of interior angles of a polygon with n sides.

Sum of interior angles of a polygon with 3 sides is ( 3 2 ) x 1800

Sum of interior angles of a polygon with 4 sides is (4 2 ) x 1800
Sum of interior angles of a polygon with 5 sides is (5 2 ) x 1800

c) Write down two implications based on the following statement:

a b
has an inverse if and only if ad bc 0
c d

Matrix

[6 marks]

Year 2007 (Nov)

a) Complete the following statement using quantifier all or some, to make it a true statement.

................................quadratic equations have two equal roots.

b) Write down Premise 2 to complete the following argument:
Premise 1 : If M is a multiple of 6, then M is a multiple of 3.
Premise 2 : ..
Conclusion : 23 is not a multiple of 6.
c) Make a general conclusion by induction for the sequence of numbers 7, 14, 27,
which follows the following pattern.
7 = 3(2)1 + 1
14 = 3(2)2 + 2
27 = 3(2)3 + 3
=
d) Write down two implications based on the following statement:
p q > 0 if and only if p > q
Implication 1 :
Implication 2 : ...
[6 marks]

Year 2008 (June)

a) State whether the following compound statement is true or false.

7 x 7 = 49 and (-7)2 = 49

b) Write down two implications based on the following compound statement:

KLM is an isosceles triangle if and only if two angles in

KLM are equal.

c) Write down Premise 2 to complete the following argument:

Premise 1:
If PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral, then the sum of the interior opposite angles of PQRS is
1800 .
Premise 2:

Conclusion:
PQRS is not a cyclic quadrilateral.
[5 marks]

Year 2008 (Nov)

a) State whether the following compound statement is true or false:

53 = 125 and -6 < -7

b) Write down two implications based on the following compound statement:

x3 = -64 if and only if x = -4.
2
c) It is given that the interior angle of a regular polygon of n sides is 1 180 .
n
Make one conclusion by deduction on the size of the interior angle of a regular hexagon.

[5 marks]
Answer
Chapter 6: Mathematical Reasoning

6.1.1
6.1.2
6.2. b

6.2.2 b

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.True 2. True

3. True

5.

6.

7.

4. False 5. True

8.

9.

6. True

10.
7. False 8. True

9. False

1. All rhombuses have four equal sides

2. Some odd numbers are prime number
3. All factors of 6 are factor of 3
4. All isosceles triangles have two equal sides
5. Some even numbers are divisible by 10
1. Some multiples of 2 are multiples of 4
2. All orchid flowers are yellow in colour
3. All animals can swim
4. Some human beings have hearts
5. Some multiples of 8 can be exactly divided by 2

6.3.1 b)
1
2
3
4
5

Statement
Some even numbers are divisible by 10
Some even numbers are not divisible by 10
All factors of 7 are factors of 14
Not all factors of 7 are factors of 14
All trapeziums have a pair of parallel lines
Not all trapeziums have a pair of parallel lines
44 is a multiple of 11
44 is not a multiple of 11
3
2

100 is equal to 102

3

100 2 is not equal to 102

6
7
8
9
10

Nucleus is an organelle
Nucleus is not an organelle
Plants have hair roots to absorb water and minerals
Plants have no hair roots to absorb water and minerals
10 and 120 are multiples of 10
10 and 120 are not multiples of 10
20 is equal to 2
20 is not equal to 2
All prime numbers are not divisible by 2
Not all prime numbers are not divisible by 2

Truth
True
False
True
False
True
False
True
False
False
True

True
False
True
False
True
False
False
True
False
True

10. True

6.3.2 b
p

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

True / False
False
False
True
False
True
False
True
False
True
True
True
True
False
True
False

6.4. b
a
b
c
d
e
f

Implication 1 : If 10 a = 1, then a = 0
Implication 2 : If a = 0, then 10 a = 1
Implication 1 : If x3 = 64, then x = 4
Implication 2 : If x = 4, then x3 = 64
Implication 1 : If Abu is punished, then he was late to school
Implication 2 : If Abu is late to school, then he will be punished
Implication 1 : If x + 3 = 7, then x 8 = 18
Implication 2 : If x 8 = 18, then x + 3 = 7
Implication 1 : If A B , then A B = A
Implication 2 : If A B = A , then A B
Implication 1 : If y2 4y = 4 then y = 2
Implication 2 : If y = 2, then y2 4y = 4

Implication 1 : If k is a perfect square, then k is an integer

Implication 2 : If k is an integer, then k is a perfect square

Implication 1 : If m is a negative number, then m3 is a negative number
Implication 2 : If m3 is a negative number, then m is a negative number

1
, then z =10
z
1
Implication 2 : If z =10, then 10 1 =
z
2
Implication 1 : If m = 5 , then 5 = m
Implication 1 : If 10 1 =

Implication 2 : If 52 = m, then m = 5

6.5 b
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Premise 2 : 5 < 12
i.)Premise 1 : All negative numbers are smaller than zero
ii.)Premise 2 : 2340 is a multiple of 10
Premise 2 : MNOPQ is a pentagon
Conclusion : x + 5 10
Premise 2 : 90o < 100 0 < 180o
Conclusion : x {2,4,6,8}
Premise 2 : KL = LM = KM
Conclusion : C is not a subset of D

6.6.1 b

1
2
3
4
5

Conclusion : Ali is a form 5 student.

Conclusion : Goats eat grass
Conclusion : Object D has 12 edges
Conclusion : x2 + 2x 14 = 0 has 2 as the highest power of its unknown
Conclusion : Abu is not a student.

1
2
3
4
5

General conclusion :
General conclusion :
General conclusion :
General conclusion :
General conclusion :

6.6.2 b
2 + 3(n)2 where n = 1,2,3,4,..
90 2(n)2 where n = 1,2,3,4,..
2 + 7(n), where n = 0,1,2,3,..
3(n)3 where n = 1,2,3,4,..
3 n 2, or 3(n) 2 , where n = 1,2,3,4,5,..

Questions According to Examination Format

1. i: False
ii : JKL is an equilateral triangle.
iii : If x > y, then x y > 0 .
If x y > 0, then x > y.
2. i : Statement

ii : 1 : If PQR is a right-angled triangle, then PR2 = PQ2 + QR2

2: If PR2 = PQ2 + QR2, then PQR is a right-angled triangle
iii : The sum of the interior angles of all triangles = 180o
3. a) True

b) If x = 4, then x3 = 64
If x3 = 64, then x = 4
c) y 5
4. a) ABCDEF has 6 equal sides.

b) 4(n)2 7 where n = 2, 3, 4, 5,
c) 15 ( 5) = 5 or 32 is a multiple of 8.
3
3
2
2
5. a) = 0.75 and 5 < 2 @ 4 = 8 or 5 < 2 @ 4 = 8 or
= 0.75
4
4
b) a 6
c) If 3r > 6, then r > 2.
If r > 2 , then 3r > 6.
PAST YEARS SPM QUESTIONS
June 2004
1. a) Statement
b) 5 2 = 10 or 10 10 = 100
c ) If y < x , then y > x
If y > x , then y < x
Nov 2004
2. a) True
b) If m3 = 1000 , then m = 10
If m = 10, then m3 = 1000
c) PQRSTU is a hexagon.

June 2005
3.

a) Statement
b) If 2x is an even number, the x is an odd number. (True)
c) 2n 3 + 1, where n = 1, 2, 3

Nov 2005
4.

a) i: False
ii: True
b) 6 is greater than zero.
c) If 3m > 15, then m > 5.
If m > 5, then m > 5.

June 2006
5.

a) (i) True
(ii) False
b) If

ABC is an equilateral triangle, then each of the interior angle of

If each of the interior angle of

ABC is 60 0 , then

ABC is 60 0 .

ABC is an equilateral triangle.

c) If 90 0 x 180 0 , then sin x 0 is positive.

7. Nov 2006
a) (i) Some
(ii) All
b) If

x > 5 , then x > 9 , False

c) K L L
8. June 2007

a) True
b) ABCD has no two parallel sides
c) (n 2 ) x 1800
a b
has an inverse then ad bc 0
d) Implication 1 : If matrix
c d

a b
has an inverse
Implication 2 : If ad bc 0 then
c d
9. Nov 2007

a) Some
b) 23 is not a multiple of 3
c) 3(2)n + n , n = 1, 2, 3,
d) Implication 1 : If p q > 0 then p > q
Implication 2 : If p > q then p q > 0
10. June 2008

a) True
b) Implication 1 : If
KLM is an isosceles triangle, then two angles in
KLM are equals.
Implication 2 : If two angles in
KLM are equals, then
KLM is an
isosceles triangle.
c) The sum of the interior opposite angles of PQRS is not equal to 1800.
11. Nov 2008

a) False
b) Implication 1 : If x3 = -64 then x = -4
Implication 2 : If x = -4 then x3 = -64