3206

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 28, NO. 7, JULY 2013

DC-Voltage Fluctuation Elimination Through

a DC-Capacitor Current Control for DFIG
Converters Under Unbalanced Grid
Voltage Conditions
Changjin Liu, Dehong Xu, Senior Member, IEEE, Nan Zhu, Frede Blaabjerg, Fellow, IEEE,
and Min Chen, Member, IEEE

AbstractUnbalanced grid voltage causes a large second-order

harmonic current in the dc-link capacitors as well as dc-voltage
fluctuation, which potentially will degrade the lifespan and reliability of the capacitors in voltage source converters. This paper proposes a novel dc-capacitor current control method for a
grid-side converter (GSC) to eliminate the negative impact of unbalanced grid voltage on the dc-capacitors. In this method, a dccapacitor current control loop, where a negative-sequence resonant
controller is used to increase the loop gain, is added to the conventional GSC current control loop. The rejection capability to the
unbalanced grid voltage and the stability of the proposed control
system are discussed. The second-order harmonic current in the dc
capacitor as well as dc-voltage fluctuation is very well eliminated.
Hence, the dc capacitors will be more reliable under unbalanced
grid voltage conditions. A modular implementation method of the
proposed control strategy is developed for the DFIG controller.
Finally, experiments are presented to validate the theoretical
analysis.
Index TermsControl analysis, dc-capacitor current, doubly fed
induction generator (DFIG), resonant controller, unbalanced grid
voltage.

s
u s , ug u r
udc
ig , is , ir
ig dc , ir dc
icap
Lg , Lm , Ls , Lr

NOMENCLATURE
Stator flux.
Grid, GSC, and rotor ac-voltages.
DC voltage of the dc link.
GSC, stator, and rotor ac currents.
GSC and RSC dc currents.
Second-order harmonic dc-capacitor
current.
GSC, mutual, stator, and rotor inductances.

Manuscript received May 10, 2012; revised August 7, 2012; accepted

October 1, 2012. Date of current version December 24, 2012. This work was
supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under
Grant 51277163 and in part by the Zhejiang Key Science and Technology Innovation Group Program under Grant 2010R50021. Recommended for publication
by Associate Editor B. Wu.
C. Liu is with General Electric Global Research, Shanghai 201203, China
(e-mail: liuchangjin@zju.edu.cn).
D. Xu, N. Zhu, and M. Chen are with the College of Electrical Engineering,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China (e-mail: xdh@cee.zju.edu.cn;
shevaharry@zju.edu.cn; heaven@zju.edu.cn).
F. Blaabjerg is with the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg DK-9220, Denmark (e-mail: fbl@et.aau.dk).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPEL.2012.2223829

R g , Rs , Rr
C
s , r , sl
s
P, Q
sl
Superscripts

(0), (2)
(+1), (1)
(+2), (2)
Subscripts
d, q
cap, g, s, r

GSC, stator, and rotor resistances.

Capacitance of a dc capacitor.
Grid, rotor, and rotor slip angular frequencies.
Grid voltage phase.
Active and reactive power.
Rotor slip.
Reference value.
Conjugate complex.
DC and second-order harmonic components.
Positive-sequence and negative-sequence
fundamental components.
Positive-sequence and negative-sequence
second-order harmonic components.
Synchronous d- and q-axis.
Capacitor, GSC, grid/stator, and rotor.
I. INTRODUCTION

ITH the continuous increased capacity of installed wind

power, the effects of wind power generation on the grid
are more and more considerable [1]. As a consequence, the
grid codes issued by more and more power system operators
specify that the wind turbines should withstand certain voltage
disturbances such as voltage unbalance and voltage distortion
without tripping. In order to do this, the wind turbine systems
must continuously develop and improve their performance [2],
[3].
A large number of wind turbine systems are increasingly being installed in remote areas in China. Many wind farms are
located in the terminal of power transmission systems. The generated wind power is required to be transferred to load centers
with long transmission lines, whose connections may be weak.
The presence of voltage unbalance is more severe in these weak
transmission lines [4]. However, Chinese standards issued in
2012 require that large-scale wind turbines should withstand a
steady-state voltage unbalance of 2% and a short-time voltage
unbalance of 4% without tripping [5], which can also be found
in some international standards, e.g., EN-50160 [6]. Moreover,
the wind turbines must remain connected even during transient
unbalanced voltage dips.

0885-8993/$31.00 2012 IEEE

LIU et al.: DC-VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION ELIMINATION THROUGH A DC-CAPACITOR CURRENT CONTROL

Fig. 1.

3207

Active power flow in a DFIG wind turbine.

Since the stator of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)

is directly connected to the grid, a negative sequence is added
to the stator flux under unbalanced grid voltage conditions. As a
consequence, larger negative-sequence currents flow through
the stator and rotor, which cause a significant second-order
harmonic fluctuation in the electromagnetic torque and powers [4], [7]. Then, the torque fluctuations cause wear and tear
of the mechanical components such as gearbox and shaft [8]. In
addition, the active power fluctuations, which flow through the
capacitors of the dc link from both grid-side converter (GSC)
and rotor-side converter (RSC), as shown in Fig. 1, cause a large
second-order harmonic current in the dc capacitors as well as
voltage ripples in the dc link [9]. It results in higher power loss
in the dc capacitors and higher operating temperature, which
will speed up evaporation of the electrolytes liquid and shorten
their lifespan. Further, low-frequency ripple current is more
detrimental than high frequency [10], [11].
Hence, under the unbalanced conditions, the large lowfrequency current and voltage ripple in the dc-link capacitors of
the back-to-back converter is one of the most critical problems
of DFIG [8], [9]. The control of dc voltage used in the GSC for
the DFIG is slightly different to the grid-connected converters
under the unbalanced conditions, because the dc-voltage ripples
are caused not only by the unbalanced grid voltage but also by the
active power fluctuations from the RSC. In order to obtain constant dc voltage, the GSC should reject these two disturbances,
i.e., the unbalanced grid voltage and the RSC fluctuating active power. Several control techniques have been presented for
the GSC controller to reduce the voltage ripple during the voltage unbalance, which can be divided into three categories: 1)
feed-forward methods; 2) dual current control methods; and 3)
resonant controller methods.
The feed-forward methods include a grid voltage feedforward control [12], [13] and an RSC dc-current (i.e., a load
current for GSC) feed-forward control [14][17]. The impact
of the grid voltage unbalance on the dc capacitors is reduced
by the grid voltage feed-forward control, and the impact of the
RSC active power fluctuations on the dc capacitors is reduced
by the RSC dc-current feed-forward control. However, the control delay may degrade the control performance of the feedforward methods, and the feed-forward terms may also include
high-frequency noise. Moreover, in order to detect the RSC dc
current, additional hardware of the load current detection may
be needed [15], [16]. To avoid additional detection circuits, an

alternative approach is that the GSC controller calculates the

real-time RSC active power based on the rotor current and rotor
voltage reference [14], [17]. This requires that the GSC controller and the RSC controller should be integrated into one
controller, which loses the modularity of the DFIG converters.
It is worth noting that large-scale DFIG converters usually have
a modular structure for higher reliability and maintenance.
Dual current control is a popular method for regulating the
positive-sequence current and negative-sequence current at the
same time [9], [18][20]. The positive and negative current references are calculated from the desired powers and the grid
voltages. Multiple control targets are available by setting of
the references, such as constant stator power, balanced stator currents, constant electromagnetic torque, and constant dcvoltage [19], [20]. Under the unbalance conditions, to obtain
constant dc voltage, the output fluctuating active power of the
GSC must be equal to that of the RSC. Then, the current references of the GSC depend on the fluctuating active power of the
RSC [9], [19]. As a result, this method cannot be implemented
in wind power converters with a modular structure.
Since the frequency of the dc-voltage ripple is twice of the
grid frequency, a resonant controller is added to the original dcvoltage controller to increase the dc-voltage loop gain exactly
at twice the grid frequency in [21] and [22]. By doing so, the
control loop gain is large enough to reject the disturbances.
Then, a constant dc voltage is obtained. However, the added
resonant controller may reduce the phase margin of the system
when the resonant frequency is close to or below the crossover
frequency of the dc-voltage loop due to a phase step change of
180 around the resonant frequency [23]. Since the bandwidth
of the dc-voltage outer loop is normally lower than 100 Hz
for large-scale DFIG converters, whose switching frequency
is typically around 23 kHz, the resonant controller used in a
dc-voltage controller is not a good option for DFIG converters
when considering system stability. Moreover, the dynamic of
the outer loop is slow.
In order to make the dc capacitors more reliable under unbalanced conditions, this paper is focused on the second-order
dc-capacitor harmonic current elimination by using a robust and
modular control method for the GSC. First, negative impacts of
the unbalanced grid voltage on the dc capacitors are discussed.
Then, a dc-capacitor current control method with a negativesequence resonant controller is proposed to reduce the impact and implemented in the grid-voltage-oriented dq-frame. A

3208

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 28, NO. 7, JULY 2013

modular implementation method of the proposed control strategy is developed for the DFIG controller. The rejection capability to the unbalanced grid voltage and the stability of the system
are discussed. Finally, experiments are presented to validate the
theoretical analysis.

(0)

(2)

where Pg and Pg are the fundamental and second-order

active powers of the GSC, respectively


(0)
(+1) (+1)
(1) (1)
Pg = 1.5 Re ug dq ig dq + ug dq ig dq


(2)
(+1) (1) j 2 s t
(1) (+1) j 2 s t
Pg = 1.5 Re u
+u
.
ig dq e
ig dq e
g dq

II. IMPACT OF UNBALANCED VOLTAGE ON DC CAPACITORS

A typical DFIG configuration of a wind turbine is shown
in Fig. 1. The stator is directly connected to the low-voltage
grid and the rotor is interfaced through a back-to-back converter
that consists of an RSC, a GSC, and a common dc link [24].
The RSC controller is used to control the power output of the
generator, and the GSC controller is used to keep the dc-link
voltage stable regardless of the magnitude and the direction
of the rotor power [25]. Neglecting conductor power losses,
the output grid active power Po at the wind turbine terminal is
equal to the sum of the GSC active power Pg and the stator active
power Ps . The direction references of the power and current are
also defined as Fig. 1.
Under unbalanced grid voltage conditions, the grid voltage comprises positive-, negative-, and zero-sequences. In this
paper, a voltage unbalance factor is defined as the negativesequence magnitude divided by the positive-sequence magnitude in percentage [6]. During grid voltage unbalance, the
active power flow in DFIG wind turbines fluctuates. Since
zero-sequence voltage cannot induce zero-sequence current in a
three-phase three-line system, the effect of zero-sequence voltage is ignored in this paper. The grid voltage can be presented by
(1) in the grid voltage synchronous reference frame (dq-frame)
as
usdq = usdq + usdq ej 2 s t
(+1)

(1)

(1)

where ej 2 s t means that the negative-sequence component

rotates at clockwise direction with twice the grid frequency in
the dq-frame. It is assumed that the input voltage of the GSC is
ug dq = ug dq + ug dq ej 2 s t .
(+1)

(1)

(2)

Consequently, the input ac current of the GSC might be

composed of a positive-sequence component and a negativesequence component that depends on the rejection capability of
the control loop to disturbances at twice the grid frequency:
ig dq = ig dq + ig dq ej 2 s t .
(+1)

(1)

= Pg(0) + Pg(2)

(5)
Similar to the GSC, the active power of the RSC Pr can be
expressed as


Pr = 1.5 Re ur dq ir dq


(+1) (+1)
(1) (1)
= 1.5 Re ur dq ir dq + ur dq ir dq


(+1) (1)
(1) (+1)
+ 1.5 Re ur dq ir dq ej 2 s t + ur dq ir dq ej 2 s t
= Pr(0) + Pr(2)
(0)

(4)

(6)

(2)

where Pr and Pr are the fundamental and second-order

active powers of the RSC, respectively


(0)
(+1) (+1)
(1) (1)
Pr = 1.5 Re ur dq ir dq + ur dq ir dq


(2)
(+1) (1)
(1) (+1)
Pr = 1.5 Re ur dq ir dq ej 2 s t + ur dq ir dq ej 2 s t .
(7)
(+1)
As the positive-sequence rotor voltage ur dq approximates
(+1)
(+1)
(+1)
to sl usdq [24], i.e., ur dq
= sl usdq , the second-order active
power of the RSC can be rewritten as


(+1) (1)
(1) (+1)
Pr(2) = 1.5 Re sl usdq ir dq ej 2 s t + ur dq ir dq ej 2 s t
(8)
where sl is rotor slip, and it is defined as the ratio of the rotor
slip angular frequency sl to the grid angular frequency s , i.e.,

sl = sl /s = (s r )/s .
According to Fig. 1 and neglecting the power losses of the
GSC and the RSC, the active power that flows into the dc
capacitor is
 


Pcap = udc icap = Pg Pr = Pg(0) Pr(0) + Pg(2) Pr(2) .
(9)
Since the GSC can well regulate the fundamental active
(0)
(0)
power Pg to track the fundamental active power Pr , the
(0)
(0)
term (Pg Pr ) in (9) can be neglected. By doing so, the
dc-capacitor active power Pcap is found to be
Pcap = Pg(2) Pr(2) .

(3)

The active power of the GSC Pg can be obtained by using (2)

and (3)


Pg = 1.5 Re ug dq ig dq


(+1) (+1)
(1) (1)
= 1.5 Re ug dq ig dq + ug dq ig dq


(+1) (1)
(1) (+1)
+ 1.5 Re ug dq ig dq ej 2 s t + ug dq ig dq ej 2 s t

g dq

(10)

Substituting (5) and (8) into (10) yields



(+1) (1)
(1) (+1)
Pcap = 1.5 Re ug dq ig dq ej 2 s t + ug dq ig dq ej 2 s t


(+1) (1)
(1) (+1)
1.5 Re sl usdq ir dq ej 2 s t + ur dq ir dq ej 2 s t .
(11)
From

the

dc-capacitor

power of (11), the terms

are strongly dependent on the control. A grid-voltage-oriented vector control method by using a

(1) (1)
(1)
(1)
ig dq , ir dq , ug dq , and ur dq

LIU et al.: DC-VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION ELIMINATION THROUGH A DC-CAPACITOR CURRENT CONTROL

Fig. 2.

3209

Conventional control of the GSC using a PI-controller in the dq-frame [25], [26].

By neglecting the current decoupling term, the ac voltage of

the GSC and the RSC can also be yielded from Figs. 2 and 3,
respectively


(15)
ug dq (s) = Gg PI (s)Gd (s) ig dq (s) ig dq (s)


ur dq (s) = Gr PI (s)Gd (s) ir dq (s) ir dq (s) .
(16)

Fig. 3. Conventional control of the DFIG using a PI-controller in the dqframe [3], [24].

PI-controller is selected to be analyzed in this paper, which is

a common control method for DFIG wind turbine systems, as
shown in Fig. 2 for the GSC and Fig. 3 for the DFIG.
The GSC model, which can be found in [26], is shown within
the dashed box in Fig. 2. The conventional control strategy
for the GSC is described in [25]. From Fig. 2, the d-axis control loop is composed of a dc-link voltage control loop and
a d-axis current (i.e., active current component) control loop,
which is used to realize the stable control of the dc-link voltage, and the q-axis current control loop determines the power
factor of the GSC. The plant for the current control loop is
given by Gg p (s) = 1/(Lg s + Rg ), and the control delay is
denoted by Gd (s) = esT d , where Td is the delay time. The
DFIG model, which can be found in [3], is described as the
dashed box in Fig. 6, where G1 (s) = 1/(s + js ), G2 (s) =
(s + jsl ) Lm /Ls , and Gp (s) = 1/(Lr s + Rr ); is the leakage factor, = 1 L2m /(Ls Lr ). Both of the GSC model and
the DFIG model are derived by using an averaged switch modeling method [27], where the discrete switch network is averaged over one switching period for converting to the continuous
model.
The PI-controller transfer functions Gg PI (s) and Gr PI (s) in
Figs. 2 and 3 are given by

Kg i

Gg PI (s) = Kg p + s
(12)
Kr i

.
Gr PI (s) = Kr p +
s
From Figs. 2 and 3, the rejection capabilities of the ac current
to the grid voltage disturbance for the GSC and the DFIG are
defined, respectively, by
Gg u i (s) =

ig dq (s)
usdq (s)

(13)

Gr u i (s) =

ir dq (s)
.
usdq (s)

(14)

The minus sign in (15) is because the reference direction of

the GSC current is defined as input into the GSC.
If s = j2s , which represents the negative-sequence component in the dq-frame, substituting (13)(16) into (11), and
assuming ig dq (j2s ) = 0 and ir dq (j2s ) = 0 by using the
conventional control methods, the expression of the dc-capacitor
power can be rewritten by using these transfer functions

(+ 1 ) (1 )
Pc a p = 1.5 Re us d q u
s d q Gg u i (j2s )ej 2 s t

 (+ 1 )

(1 )
+ ig d q us d q Gg P I (j2s )Gd (j2s ) Gg u i (j2s )ej 2 s t

(+ 1 ) (1 )
r u i (j2s )ej 2 s t
s d q sl G
1.5 Re us d q u

 (+ 1 )

(1 )
ir d q us d q Gr P I (j2s )Gd (j2s ) Gr u i (j2s )ej 2 s t .

(17)
At steady-state operation, the amplitude of the dc-capacitor
current can be calculated by
Icapm =

|Pcap |
.
Udc

(18)

It should be noted that the dc-capacitor current also contains

the switching ripples, which are not related to the control methods but to the modulation methods. Therefore, the switching
ripples are not included when we discuss the control of the
dc-capacitor current in this paper.
As can be seen from (17) and (18), the amplitude of the dc(+1)
(1)
capacitor current depends on the grid voltages usdq and usdq ,
(+1)

(+1)

the positive-sequence currents ig dq and ir dq , and the rejections

(+1)

Gg u i (j2s ) and Gr u i (j2s ). The grid voltages usdq and

(1)

usdq are related to the grid condition and the positive-sequence

(+1)

(+1)

currents ig dq and ir dq are due to wind power, both of which

do not depend on the converter control loops. On the contrary,
the rejections Gg u i (j2s ) and Gr u i (j2s ) strongly depend
on the converter control loops: if the control loops have a high
rejection to the negative-sequence grid voltage disturbances,
the dc-capacitor current will be smaller, so the impact of the
unbalanced grid voltage on the dc capacitor can be suppressed.

3210

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 28, NO. 7, JULY 2013

TABLE I
PARAMETERS OF 1.5 MW DFIG FOR A WIND TURBINE

TABLE II
PARAMETERS OF A DFIG CONVERTER

negative-sequence current caused by the negative-sequence grid

voltage. Moreover, the rejection capability of Gr u i (j2s ) in
the DFIG is much smaller than that of Gg u i (j2s ) in the GSC
when the bandwidth is the same, because the EMF voltage in
the rotor induced by the negative-sequence grid voltage is proportional to its rotor slip, which has a high value of (2 sl ) [7].
Thus, according to (17) and (18), a small negative-sequence grid
voltage will cause a high fluctuating dc-capacitor current if it
is not considered unbalanced control. This problem will hinder
safe and reliable operation of DFIG wind turbine systems, because the low-frequency ripple currents in the dc-link capacitors
shorten their lifespan.
III. PROPOSED DC-CAPACITOR CURRENT CONTROL
SCHEME FOR GSCS
In order to improve the reliability of DFIG wind turbines, the
impacts of the unbalanced grid voltage on the dc capacitor need
to be eliminated. To achieve this goal, a proper control strategy
should be implemented to increase the negative-sequence rejection capability of the system. Moreover, the control structure
should contribute to a modular structure design for large-scale
DFIG converters.
A. Control Method to Eliminate Second-Order Harmonic
Current in DC Capacitors

Fig. 4. Rejection capability to the negative-sequence grid voltage in the dqframe by using a conventional PI-controller. (a) Rejection of G g u i (s) for GSC.
(b) Rejection of G r u i (s) for DFIG.

A 1.5-MW DFIG with a 500-kW back-to-back converter is

selected in this paper, whose parameters are listed in Tables I and
II. In order to prevent significant impact of the switching action
on the current loop stability, the current loop bandwidth should
be smaller than one-fourth of the switching frequency [28]. In
this case, the bandwidth is selected to be 100, 250, and 500 Hz,
in order to evaluate the performance of the conventional control
methods. Then, the rejection capabilities of Gg u i (s) and Gr u i (s)
to the negative-sequence grid voltage are shown in Fig. 4, where
s = j2f . It is seen that the rejection capability is increased
by the increased bandwidths of the current loop by regulating the PI-controller. But they are still too small to suppress the

A basic control loop of the GSC with current decoupling is

shown in Fig. 2. It is seen that there are two disturbances in the
control loop, i.e., the grid voltage usdq and the RSC dc current
ir dc . During grid voltage unbalance, the dc-capacitor current
icap might have the second-order harmonic, which is caused by
these disturbances. According to the feedback control principle,
if the disturbance is included by the closed-loop and the loop
gain is large enough, the disturbance will be rejected [29]. In
Fig. 2, the disturbances usdq and ir dc are indeed included by the
outer dc-voltage control loop, but the loop gain is too small to
reject the disturbances due to a low loop bandwidth of the outer
dc-voltage control loop, which is usually between one-tenth
and one-fifth of the inner current control loop. It is said that
the bandwidth of the dc-voltage control loop is normally lower
than 100 Hz for large-scale DFIG converters, whose switching
frequency is around 23 kHz.
In order to reject the disturbances and to maintain a highphase margin, this paper proposes a dc-capacitor current control
method by using a resonant controller, as shown in Fig. 5. Based
on Fig. 2, a dc-capacitor current control loop is added to the conventional control structure. The output of the dc-capacitor current control loop is added to the output of the current control loop
as a component of the GSC voltage command. Consequently,
the dc-capacitor current control loop is a closed loop that includes both the disturbances usdq and ir dc . Since the frequency
of the dc-capacitor current caused by the unbalanced grid voltage is twice the grid voltage frequency, a second-order resonant
(2)
controller GR (s) is selected as the loop controller. In order
to eliminate the dc-capacitor current, the dc-capacitor current
reference icap is set to zero. By doing so, the disturbances usdq
and ir dc will be rejected if the gain of the resonant controller

LIU et al.: DC-VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION ELIMINATION THROUGH A DC-CAPACITOR CURRENT CONTROL

Fig. 5.

3211

Proposed dc-capacitor current control method by using a second-order negative-sequence resonant controller in the dq-frame for the GSC.

is large enough. As a consequence, the second-order harmonic

dc-capacitor current as well as the fluctuating dc-voltage will be
eliminated.
The overall GSC current control loop consists of a fundamental current control loop and a dc-capacitor current control
loop. According to the proposed method in Fig. 5, the voltage
reference of the GSC be calculated as


R
C
ug dq = uPI
g dq + ug dq + ug dq .

If c << 2s , which is usually the case, then (20) can be

simplified as


(2)
GR (s)

2Kr c s

s2 + 2c s + (2s )2


2Kr c (2s )
+j 2
s + 2c s + (2s )2
(2)

(2)

It can be seen that the voltage reference ug dq consists of

three components: uPI
g dq which is the fundamental component
produced by the PI-controller of the fundamental current loop,
uR
g dq which is the second-order harmonic component produced
by the resonant controller of the dc-capacitor current loop, and
uC
g dq = js Lg ig dq which is the decoupling voltage component.
Under the unbalanced grid condition, the dc-capacitor current
may contain the second-order harmonic component. Since the
gain of the resonant controller is large and the phase of the
resonant controller is zero at frequency 2s , the resonant
controller output uR
g dq will be an ac signal with an angular
frequency of 2s in the steady state.
Since any sinusoidal scalar can be expressed by the addition
of two vectors that rotate in the opposite directions according
to Eulers formula, the output of the dc-capacitor current loop
will contain not only a negative-sequence component whose
frequency is 2s but also a positive-sequence component
whose frequency is 2s when using a normal resonant controller.
The former is converted to the negative-sequence voltage, while
the latter is converted to the third-order positive-sequence voltage which will produce third-order harmonic current in the
GSC ac current [21]. To prevent this problem, a second-order
negative-sequence resonant controller can be adopted instead
of the normal resonant controller [21], [30]. The expression of
the second-order negative-sequence resonant controller with a
cut-off frequency c [31] is given by

(2)

GR

(s) =

2Kr
2Kr c (s + c j2s )
= 2
.
1 + (s + j2s )/c
s + 2c s + c2 + (2s )2
(20)

(2)

= GR x (s) + jGR y (s)

(19)

(21)

(2)

where GR x (s) and GR y (s) are the real and imaginary parts
(2)

of the resonant controller GR (s), respectively. The complex

j multiplier is a cross-coupling term, so it introduces a q-axis
component in the d-axis current control loop and a d-axis component in the q-axis current control loop. With regard to the
dc-capacitor current control loop implementation, the output of
(2)
the controller GR x (s) is added to the d-axis current control
(2)
loop, while the output of the controller GR y (s) is added to the
q-axis current control loop.
It is worth noting that the resonant controller may be sensitive
to the grid frequency variations, but this issue can be easily
solved by using an adaptive resonant controller whose resonant
frequency is identical to the grid frequency provided by the
phase-locked loop (PLL) [32], [33].
B. Modular Implementation of the Proposed Control Strategy
To meet a modular design, the dc-capacitor current should
be detected by the GSC controller independently. However, in
large-scale power converters, a laminated bus bar structure is
used for a dc bus. Such structure makes direct detection of the
dc-capacitor current impossible. In this paper, the capacitor current is indirectly detected by means of measuring the dc voltage
of the dc link. As the impact of the unbalanced voltage on the
dc-capacitor current is to introduce the second-order harmonic
component, only the second-order harmonic dc-capacitor current needs to be extracted.
During the grid voltage unbalance, if the dc voltage is expressed by
(2)

(2)

udc = Udc + udc = Udc + Udcm sin(2s t + 0 )

(22)

3212

Fig. 6.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 28, NO. 7, JULY 2013

Overall block diagram of the proposed dc-capacitor current control strategy.

then the corresponding second-order harmonic dc-capacitor current can be given as

d
udc (t)
dt

d 
(2)
Udc + Udcm sin(2s t + 0 )
=C
dt

icap (t) = C

(2)

= 2s C Udcm cos(2s t + 0 )
(2)

= 2s C udc (t Ts /8)
(2)

(23)

where Udcm is the amplitude of the second-order harmonic dc

(2)
(2)
voltage udc , 0 is the initial phase angle of udc , and Ts is the
grid voltage period. Hence, the amplitude of the dc-capacitor
(2)
current is equal to the product of coefficient 2s C and Udcm ,
and the phase of the dc-capacitor current is obtained by means
(2)
of a delayed dc voltage udc of Ts /8, i.e., 2.5 ms for 50 Hz grid.
It is fast enough to meet the dynamic requirements. Moreover,
by doing so, a differential operation is avoided, so the noise
introduced by the differential operation can be prevented. From
(23), it can also be found that the dc-voltage fluctuation will be
eliminated if the dc-capacitor current is canceled.
The overall block diagram of the proposed dc-capacitor current control strategy based on the negative-sequence resonant
controller and the delay detection method is shown in Fig. 6.
The control system consists of two inner fundamental current
control loops for d- and q-axis currents, a dc-capacitor current control loop, and an outer dc-voltage control loop. The dc
voltage will be controlled by both the dc-voltage control loop
and the dc-capacitor current control loop. The dc-voltage control loop is used to make the dc-voltage stable by regulating
the fundamental active current reference ig d ; the dc-capacitor
current control loop is used to eliminate the dc-voltage fluctuation which may be present during the grid voltage unbalance.
The d- and q-axis fundamental currents are controlled by PIcontrollers. The dc-capacitor current control loop is highlighted
by the dashed box in Fig. 6. It consists of a dc-capacitor current

detection by means of the dc-voltage delayed operation and a

negative-sequence resonant controller. Regarding the resonant
(2)
controller implementation, the outputs of the real part GR x (s)
(2)
and the imaginary part GR y (s) are added to the outputs of the
d- and q-axis current loops, respectively. The decoupling current
feed-forward terms s Lg ig d and s Lg ig q are used to eliminate
the interactions between the d- and q-axis components of the
current in the dq-frame. Then, the obtained GSC voltage references ug d and ug q are used to control the GSC via an inverse
park transformation and a space vector modulation (SVM).
From Fig. 6, it is clear that the GSC controller is able to eliminate the dc-voltage fluctuation regardless of the RSC controller.
Thus, the proposed control method makes the GSC controller
independent of the RSC controller, so it is a feasible control
method for the DFIG converters with a modular structure. Since
the dc-capacitor current is indirectly detected by means of measuring the dc voltage, no additional hardware detection circuitry
is necessary, which can save the cost.
IV. CURRENT CONTROL LOOP ANALYSIS
Since the bandwidth of the dc-voltage outer loop is normally
lower than 100 Hz for large-scale DFIG converters, the rejection
capability of the dc-voltage control loop to the second-order
harmonic component is very small. Thus, it is not necessary to
analyze the dc-voltage control loop when accessing the rejection
capacity to the disturbances.
From the overall current control loop in Fig. 5, it is clear
that the dc-capacitor current icap (s) is determined by the GSC
current reference ig dq (s), the dc-capacitor current reference
icap (s), the grid voltage disturbance usdq (s), and the RSC dc
current ir dc (s). The overall closed-loop transfer function for
this current control system is given by
icap (s) = Gg c (s)ig dq (s) + Gcc (s)icap (s)
+ Gu c (s)usdq (s) Gr c (s)ir dc (s)

(24)

where Gg c (s) is the transfer function from the GSC current reference ig dq (s) to the capacitor current icap (s) and represents the

LIU et al.: DC-VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION ELIMINATION THROUGH A DC-CAPACITOR CURRENT CONTROL

tracking performance of the current loop; Gcc (s) is the transfer

function from the dc-capacitor current reference icap (s) to the
capacitor current icap (s) and represents the tracking performance of the capacitor current control loop; Gu c (s) is the transfer function from the grid voltage disturbance usdq (s) to the
capacitor current icap (s) and represents the rejection capability
of the GSC current loop to the grid voltage disturbance; Gr c (s)
is the transfer function from the RSC dc current ir dc (s) to the
capacitor current icap (s) and represents the rejection capability
of the GSC current loop to the RSC dc-current disturbance. The
detailed expressions of these transfer functions are shown as
follows:
Gg c (s) =
=

ic a p (s)
ig d q (s)
Ku Gg p (s)Gg P I (s)Gd (s)
(2 )

1 + Gg p (s)Gg P I (s)Gd (s) + Ku Gg p (s)GR

(s)Gd (s)

(25)
Gc c (s) =

ic a p (s)
ic a p (s)
(2 )

Ku Gg p (s)GR (s)Gd (s)

(2 )

1 + Gg p (s)GP I (s)Gd (s) + Ku Gg p (s)GR (s)Gd (s)

(26)
Gu c (s) =
=

ic a p (s)
us d q (s)

the current loop gain Di (s) is introduced as given in

(2)

Di (s) = Gg p (s)Gg PI (s)Gd (s) + Ku Gg p (s)GR

(s)Gd (s).
(30)
From the overall control loop in Fig. 5, and using the transfer
functions of (25) instead of the forward path of the current loop,
the dc-voltage loop gain can be obtained as
Du (s) = Gu PI (s)Gg c (s)/Cs

(31)

where Gu PI (s) is the transfer function of the PI-controller in

the dc-voltage control loop, Gu PI (s) = Ku p + Ku i /s.
The frequency responses of the current loop gain Di (s) and
the dc-voltage loop gain Du (s) are shown in Fig. 7(a) and (b),
respectively. The dashed line presents the conventional control
method, and the solid line presents the proposed dc-capacitor
current control method. Compared to the conventional control
method, it is seen from Fig. 7(a) that the current loop gain at
100 Hz, i.e., referring to the negative-sequence frequency in
the dq-frame, is significantly increased by using the proposed
control method. Hence, the loop gain becomes large enough
to reject the disturbances in the control loop. Furthermore, the
phase margin of the proposed control system changes slightly
compared to using the conventional control method. Therefore,
the impact of the introduced dc-capacitor current control scheme
on the stability can be ignored.
B. Rejection Capability to Disturbances

Ku Gg p (s)
(2 )

1 + Gg p (s)Gg P I (s)Gd (s) + Ku Gg p (s)GR

(s)Gd (s)

(27)
Gr c (s) =

3213

ic a p (s)
ir d c (s)
1 + Gg p (s)Gg P I (s)Gd (s)
(2 )

1 + Gg p (s)Gg P I (s)Gd (s) + Ku Gg p (s)GR

(s)Gd (s)

(28)
where Ku = 1.5Usd /Udc and Gg p (s) = 1/(Rg + sLg ).
The rejection capability of the GSC current loop to the grid
voltage disturbance is derived as
Gg u i (s) =

Gu c (s)
ig dq (s)
=
.
usdq (s)
Ku

(29)

A. Stability Evaluation
In this study, the PI-controllers of the GSC and the RSC
current control loops are designed to achieve an open-loop
crossover frequency at 250 Hz when using only PI-controller
in per unit system, i.e., Kg p = 0.7, Kg i = 60, and Kr p =
0.7, Kr i = 50. The parameters of the resonant controller are
selected as Kr = 15 and c = 3 rad/s. The parameters of the
converter and the DFIG are given in Tables I and II.
The denominator of the transfer functions (25)(28) is the
same and it is defined as the characteristic equation of the
current control loop, i.e., = 1 + Gg p (s)Gg PI (s)Gd (s) +
(2)
Ku Gg p (s)GR (s)Gd (s). In order to evaluate the stability [29],

Fig. 8(a) and (b) shows the rejection capability of the current loop to the disturbances in the dc link, usdq and ir dc , respectively. The dashed line presents the conventional control
method, and the solid line presents the proposed dc-capacitor
current control method. From Fig. 8(a), by using the conventional control method, the rejection of the negative-sequence
grid voltage is only 3 dB, whereas it becomes 27 dB by using
the proposed control method, which denotes that the proposed
control method can significantly reduce the impact of the disturbance usdq on the dc link. Meanwhile, the rejection of the
second-order RSC dc-current fluctuation ir dc is increased to
30 dB by using the proposed control method, whereas it is
only 0 dB by using the conventional control method. Hence, the
proposed control method significantly increases rejection capability to both of the disturbances, usdq and ir dc , at twice the grid
frequency.
Using the proposed control method, the dc-capacitor current
component which causes the RSC power fluctuation is also
suppressed due to the high rejection of Gr c (j2s ) to ir dc .
Thus, the dc-capacitor power of (17) can be rewritten as

(+ 1 ) (1 )
Pc a p = 1.5 Re us d q u
s d q Gg u i (j2s )ej 2 s t

 (+ 1 )

(1 )
+ ig d q us d q Gg P I (j2s )Gd (j2s ) Gg u i (j2s )ej 2 s t

(+ 1 ) (1 )
r u i (j2s )ej 2 s t
s d q sl G
1.5Gr c (j2s ) Re us d q u

 (+ 1 )

(1 )
ir d q us d q Gr P I (j2s )Gd (j2s ) Gr u i (j2s )ej 2 s t .

(32)

3214

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 28, NO. 7, JULY 2013

Fig. 7. Frequency responses of the current loop gain D i (s) and the dc-voltage loop gain D u (s). (a) Frequency response of the current loop gain D i (s).
(b) Frequency response of the dc-voltage loop gain D u (s).

Fig. 8. Rejection capability of the current loop to the disturbances in the dc link. (a) Rejection of G g u i (s) to the grid voltage disturbance. (b) Rejection of
G r c (s) to the RSC dc-current disturbance.

By doing so, in terms of the dc-capacitor active

power, the rejection capability of the RSC to the unbal r u i (j2s ) and
anced grid voltage becomes Gr c (j2s )G
Gr c (j2s )Gr u i (j2s ). It seems that the rejection capability of the RSC is increased regardless of whether the real
disturbance rejection capability of the RSC, Gr u i (j2s ), is
increased or not, so the GSC can independently eliminate the dccapacitor active power. It is not necessary to coordinate the GSC
and the RSC for maintaining constant dc voltage. It should be
pointed out that the RSC active power can be directly multiplied
by Gr c (j2s ) because the imaginary part of Gr c (j2s ) is
very small.
By substituting (32) into (18), the amplitude of the dccapacitor current can be obtained. As an example, Fig. 9 shows

that the amplitude of the dc-capacitor current is varied with the

resonant controller gain Kr when the voltage unbalance factor
is 40% and the stator active power is 0.5 pu for different values
of the rotor slip. Note that if Kr = 0, this is identical to use
the conventional control method. From Fig. 9, compared to the
conventional control method, the amplitude of the dc-capacitor
current is significantly decreased by using the proposed dccapacitor current control method. The second-order harmonic
dc-capacitor current can be completely eliminated when Kr is
larger than 20. Therefore, the proposed method can significantly
eliminate the negative impact of the unbalanced voltage on the
dc-capacitor current as well as the dc voltage. It is worth noting that the dc-capacitor current for sl = 0.2 is larger than that
for sl = 0.2, when using the conventional control method

LIU et al.: DC-VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION ELIMINATION THROUGH A DC-CAPACITOR CURRENT CONTROL

3215

TABLE IV
PARAMETERS OF A 10 KW DFIG CONVERTER

Fig. 10.

DFIG waveforms during the experimental tests.

Fig. 9. Amplitude of the dc-capacitor current when the voltage unbalance

factor is 40% and the stator active power is 0.5 pu for different rotor slip
sl . (a) Rotor slip sl = 0.2 (subsynchronous speed). (b) Rotor slip sl = 0.2
(supersynchronous speed).
TABLE III
PARAMETERS OF A 30 kW DFIG FOR EXPERIMENTAL TESTS

Fig. 11. Steady-state performance for the conventional control method and
the proposed control method with the stator active power output 10 kW at a
subsynchronous speed of 1200 r/min (0.8 pu). (a) Conventional control method.
(b) Proposed control method.

(i.e., Kr = 0). The explanation is that the actual direction of

(+1) (1)
the active power component 1.5Re{sl usdq ir dq ej 2 s t } in (11)
is flowing into the RSC when sl = 0.2, so this term is actually
(2)
added to the GSC active power component Pg .
V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The experimental platform is composed of a 30-kW DFIG
which is driven by a speed controlled induction machine, and a
10-kW back-to-back power converter for the DFIG. The dc voltage in the power converter is controlled to 650 V. The switching
frequency of the converter is 2 kHz. The open-loop crossover
frequency is also set to 250 Hz when using only PI-controller,
and the PI-controller parameters are selected as Kg p = 1.3 and
Kg i = 100. The resonant controller parameters are selected as
Kr = 15 and c = 3 rad/s in the experiments. Each of the
GSC and the RSC control algorithms is implemented in a per
unit system with a 32-bit fixed-point DSP TMS320F2808. The
parameters of the DFIG and the DFIG converter are given in
Tables III and IV, respectively.

During the experiments, the lines of A- and B-phases of the

DFIG system are directly connected to the 230 V/50 Hz grid, and
the line of C-phase is connected to the grid through a variable
autotransformer. The voltage of C-phase is maintained at 205 V
by regulating the autotransformer in all the experiments. By
doing so, an unbalanced voltage supply is set up. The unbalance
factor is 4%.
In all the experiments, the conventional control method in
Fig. 3 is used for the RSC to control the DFIG. The waveforms of the DFIG output are shown in Fig. 10. The stator
active power is set to 10 kW and the rotor speed is 1200 r/min
(0.8 pu). From Fig. 10, under an unbalanced grid voltage condition, an unbalanced and distorted stator current can be found and
the rotor current ripple exists. Consequently, the active power
delivered to the dc link fluctuates at twice the grid frequency,
which is one of the disturbances to the dc-capacitor current as
well as the dc voltage.
The steady-state performance for the conventional control
method and the proposed control method is given in Fig. 11(a)

3216

and (b), respectively. The test condition is the same as that of

Fig. 10. By using the conventional PI control method, the dc
voltage contains a significant second-order harmonic component, and the GSC current is unbalanced and also harmonically
distorted, as shown in Fig. 11(a). These results verify that the
GSC control system does not have the control gain to suppress
the second harmonic ripple by using the conventional control
method. On the contrary, the dc-voltage fluctuation is significantly suppressed by using the proposed control method, as
shown in Fig. 11(b). In Fig. 11(b), the GSC current consists
of two parts: one is the positive-sequence active current corresponding to the fundamental active power, and the other is the
negative-sequence active current corresponding to the fluctuating active power from the RSC. If the fluctuating active power
from the RSC is large, the GSC current will become significantly
unbalanced, which may exceed its current rating.
The frequency spectrum of the dc-capacitor current is also
shown in Fig. 11. The RMS value of the second-order harmonic
dc-capacitor current is 3.5 A (i.e., 0.25 pu) by using the conventional control method in Fig. 11(a), whereas it is reduced
to 0.4 A (i.e., 0.03 pu) by using the proposed control method
in Fig. 11(b). It is clear that the second-order harmonic dccapacitor current is removed by using the proposed dc-capacitor
current control, leaving only the switching ripples. Therefore,
the impact of the unbalanced grid voltage on the dc-capacitor
lifespan can be eliminated. Since the dc capacitor connects the
GSC and the RSC in parallel, the characteristic frequency of
the dc-capacitor current ripples is 4 kHz, which is twice the
switching frequency.
The capacitance of electrolytic capacitors tends to change
over time due to evaporation of electrolyte, and they usually
have a tolerance range of 20% [11]. As a result, the coefficient
of the dc-capacitor current detection C will deviate from the actual capacitance value. A deviation of 20% of the coefficient C
is tested in order to access the proposed control method for such
an event. The experimental results are presented in Fig. 12. It can
be seen that the dc-voltage fluctuation is also suppressed during
the deviation of the coefficient C. This conclusion can also be
obtained from Fig. 9, because the resonant controller can output
an adequate voltage reference to eliminate the dc-capacitor current if Kr is among 1020 in this case. Therefore, the proposed
control method is robust to the capacitance variations.
The GSC transient response when the dc-capacitor current
control loop is enabled is shown in Fig. 13. Once the stator
current loop with the resonant controller is enabled, the resonant controller produces a second harmonic component in the
dq-frame in order to suppress the dc-voltage fluctuation. Simultaneously, the GSC starts to transfer the fluctuated active power
from the RSC to the grid by injecting the negative-sequence
active current into the grid. Then, the dc-voltage fluctuation is
reduced. The transient time is 60 ms, so the control system
exhibits a good transient response.
The dynamic performance during rotor speed variations is
also demonstrated in the experiments. The rotor speed is controlled by the adjustable speed drive which is linearly increased
from subsynchronous speed 1350 r/min (0.9 pu) to supersynchronous speed 1650 r/min (1.1 pu). The stator active power

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 28, NO. 7, JULY 2013

Fig. 12. Steady-state performance for the proposed control method when the
coefficient C has a deviation of 20% from the actual dc-capacitor value. From
top to bottom: dc voltage u d c , GSC current ig a , ig b , and ig c , d-axis resonant
controller output u R
g d . (a) 20% deviation for coefficient C. (b) +20% deviation
for coefficient C.

Fig. 13. GSC transient performance when the dc-capacitor current control
loop is enabled. From top to bottom: dc voltage u d c , GSC current ig a , ig b , and
ig c , d-axis resonant controller output u R
gd.

output is maintained at 10 kW during the rotor speed variations.

The experimental results are shown in Fig. 14. The rotor current
has a large amount of ripples under unbalanced grid voltage conditions. However, the dc voltage is kept stable and its fluctuation
is eliminated regardless of the change of the rotor current. The
proposed control method can work well in the whole operation
speed range.
Under balanced grid voltage condition, a step change of the
stator active power output is used to analyze the dynamic performance of the GSC system, which is illustrated in Fig. 15.
The stator active power output changes from 0 to 15 kW during
the test. It is seen that the dc voltage has a sag of 10 V only
and completely recovers to its normal value 650 V from the sag
after 40 ms later. The overall control system still keeps a good
dynamic performance. Therefore, the impact of the proposed
control method on the dynamic performance is very little.

LIU et al.: DC-VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION ELIMINATION THROUGH A DC-CAPACITOR CURRENT CONTROL

Fig. 14. Dynamic performance when the rotor speed changes linearly
from subsynchronous speed 1350 r/min (0.9 pu) to supersynchronous speed
1650 r/min (1.1 pu). From top to bottom: dc voltage u d c , GSC current ig b , rotor
current ir b , stator current is b .

3217

reliability of the dc-link capacitors of the DFIG converters, this

paper proposes a dc-capacitor current control method for a GSC.
The dc-capacitor current is obtained by means of detecting the
dc voltage fluctuation, so it does not require any additional hardware detection, which also contributes to the cost saving in the
method. The proposed dc-capacitor current control algorithm is
implemented in the GSC controller without any power information from the RSC controller. Therefore, the GSC controller can
be independent of the RSC controller by using the proposed control method. This makes the control method more suitable for
large-scale DFIG converters with a modular structure. Furthermore, the proposed control method has very little impact on the
system stability. The experimental results show that the secondorder dc-capacitor current is eliminated and also the dc-voltage
fluctuation is suppressed. Hence, the dc capacitors will be more
reliable under unbalanced grid voltage conditions. The experimental results also show that the dc-capacitor current control
method is robust to the measuring deviation of the dc-capacitor
current.
REFERENCES

Fig. 15. Dynamic response to a step change of the stator active power from 0
to 15 kW. From top to bottom: dc voltage u d c , GSC current ig b , rotor current
ir b , stator current is b .

Fig. 16. Dynamic behavior for a step change of output active grid power from
5 to 15 kW. From top to bottom: dc voltage u d c , output grid current io , d-axis
GSC current reference ig d , d-axis GSC current ig d .

Fig. 16 shows the dynamic behavior of the proposed control

method for a step change of output grid active power Po from 5
to 15 kW. The grid voltage is balanced and kept at the rated value
during the test. From Fig. 16, the d-axis GSC current reference
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the grid active power. The d-axis GSC current can well track its
reference. As a result, the dc voltage still keeps stable although
it has a slight sag. To sum up, the proposed control method can
also keep the DFIG system stable even under a step change of
the output grid active power at a wind turbine terminal.
VI. CONCLUSION
In order to reduce the negative impact of the second-order
harmonic current in the dc capacitor and thereby increase the

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Changjin Liu received the B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from Tongji University, Shanghai,
China, in 2005, and the Ph.D. degree from the College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University,
Hangzhou, China, in 2012, where he performed research on the control of DFIG wind turbines and
energy storage for power system.
In 2011, he was a Visiting Scholar in the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University,
Aalborg, Denmark. Since July 2012, he has been with
General Electric Global Research, Shanghai, where
he is currently involved in power conversion system control.

Dehong Xu (M94SM10) received the B.Sc.,

M.Sc., and Ph.D. degrees from the Department of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, in 1983, 1986, and 1989,
respectively.
Since 1996, he has been a Full Professor in the
College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University. He was a Visiting Scholar in the University of
Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, from June 1995 to May 1996.
From June 2000 to December 2000, he was a Visiting Professor in Center for Power Electronics System,
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg. From February 2006 to April 2006, he was a Visiting Professor in ETH, Zurich, Switzerland. He has authored or coauthored five
books and more than 350 papers. He owns three U.S. patents and 18 Chinese
patents. His research interests include power electronics topology and control,
and power conversion for energy saving and renewable energy.
Dr. Xu received three paper awards of IEEE conferences. He was at-large
Adcom member of the IEEE Power Electronics Society from 2006 to 2008.
He is currently a board member of Electrical Engineering Discipline of China
State Department Education Degree Committee. He is a Vice President of the
China Power Electronics Society and a Vice Chairman of the editorial committee of the Chinese Journal of Power Electronics. He is an Associate Editor
of both IEEE TRANSACTION ON POWER ELECTRONICS and IEEE TRANSACTION
ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY. He was a Technical Program Chair of the IEEE
International Symposium on Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems (PEDG2010), General Cochair of PEDG2012, and General chair of IEEE
International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE2012).
Nan Zhu was born in Nanjing, China, in 1989. He received the B.S. degree from the Department of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou,
China, in 2011, where he is currently working toward
the Ph.D. degree.
His research interests include wind power generation with doubly-fed induction machines, power
electronics reliability, and intelligent power modules.

Frede Blaabjerg (S86M88SM97F03) received the Ph.D. degree from Aalborg University,
Aalborg, Denmark, in 1995.
He was with ABB-Scandia, Randers from 1987 to
1988. He became an Assistant Professor in 1992, an
Associate Professor in 1996, and a Full Professor in
power electronics and drives in 1998 at Aalborg University. He has been a Part-Time Research Leader
at Research Center Risoe in wind turbines. During
20062010, he was the Dean of the Faculty of Engineering, Science, and Medicine and became a Visiting
Professor at Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, in 2009. His research areas
are in power electronics and its applications such as wind turbines, PV systems,
and adjustable speed drives.
Dr. Blaabjerg has been Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON
POWER ELECTRONICS since 2006. He was a Distinguished Lecturer for the IEEE
Power Electronics Society during 20052007 and for the IEEE Industry Applications Society from 2010 to 2011. He received the 1995 Angelos Award for
his contribution in modulation technique and the Annual Teacher prize at Aalborg University. In 1998, he received the Outstanding Young Power Electronics
Engineer Award from the IEEE Power Electronics Society. He has received ten
IEEE Prize paper awards and another prize paper award at PELINCEC Poland
2005. He received the IEEE PELS Distinguished Service Award in 2009 and
the EPE-PEMC 2010 Council award.
Min Chen (M06) was born in China, in 1976. He
received the B.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the Department of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University,
Hangzhou, China, in 1998 and 2004, respectively.
He is currently a Faculty Member of Zhejiang University. His research interests include power quality
control, high-frequency high-power conversion, and
renewable energy power conversion system.