Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
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MATHEMATICS
PROJECT
2014
STATE:
NAME:
SCHOOL:
CLASS:
TEACHER:
TITLE:
SELANGOR
SMK SUBANG UTAMA
INTRODUCTION
The idea of calculus had been developed earlier in Egypt, Greece, China,
India, Iraq, Persia and Japan. The use of calculus began in Europe, during the 17 th
century, when Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilheim Leibniz built on the work of
calculus include computations involving area, volume, arc length, centre of mass,
work and pressure. Calculus is also used to gain a more precise understanding of
the nature of space, time and motion.
(Extend all of this so that it reaches at least 1 page)
INDEX
Finished
Method of Fluxions
In 1671, but it remained
unpublished until after his
death (in1736)
Fluxions=differentiation
Fluents=integration
Involved and
manipulated the
calculus controversy
(Priorittsstreit)
against Gottfried W.
Leibniz
PART 2
Newtons Notation of
calculus in his work
Differentiation:
Integration:
(Not widely use because it
might cause confusion
because of similarities in
representation.)
Point B is (1.0,80)
_______________________________________________________________________________
Line BP
It is shown that this line BP is a line parallel to the time axis. So, it can be said that the function of
this line is:
v=80
Point P is (1.5, 80)
_______________________________________________________________________________
Line PQ
It is given that the linear line between point P and Q is:
v=-160t+320
So Q is:
v=-160(2)+320
= -320+320
= 0 (As seen on graph)
Point Q is (2.0, 0)
_______________________________________________________________________________
Line QR
It is shown that this line QR is a line at time axis. So, it can be said that the function of this line is:
v=0
Point R is (2.5, 0)
_______________________________________________________________________________
Line RS
It is stated in the question that PQ is parallel to RS, so it can be said that RS has the same gradient
with PQ, which is -160. So, by using
v=mt+c
(a.k.a y=mx+c)
We put m=-160. Not only that, we know that this line intersects the point R, so we put ine equations
of point R into the basic linear equation:
(0)=-160(2.5)+c
c=160(2.5)
Hence,
c=400
Therefore, the equation of the linear line RS is:
v=-160t+400
The t value for point S has already been given, now we only have to find the f(t) value, velocity.
v=-160(3)+400
= -480+400
=-80
Point S is (3.0, -80)
_______________________________________________________________________________
Line SC
Since the velocity shall be constantly -80 at this period, hence:
v=-80
Point C is (3.5, 80)
_______________________________________________________________________________
Line CD
y2 y1
x2 x1
x 1 , y 1 ) & D= ( x 2 , y 2 )
0(80)
4.03.5
160
m=160
So, we insert point D,
0= 160(4)+c
c= -640
Therefore, the equation of the linear line CD is:
v=160t-640
v=160t-640, Point D is (4.0,0)
_______________________________________________________________________________
Overview
Lin Function
e
AB v=60t+20
BP v=80
PQ v=-160t+320
QR v=0
RS v=-160t+400
SC v=-80
CD v=160t-640
Point
Coordinate
A
B
P
Q
R
S
C
D
(0.0,20)
(1.0,80)
(1.5,80)
(2.0,0)
(2.5,0)
(3.0,-80)
(3.5,-80)
(4.0,0)
Q1:
Ai) Find acceleration of the car in the first hour.
So, the acceleration at the first hour (Period AB) is:
Method 1
Point A= (0.0,20)
Method 2
At period AB, f(t)=60t+20
Point B= (1.0,80)
dv
dt
8020
1.00.0
60
1.0
60t+20]= 60km/h2
= 60km/h2
Average speed=
, time (h) =2
Method 1
To obtaining the distance, you can just count them by using:
Area of quadrilateral formula:
Area of triangle formula:
(Length)(Width)
1
2
(Length) (Width)
1
(l 1 +l 2 )
2
(Width)
The graph of the first 2 hours can be easily separated into 3 shapes:
(0.0-1.0): A trapezium
(1.0-1.5): a rectangular quadrilateral
(1.5-2.0): a triangle
Area of Trapezium
Points needed: A (0.0,20) and B (1.0,80)
l1 =
yA
(20+80) (1.0)
= 20
= 80
(Velocity)
l2 =
yB
Width=x=
1
(l 1 +l 2 ) (Width)
2
Area=
x Bx A
= 1.0-0.0
= 1.0 (time)
= 50(1.0)
= 50unit 2
yB / y P
Length=
=80
x Px B
Width=x=
=1.5-1.0
=0.5
Area of triangle
1
2
Length=y=
y Q y P
x Qx P
Width=x=
= 0-80
=|-80|
=80
1
2
Area=
(Length) (Width)
= 2.0-1.5
=0.5
1
2
80 0.5
= 400.5
= 20unit 2
_______________________________________________________________________________
Total distance in 2 hours = (50+40+20)km= 110km
Average speed of the car in the first 2 hours
=
110 km
2h
= 55km/h
Method 2
We can use integration to find the distance travelled by the car of the car.
The displacement of the car in the first 2 hours consists of the area below 3 lines that are:
[Line AB]
f (t)1 =60t+20
[Line BP]
f (t)2 =80
[Line PQ]
f (t)3 =-
160t+320
Area under the line AB
Interval [0.0, 1.0]
1.0
1.0
f (t)1 dt
0.0
(60 t +20)dt
0.0
[30 t 2+ 20 t]1.0
0.0
= [30(1.0)2+20(1.0)] - [30(0.0)2+20(0.0)]
= (30+20) 0
= 50unit 2
Area = 50unit2
Distance travelled=50km
Area under the line BP
Interval [1.0, 1.5]
1.5
f ( t)2 dt
1.0
1.5
80 dt
1.0
[80t ]1.5
1.0
= [80(1.5)] - [80(1.0)]
= (120) (80)
= 40unit 2
Area = 40unit2
Distance travelled=40km
Area under the line BP
Intervals [1.5 and 2.0]
160 t +320
( ) dt
2.0
f ( t)3 dt
1.5
2.0
1.5
= [-80(2.0) 2+320(2.0)] -
[80(1.5)2+320(1.5)]
= (320) (300)
= 20unit 2
Area = 20unit2
Distance travelled=20km
_______________________________________________________________________________
Total distance in 2 hours = (50+40+20)km= 110km
Average speed of the car in the first 2 hours
=
110 km
2h
= 55km/h
1
2
(Length) (Width)
1
(l 1 +l 2 )
2
(Width)
The graph of the first 2 hours can be easily separated into 3 shapes:
(0.0-1.0): A trapezium
(1.0-1.5): a rectangular quadrilateral
(1.5-2.0): a triangle
Area of Trapezium
Points needed: A (0.0,20) and B (1.0,80)
l1 =
yA
l2 =
(20+80) (1.0)
= 20
= 80
(Velocity)
yB
1
(l 1 +l 2 ) (Width)
2
Area=
Width=x=
x Bx A
= 1.0-0.0
= 1.0 (time)
1
2
= 50(1.0)
= 50unit 2
yB / y P
Length=
=80
x Px B
Width=x=
= 80 0.5
= 40unit 2
=1.5-1.0
=0.5
Area of triangle
Points needed: P (1.5, 80) and Q (2.0, 0)
Length=y=
y Q y P
= 0-80
=|-80|
=80
Width=x=
1
2
Area=
x Qx P
(Length) (Width)
= 2.0-1.5
=0.5
1
2
80 0.5
= 400.5
= 20unit 2
_______________________________________________________________________________
Area below the line QR
Points needed: Q (2.0,0) and R (2.5,0)
Length=
(Width)
yQ/ yR
Width=x=
x R x P
Area = (Length)
=0
(since both ys are constant)
=2.5-2.0
=0.5
= 0 0.5
=0
______________________________________________________________________________
And now, we are going to find how much the car travelled in the last 1.5 hours. the last segment of
the velocity-time graph that is located below the time axis can be separated into 3 shapes:
(2.5-3.0): A triangle (3.0-3.5): A rectangular quadrilateral (3.5-4.0): A triangle
Area =
1
2
(Length)
(Width)
Length=y=
yS yR
Width=x=
x Sx R
1
2
80
0.5
= -80-0
=|-80|
= 80
= 3.0-2.5
= 0.5
= 40 0.5
= 20unit 2
yC / yS
Length =
=|-80|
= 80
x C x S
Width=x=
= 3.5-3.0
= 0.5
1
2
Area =
(Length)
(Width)
Length=y=
yD yC
Width=x=
x D x C
1
2
80
0.5
= 0-(-80)
= 80
= 3.5-4.0
= 0.5
= 40 0.5
= 20unit 2
Distance travelled=20km
_______________________________________________________________________________
Total distance travelled by the car
= Area of ([AB]+[BP]+[PQ]+[QR[o]]+[RS]+[SC]+[CD])
= (50+40+20+20+40+20) unit2
= (50+40+20+20+40+20) km
= 190km
Distance travelled=190km
Method 2
Distance travelled by car can be found using integration.
The displacement (or speed) of the car in consists of the area below 3 lines that are:
[Line AB]
f (t)1 =60t+20
[Line BP]
f (t)2 =80
[Line PQ]
f (t)3 =-160t+320
f (t)4 =0
The displacement (or speed) of the car in consists of the area above 3 lines that are:
[Line RS]
f (t)5 = -160t+400
[Line SC]
f (t)6 =-80
[Line SC]
f (t)7 = 160t-640
f (t)1 dt
0.0
1.0
(60 t +20)dt
0.0
1.0
[30 t + 20 t]0.0
= [30(1.0) 2+20(1.0)] -
[30(0.0) +20(0.0)]
= (30+20) 0
= 50unit 2
Area = 50unit2
Distance travelled=50km
Area under the line BP
Interval [1.0, 1.5]
1.5
1.5
f ( t)2 dt
1.0
80 dt
1.0
1.5
[80t ]1.0
= [80(1.5)] - [80(1.0)]
= (120) (80)
= 40unit 2
Area = 40unit2
Distance travelled=40km
Area under the line BP
Interval [1.5 , 2.0]
160 t +320
( ) dt
2.0
f (t)3 dt
1.5
2.0
1.5
= [-80(2.0) 2+320(2.0)] 2
[80(1.5) +320(1.5)]
= (320) (300)
= 20unit2
Area = 20unit2
Distance travelled=20km
_______________________________________________________________________________
f (t )4 dt
2.0
2.5
0 dt
2.0
2.5
[0t ]2.0
= [0] - [0]
= 0unit 2
Area = 0 unit2
Distance travelled=0km
_______________________________________________________________________________
Area under the line RS
Intervals [2.5, 3.0]
3.0
f (t )5 dt
2.5
3.0
(1 60t + 400) dt
2.5
= [-80(3.0) 2+400(3.0)] 2
[-80(2.5) +400(2.5)]
500+1000)]
= [(-720+1200)-(= 480-500
= -20unit 2
2
Area = |-20 unit |, |Displacement=-20km|
= Distance travelled=20km
f ( t)6 dt
3.0
3.5
80 dt
3.0
3.5
[80 t ]3.0
=
=
=
=
=
Area = |-40 unit2|, |Displacement=-40km|
= Distance travelled=40km
[-80(3.5)] - [-80(3.0)]
-280-(-240)
-280+240
-40unit 2
f (t)7 dt
3.5
4.0
(1 60 t640) dt
3.5
= [(1280-2560)-(980= -1280-(-1260)
= -1280+1260
= -20unit 2
Area = |-20 unit |, |Displacement=-20km|
= Distance travelled=20km
_______________________________________________________________________________
2
Distance travelled=190km
on the above graph, write an interesting story of the journey in not more
PART 3
+b
a
=a(x+
b
b
2
2
2 a ) -( 2 a ) +c
x)+c
b
b
2
2
)
-(
2a
2 a ) +c
= a(x+0) 2-(0)2+4
= ax 2+4
y = ax2+4 implies b=0
Take a positive point (4,5) for convenience.
5=a(4) 2+4
1=16a
a=
1
16
1
2
16 x +4
Method 2
We know there are 3 points, (-4,5),(0,4) and (4,5).
Use
y=ax2+bx+c
c=4 since when x=0,y=4=c. Hence sub all 3 known values to make 3 equations.
Point (-4, 5)
a(-4)2+b(-4)+4=5
16a-4b=1
Point (0,4)
a(0)2+b(0)+4=5
1=0?!
Point (4,5)
a(4)2+b(4)+4=5
16a+4b=1
Do simultaneous equation.
16a-4b=1
16a+4b=1
-4b-1=1+4b
1
16
y=ax2+bx+c
8b=0
b=0
1
2
16 x +4
B) To find the approximate area under a curve, we can divide the region into several vertical strips, and then we add
up the areas of all the strips. Before that, use a scientific calculator or any suitable computer software, to the area
bounded by the curve y = f(x) at (a), the x-axis, x = 0 and x = 4.
Using a scientific calculator of the CASIO-570 series, the answer obtained from the integration of y=f(x) is= 17
1
3
unit2
Output
Rectangle
x (Interval)
Input [x value]
[f(x) =
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
(0.5-0.0)=0.5
(1.0-0.5)=0.5
(1.5-1.0)=0.5
(2.0-1.5)=0.5
(2.5-2.0)=0.5
(3.0-2.5)=0.5
(3.5-3.0)=0.5
(4.0-3.5)=0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
1
16
Area of rectangle
(unit2)[xOutput]
x2+4]
4.000000
4.015625
4.062500
4.140625
4.250000
4.390625
4.562500
4.765625
Total Area
2.0000000
2.0078125
2.0312500
2.0703125
2.1250000
2.1953125
2.2812500
2.3828125
17.0937500
Output
Rectangle
x (Interval)
Input [x value]
[f(x) =
Area of rectangle
(unit2)[xOutput]
1
16
x2+4]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
(0.5-0.0)=0.5
(1.0-0.5)=0.5
(1.5-1.0)=0.5
(2.0-1.5)=0.5
(2.5-2.0)=0.5
(3.0-2.5)=0.5
(3.5-3.0)=0.5
(4.0-3.5)=0.5
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.015625
4.062500
4.140625
4.250000
4.390625
4.562500
4.765625
5.000000
Total Area
2.0078125
2.0312500
2.0703125
2.1250000
2.1953125
2.2812500
2.3828125
2.5000000
17.5937500
Rectangle
x (Interval)
Input [x value]
Output
Area of rectangle
(unit2)[xOutput]
[f(x) =
1
2
3
4
(1.0-0.0)=1.0
(2.0-1.0)=1.0
(3.0-2.0)=1.0
(4.0-3.0)=1.0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
1
16
x2+4]
4.015625
4.140625
4.390625
4.765625
Total Area
4.015625
4.140625
4.390625
4.765625
17.312500
f ( x)dx
0
x
+ 4) dx
( 16
4
x3
+4 x ]
48
0
(4 )3
= [ 48
(0)3
+ 4(4)] - [ 48
4(0)]
= [(
64
48
+16)-(0+0)]
= 17
1
3
= 17
1
2
3 unit
-0
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(accurate) area
accurate area
17.09375
17.59375
17.31250
100%]
0.013822115
+0.015024058
0.001201923
Diagram (iii) from question B gives the best approximate area as its deviation value is the smallest
compared with the other two. (this sentence is not that complete, ask ying sheng)
iii) Explain how you can improve the value in c (ii).
By decreasing the value of x into an infinitesimal value (0), the number of triangles under the
graph can be increased . Thus, this makes the rectangles become thinner and thinner but it
shall make the area of graph within an interval become more and more accurate.
x dy = (16 y64)dx
2
[ 8 y 264 y ]54
[(200-320)-(128-256)]
(-120)-(-128)
=8
unit3
=8
m3
25.133 m 3
PART 4
0.2
0.2
y 21 dx =
(1.25 x 2)2 dx
0.2
0.2
0.2
[1.44 x4 x 3 +5 x 5]0.2
[(0.288-0.032+0.0016)-(-0.288+0.032-0.0016)]
(2)(0.2576)
4 (0.2)3 + 5(0.2)5 ]}
= 0.5152
unit3
= 0.5152
cm3
Step 2: Find the 360 o volume revolution of f(x) =1 at the interval [-0.2,0.2] with respect to x. (Since a
Second line exists there and it is a constant f(x) value. When x= -0.2/0.2,
y 21 = 1).
0.2
0.2
(1)2 dx
2
2
y dx =
0.2
0.2
0.2
( x)dx
[x ]0.2
0.2
0.2
[(0.2)-(-0.2)]
(0.4)
= 0.4
unit3
Step 3: To get the volume of gold needed to make the gold ring, we need to:
0.2
0.2
0.2
y 21 dx -
0.2
y 22 dx
= 0.5152
= 0.1152
cm3 - 0.4
unit3
cm3
0.3619 cm 3
Density=
mass
volume
Volume=0.1152
cm3
cm3)
= RM 901.4002406
RM 901.40
Price of gold needed to make the gold ring
RM 901.40
REFLECTION
TALK SHIT HERE
To get my A+ in Add Maths I had done everything,
But had done nothing but to be wrong and scolded of,
The sound of scribbling became louder every day,
Then I noticed the fact there was no time
I was a believer in maths to be maths always,
And was asking whether I would be excel again
gram