CHAPTER -1

MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS

1 .Define matter?
Anything that occupies space and has mass is called matter.
2 .Which of the following are matter?
Chair, air , smell, almonds , cold drink and smell of perfume are matter( because they
occupy space and have mass).Smell is due to some volatile substances in the air which
occupy space and have mass.
3 .How is the matter classified based on the physical properties ?
On the basis of the physical properties matter is classified as solids , liquids and gases.
4 .With the help of a labled diagram ,describe an activity to show that particles of matter
are very small.
Take 2-3 crystals of potassium permanganate and dissolve them in 100 ml of water
.Observe the colour of the solution. Take 10ml out of this solution and put into 90 ml of
pure water .Observe the colour of the second solution. Keep diluting the solution 4 times
and observe the colour change in each step .It is observed that the colour becomes light
with every dilution, but it is still visible .So it is can be concluded that one crystal of
potassium permanganate is made up of millions of particles.

Q .What is diffusion?
Ans .The intermixing of particles of two different types of matter on their own is called
diffusion .The rate of diffusion increases with temperature.
Q. What are the characteristic of particles of matter?
Ans.1) Particles of matter are very small.
2) Particles of matter have space between them.
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3) Particles of matter are continuously moving .

4) Particles of matter attract each other
Q .Write an activity to show that particles of matter have space between them.
Ans .Take a 100ml beaker . Fill half the beaker with water and mark the level of water .
Disssolve some salt in it .Observe any change in water level.
Observation
The salt got evenly disturbed in water but there is no change in the water level.
Conclusion
When salt is dissolve in water , the particles of salt get into the spaces between them.
Q .A diver is able to cut through water in a swimming pool, which property of matter does
this observation show ?
Ans .Water is a form of matter .There is a quite strong force of attraction between the
particles of the liquid which holds them together but the force is not strong enough to hold
the particles in fixed positions. So, by applying somewhat greater force, a diver is able to
overcome the force of attraction present among the particles and hence cut through water
in swimming pool.
Q. Give reasons for the following observations.
1 .The smell of hot sizzling reaches you several meters away, but to get the smell of cold
food you have to go closer.
Ans. Solids diffuse at a very slow rate but when the temperature is increased the rate of
diffusion of particles increases .This is due to increase in kinetic energy of the particles with
temperature .Hence the smell of hot food reaches several meters away.
Q .Why are the liquids called fluids?
Ans. Liquids are fluids like gases because liquids can flow from higher to lower level.
Q. a) Tabulate the difference in the characteristics of the three states of matter.
b) Comment upon the following:-

1. Rigidity 2. Compressibility 3 Fluidity , Filling a gas container, shape , kinetic energy and
density.
Ans:B)1. Rigidity:- rigidity refers to the property of a solid to resist change in the shape when
an outside force is applied. The particles in solid are closely packed and hence they possess
high rigidity. Liquids and gases are not rigid.
2. Compressibility :- It is the property of a fluid ( or a solid ) due to which its volume
decreases when pressure is applied. The particles in gases have larger space between them
and hence they decrease their volume when pressure is applied. That is gases have high
compressibility. On the other hand the particles in solids and liquids are closely packed , so
solids and liquids do not show much compressibility.
3. Fluidity :- the property of flowing easily is called fluidity. Due to the large inter particle
distance and weak force of attraction gases can flow extremely easily. Hence they have
high fluidity. The fluidity of liquids is less than that of gases. Solids do not show fluidity.
4. Filling a gas container:- Gases have very low force of attraction between the particles.
They rapidly move in all possible directions and can occupy the whole space in the
container.
5. Shape :- The external form or appearance of a substance is called its shape. Solids have
definite shape because the particles are closely packed and have strong force of attraction
between them. Whereas the liquids and gases do not have fixed shape because the position
of particles is not fixed in them due to comparatively weaker force of attraction between
the particles.
6. Kinetic Energy:- The energy possessed by a particle due to its motion is called as kinetic
energy. As the temperature rises the kinetic energy increases because the particles are
moving faster. Liquids have lesser kinetic energy compared to gases whereas solids have the
least kinetic energy at a given temperature.
7. Density:- the mass per unit volume of a material is called its Density. Solids have high
densities because their particles are very close together. Liquids have lower density and
gases have the lowest densities because their particles are far apart from each other.
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Q. Give reasons:a) A gas fills completely the vessel in which it is kept.

b) Gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container.
C) A Wooden table is called a solid.
d) We can easily move our hand in air but to do the same through a solid block of wood, we
need a karate expert.
Ans: The particles of a gas have high kinetic energy and very low force of attraction
between them, hence the particles are constantly moving with very high speed in
all possible directions and hence it fills the container in which it is kept.
Because of the high kinetic energy and negligible force of attraction, the particles of
gases move with a very high speed. The pressure exerted by the gas is due to the
constant collisions of the fast moving particles against the inner walls of the
container.
Solids are characterized by its definite shape and definite volume. A wooden table is
a rigid object having definite shape and volume. Hence it should be called as a
Solid.

We can easily move our hand in air because the force of attraction between the
particles of air is very weak. On the other hand the particles of a solid block of wood
are very closely packed and they have strong force of attraction between them. It
needs a huge outside force to overcome the strong inter particle attraction which
only a karate expert can apply.

Q. Liquids generally have lower density as compared to solids. But you must have
observed that ice floats on water. Find out why ?
When water is frozen, it attains a cage like structure which have lot of empty spaces in
it. Due to this the volume of ice becomes more than an equal mass of water. Because of
its greater volume, the density of ice decreases and hence it floats on water even

though ice is a solid.

Q. Arrange the following in order of increasing density.
a) air b) exhaust from chimney c) honey d) water e) chalk f) cotton g) iron
Ans :- The order of increasing density is as follows:Air<exhaust from chimney<cotton<water<honey<chalk<iron.

Q. Schematically represent the arrangement of particles in the 3 states of matter:-

Q. Define melting point.

Ans:- The temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid at atmospheric
pressure is called its melting point.
Q. What is fusion?
Ans:- the process of melting i.e change of solids into liquids state is known as fusion.
Q. Define latent heat of fusion.
Ans:-The amount of heat energy required to change one kilogram of a solid into liquid at
atmospheric pressure at its melting point is known as latent heat of fusion.
Q. Particles in water at 0 C ( 273 K ) have more energy as compared to particles in ice
at the same temperature . Why ?
Ans:- Because the particles in water have absorbed extra energy in the form of latent
heat of fusion.

Q. Define boiling point.

Ans:- The temperature at which a liquid starts boiling at the atmospheric pressure is
called a Boiling point.
Q. Define latent heat of vaporization.
Ans:- The amount of heat energy required to change one kg of a liquid to gas at
atmospheric temperature at its boiling point is known as latent heat of vaporization
Q . Convert the following temperature to Celsius Scale.
300K
573K
Ans:-

Q. Convert the following temperature to Kelvin Scale.

1. 25 C
2.373 C
Q.Suggest a method to liquefy atmospheric gases?
Atmospheric gases can be liquefied by applying pressure and reducing the tempreture.
Q. Why solid CO2 is called dry ice?
Solid CO is stored under high pressure.When the pressure is decereased to 1 atmosphere it
get directly converted into liquid state.This is why slid CO is called dry ice.

Q. What is the physical state of water at :1. 250 C

2. 25 C
3. 272 K

Q. For any substance why does the temperature remains constant during change of
state?
Ans:- During change of state the temperature remains constant because the heat
supplied is used to change the state by overcoming the force of attraction between the
particles. Therefore the heat supplied does not increase the temperature.
Q. What is sublimation?
Ans:- The change of state directly from solid to gas without changing into liquid state or
vice versa is called as sublimation. Eg:- for substances that can sublime- Iodine,
camphor, ammonium chloride, naphthalene etc.
Q. Why is ice at 273 K more effective in cooling than water at the same temperature?
Ans:- Ice at 273 K has lesser energy than water at the same temperature and hence is
more effective in cooling than water at the same temperature. Water has absorbed
extra energy in form of latent heat of fusion.
Q. what produces severe burns, boiling water or steam ?
Ans:- Steam Causes severe burns than boiling water because steam possess additional
energy in the form of latent heat of vaporization.
Q. Explain why steam at 100 C is better for heating purposes than boiling water at the

same temperature?
Ans:- Steam has more energy than boiling water at same temperature because it
possess additional energy as latent heat of vaporization.

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