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1 GOALS
This paper presents the experimental procedure used to establish the internal characteristic for an
axial fan, for a constant rotating speed. The process is assumed as isothermal. In addition:
-
using of the orifice meters for measuring of the mass flow rate,
2 THEORETICAL APPROCH
The fans are pneumatic generators that are working with gases. In this way, they transform
mechanical energy supplied by an electrical motor in pneumatic energy. Between inlet and outlet,
there will be an increase of pressure. A particular characterisc of the axial fans is that they are
used for significant volumetric flow rates of gases at small pressure.
Internal characteristic of a fan represent the dependency between total pressure ptot of the fan
and the mass flow rate Qm (or volumetric flow rate) of this, ptot = f ( Qm ) (or ptot = f ( Q ) ). It
characterizes the working behaviour of the fan.
The mass flow rate (or volumetric flow rate) is defined as flux of velocity through the inlet section
( Qm )i , o = n dS
S
o, i
where: n
(1)
is velocity of fluid through a control section, that is normal to the flow direction.
Total pressure ptot of the fan is the pressure change of the gas through fan (the difference of
average total pressure between inlet and outlet):
(2)
ptot = ( p st +
where: ( )o , i
2
2
)o ( p st +
2
2
)i
(3)
Taking into consideration that useful power is defined as real power transferred to the gas, we can
consider that, energetically ptot represent the hydraulic power per flow rate unit.
Pu = Q ptot
(4)
Case
a cylindrical tube 1 with two flanges at extremities and equipped in interior with a
fixed stator blades 2, placed in downstream from rotor blades, for a minimum
turbulence of the air into exit section;
Stator blade:
is composed from four stationary blades 3;
Rotor blade:
is composed from a hub and an assembly of four aerodynamically shaped blades 4;
Electrical motor 5:
is fixed on a support 6, in interior of the case.
flow rate Qm . All these are performed for some air stationary flowing cases (flow rates), which are
established with the aid of the valve 14 (a device used to control the flow rate). Later on, for any
cases partly there will be calculated the magnitude of the useful power for fan.
In order to determine the mass flow rate, there will be used an orifice meter with a known
calibration curve (for any other details see the paper CALIBRATION OF THE ORIFICE METERS).
Total pressure is measured with the aid a Pitt tube.
5 COMPUTATIONAL PROCEDURE
In order to determine the mass flow rate of the air through the exhaust duct, we can find the
magnitude of Qm [kg/s] from calibration curve of the orifice meter (see figure 4). This is the
dependency between the vertical deflection of the piezometric liquid, hd [mm], which is indicated
by the manometer connected at the orifice meter, and the mass flow rate.
hd = l d k d [m]
where:
(5)
l d [m]:
k d [ - ]:
The next equation gives us the magnitude of the volumetric flow rate:
Q=
Qm
aer
[m3/s]
(6)
The following equation can be used to determine the density of the air aer :
aer = 0 aer
(7)
The magnitude of the total pressure can by computed using the equation (8):
ptot = g lp ht [N/m2]
where:
(8)
lp [kg/m3]
ht [m]
ht = l t k t [m]
where:
l t [m]
(9)
kt [ - ]
hd .
Step 8. Compute the total pressure ptot , Eq. (8) and Pu , Eq. (4).
Step 9. Repeat the anterior operations for another minimum seven flow cases;
Step 10. Establish the dependence ptot = f ( Qm ) ; figure 3 show us a general representation of it.
0 air
density of the air, for standard conditions of temperature and pressure: p0 air , T0 air .
t 0 air = 0 C ( T0 air = 273,15 K); p0 air = 760 mmHg; 0 air = 1,293 kg/m3;
Reglaj
clapet
kd
[-]
pair
Tair
[mmHg]
[K]
ld
[mm]
hd
[m]
Qm
[kg/s]
Q
[m3/s]
air
[kg/m3]
kt
[-]
lt
[mm]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
ht
[m]
pt
[N/m2]
Pu
[W]