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24
Atomic Number: 24
Melting Point: 2180 K (1907C or 3465F)
(2671C or 4840F)
Density: 7.15 grams per cubic centimeter
Temperature: Solid
Element Classification: Metal
Period Number: 4
Group Number: 6 Group
Name: none
molds for the firing of bricks because of its high melting point,
moderate thermal expansion and stable crystal structure.
Estimated Crustal Abundance:
Estimated Oceanic Abundance:
Number of Stable Isotopes:
Ionization Energy:
Oxidation States:
25
Atomic Number: 25
Atomic Weight: 54.938045
Melting Point: 1519 K (1246C or 2275F)
Boiling Point: 2334 K (2061C or 3742F)
Density: 7.3 grams per cubic centimeter
Phase at Room Temperature: Solid
Element Classification: Metal
Period Number: 4 Group Number: 7 Group Name: none
What's in a name? From the Latin word for magnet, magnes.
Say what? Manganese is pronounced as MAN-ge-nees.
History and Uses:
Proposed to be an element by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1774,
manganese was discovered by Johan Gottlieb Gahn, a Swedish chemist,
by heating the mineral pyrolusite (MnO2) in the presence of charcoal
later that year. Today, most manganese is still obtained from pyrolusite,
although it is usually burned in a furnace with powdered aluminum or is
treated with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to form manganese sulfate (MnSO4),
which is then electrolyzed.
Nearly 90% of all of the manganese produced each year is used in the
production of steel. Manganese is added to molten steel to
remove oxygen and sulfur and is alloyed with steel to make it easier to
form and work with and to increase steel's strength and resistance to
impact. Railroad tracks, for example, are made with steel that contains
as much as 1.2% manganese. Manganese is also used to give glass an
amethyst color and is responsible for the color of amethyst gemstones.
28
Atomic Number: 28
Atomic Weight: 58.6934
Melting Point: 1728 K (1455C or 2651F)
Boiling Point: 3186 K (2913C or 5275F)
Density: 8.912 grams per cubic centimeter
Phase at Room Temperature: Solid
Element Classification: Metal
Period Number: 4 Group Number: 10 Group Name: none
What's in a name? From the German word Nickel, which means "Old
Nick," a name for the devil. Also from the German word for the mineral
niccolite, kupfernickel, which means "Old Nick's copper."
Say what? Nickel is pronounced as NIK-'l.
History and Uses:
Nickel was discovered by the Swedish chemist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt
in the mineral niccolite (NiAs) in 1751. Today, most nickel is obtained
from the mineral pentlandite (NiS2FeS). Most of the world's supply of
nickel is mined in the Sudbury region of Ontario, Canada. It is believed
that this large deposit of nickel ore is a result of an ancient meteor
impact.
2s2 2p6
3s2
22
Atomic Number: 22
Atomic Weight: 47.867
Melting Point: 1941 K (1668C or 3034F)
Boiling Point: 3560 K (3287C or 5949F)
Density: 4.5 grams per cubic centimeter
Phase at Room Temperature: Solid
Element Classification: Metal
Period Number: 4 Group Number: 4 Group Name: none
What's in a name? From the Greek word Titans, the mythological "first
sons of the Earth."
Say what? Titanium is pronounced as tie-TAY-nee-em.
History and Uses:
Titanium was discovered in 1791 by the Reverend William Gregor, an
English pastor. Pure titanium was first produced by Matthew A. Hunter,
an American metallurgist, in 1910. Titanium is the ninth most abundant
element in the earth's crust and is primarily found in the minerals rutile
(TiO2), ilmenite (FeTiO3) and sphene (CaTiSiO5). Titanium makes up
about 0.57% of the earth's crust.
Titanium is a strong, light metal. It is as strong as steel and twice as
strong as aluminum, but is 45% lighter than steel and only 60% heavier
than aluminum. Titanium is not easily corroded by sea water and is
used in propeller shafts, rigging and other parts of boats that are
exposed to sea water. Titanium and titanium alloys are used in
airplanes, missiles and rockets where strength, low weight and
resistance to high temperatures are important. Since titanium does not
react within the human body, it is used to create artificial hips, pins for
setting bones and for other biological implants. Unfortunately, the high
cost of titanium has limited its widespread use.
Titanium oxide (TiO2) is used as a pigment to create white paint and
accounts for the largest use of the element. Pure titanium oxide is
relatively clear and is used to create titania, an artificial gemstone.
Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), another titanium compound, has been
used to make smoke screens.
A final bit of titanium trivia -- titanium is the only element that will
burn in an atmosphere of pure nitrogen.
5.65103 milligrams per
73
Ta
Tantalum
180.94788
Atomic Number: 73
Atomic Weight: 180.94788
Melting Point: 3290 K (3017C or 5463F)
Boiling Point: 5731 K (5458C or 9856F)
Density: 16.4 grams per cubic centimeter
Phase at Room Temperature: Solid
Element Classification: Metal
Period Number: 6 Group Number: 5 Group Name: none
What's in a name? Named for the Greek mythological figure Tantalus.
Say what? Tantalum is pronounced as TAN-te-lem.
History and Uses:
Tantalum was discovered by Anders Gustaf Ekenberg, a Swedish
chemist, in 1802 in minerals obtained from Ytterby, Sweden. Many
scientists believed that he had only discovered an allotrope of niobium,
an element that is chemically similar to tantalum. The issue was finally
settled in 1866 when, Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac, a Swiss
chemist, proved that tantalum and niobium were two distinct elements.
The first relatively pure samples of tantalum were first produced in
1907. Today, tantalum is primarily obtained from the minerals
columbite ((Fe, Mn, Mg)(Nb, Ta)2O6), tantalite ((Fe, Mn)(Ta, Nb)2O6) and
euxenite ((Y, Ca, Er, La, Ce, U, Th)(Nb, Ta, Ti)2O6).
Tantalum is a strong, ductile metal that is nearly immune to chemical
attack at room temperatures. It can be drawn into a fine wire that is
used to evaporate metals, such as aluminum. It has a high melting
2p6
3p6 3d10
4p6 4d10 4f14
5p6 5d3
42
Mo
Molybdenum
95.96
Atomic Number: 42
Atomic Weight: 95.96
Melting Point: 2896 K (2623C or 4753F)
Boiling Point: 4912 K (4639C or 8382F)
Density: 10.2 grams per cubic centimeter
Phase at Room Temperature: Solid
Element Classification: Metal
Period Number: 5 Group Number: 6 Group Name: none
What's in a name? From the Greek word for lead, molybdos.
Say what? Molybdenum is pronounced as meh-LIB-deh-nem.
History and Uses:
Molybdenum was discovered by Carl Welhelm Scheele, a Swedish
chemist, in 1778 in a mineral known as molybdenite (MoS2) which had
been confused as a lead compound. Molybdenum was isolated by Peter
Jacob Hjelm in 1781. Today, most molybdenum is obtained from
molybdenite, wulfenite (PbMoO4) and powellite (CaMoO4). These ores
typically occur in conjunction with ores of tin and tungsten.
Molybdenum is also obtained as a byproduct of mining and processing
tungsten and copper.
Molybdenum has a high melting point and is used to make the
electrodes of electrically heated glass furnaces. Some electrical
filaments are also made from molybdenum. The metal is used to make
some missile and aircraft parts and is used in the nuclear power
industry. Molybdenum is also used as a catalyst in the refining of
petroleum.
25
Mn
Manganese
54.938045
Atomic Number: 25
Atomic Weight: 54.938045
Melting Point: 1519 K (1246C or 2275F)
Boiling Point: 2334 K (2061C or 3742F)
Density: 7.3 grams per cubic centimeter
Phase at Room Temperature: Solid
Element Classification: Metal
Period Number: 4 Group Number: 7 Group Name: none
Iron
55.845
Atomic Number: 26
Atomic Weight: 55.845
Melting Point: 1811 K (1538C or 2800F)
Boiling Point: 3134 K (2861C or 5182F)
Density: 7.874 grams per cubic centimeter
Phase at Room Temperature: Solid
Element Classification: Metal
Period Number: 4 Group Number: 8 Group Name: none
What's in a name? From the Anglo-Saxon word iron. Iron's chemical
symbol comes from the Latin word for iron, ferrum.
Say what? Iron is pronounced as EYE-ern.
History and Uses:
Archaeological evidence suggests that people have been using iron
for at least 5000 years. Iron is the cheapest and one of the most
abundant of all metals, comprising nearly 5.6% of the earth's crust and
nearly all of the earth's core. Iron is primarily obtained from the
minerals hematite (Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4). The minerals
taconite, limonite (FeO(OH)nH2O) and siderite (FeCO3) are other
important sources.
Huge amounts of iron are used to make steel, an alloy of iron
and carbon. Steel typically contains between 0.3% and 1.5% carbon,
depending on the desired characteristics. The addition of other
elements can give steel other useful properties. Small amounts
of chromium improves durability and prevents rust (stainless
steel); nickel increases durability and resistance to heat and
acids; manganese increases strength and resistance to
wear; molybdenum increases strength and resistance to
heat; tungsten retains hardness at high temperatures;
and vanadium increases strength and springiness. Steel is used to
make paper clips, skyscrapers and everything in between.
In addition to helping build the world around us, iron helps keep
plants and animals alive. Iron plays a role in the creation of chlorophyll
in plants and is an essential part of hemoglobin, the substance that
carries oxygen within red blood cells. Iron sulfate (FeSO4) is used to
treat the blood disease anemia.
Estimated Crustal Abundance: 5.63104 milligrams per kilogram
Estimated Oceanic Abundance: 210-3 milligrams per liter
temperature cutting tools and dyes. Cobalt is also used to make alloys
for jet engines and gas turbines, magnetic steels and some types of
stainless steels.
Cobalt-60, a radioactive isotope of cobalt, is an important source of
gamma rays and is used to treat some forms of cancer and as a
medical tracer. Cobalt-60 has a half-life of 5.27 years and decays into
nickel-60 through beta decay.
Cobalt compounds have been used for centuries to color porcelain,
glass, pottery, tile and enamel. Some of these compounds are known
as: cobalt blue, ceruleum, new blue, smalt, cobalt yellow and cobalt
green. In addition to being used as a dye, cobalt is also important to
human nutrition as it is an essential part of vitamin B12.
Period Number: 6
Group Number: 9
28
Ni
Nickel
58.6934
Atomic Number: 28
Atomic Weight: 58.6934
Melting Point: 1728 K (1455C or 2651F)
Boiling Point: 3186 K (2913C or 5275F)
Density: 8.912 grams per cubic centimeter
Phase at Room Temperature: Solid
Element Classification: Metal
Period Number: 4 Group Number: 10 Group Name: none
What's in a name? From the German word Nickel, which means "Old
Nick," a name for the devil. Also from the German word for the mineral
niccolite, kupfernickel, which means "Old Nick's copper."
Say what? Nickel is pronounced as NIK-'l.
History and Uses:
Nickel was discovered by the Swedish chemist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt
in the mineral niccolite (NiAs) in 1751. Today, most nickel is obtained
from the mineral pentlandite (NiS2FeS). Most of the world's supply of
nickel is mined in the Sudbury region of Ontario, Canada. It is believed
that this large deposit of nickel ore is a result of an ancient meteor
impact.
Nickel is a hard, corrosion resistant metal. It can be electroplated onto
other metals to form a protective coating. Finely divided nickel is used
as a catalyst for the hydrogenation of vegetable oils. Adding nickel to
glass gives it a green color. A single kilogram of nickel can be drawn
into 300 kilometers of wire. Nickel is also used to manufacture some
types of coins and batteries.
Nickel is alloyed with other metals to improve their strength and
resistance to corrosion. Nickel is alloyed with steel to make armor
plate, vaults and machine parts. It is alloyed with copper to make pipes
that are used in desalination plants. Very powerful permanent magnets,
29
Cu
Copper
63.546
Atomic Number: 29
Atomic Weight: 63.546
Melting Point: 1357.77 K (1084.62C or 1984.32F)
Boiling Point: 2835 K (2562C or 4644F)
Density: 8.933 grams per cubic centimeter
Phase at Room Temperature: Solid
Element Classification: Metal
Period Number: 4 Group Number: 11 Group Name: none
What's in a name? From the Latin word cuprum, which means "from the
island of Cyprus."
Say what? Copper is pronounced as KOP-er.
History and Uses:
Archaeological evidence suggests that people have been using
copper for at least 11,000 years. Relatively easy to mine and refine,
people discovered methods for extracting copper from its ores at least
7,000 years ago. The Roman Empire obtained most of its copper from
the island of Cyprus, which is where copper's name originated. Today,
copper is primarily obtained from the ores cuprite (CuO2), tenorite
(CuO), malachite (CuO3Cu(OH)2), chalcocite (Cu2S), covellite (CuS) and
bornite (Cu6FeS4). Large deposits of copper ore are located in the
United States, Chile, Zambia, Zaire, Peru and Canada.
Ag
Silver
107.8682
Atomic Number: 47
Atomic Weight: 107.8682
Melting Point: 1234.93 K (961.78C or 1763.20F)
Boiling Point: 2435 K (2162C or 3924F)
Density: 10.501 grams per cubic centimeter
Phase at Room Temperature: Solid
Element Classification: Metal
Period Number: 5 Group Number: 11 Group Name: none
What's in a name? From the Anglo-Saxon word seolfor. Silver's chemical
symbol comes from the Latin word for silver,argentum.
Say what? Silver is pronounced as SIL-ver.
History and Uses:
Archaeological evidence suggests that people have been using silver
for at least 5000 years. Silver can be obtained from pure deposits, from
silver ores such as argentite (Ag2S) and horn silver (AgCl), and in
conjunction with deposits of ores containing lead, gold or copper.
Silver and silver compounds have many uses. Pure silver is the best
conductor of heat and electricity of all known metals, so it is sometimes
used in making solder, electrical contacts and printed circuit boards.
Silver is also the best reflector of visible light known, but silver mirrors
must be given a protective coating to prevent them from tarnishing.
Silver has also been used to create coins, although today other metals
are typically used in its place. Sterling silver, an alloy containing 92.5%
silver, is used to make silverware, jewelry and other decorative items.
High capacity batteries can be made with silver and zinc and silver
and cadmium. Sliver nitrate (AgNO3) is light sensitive and is used to
make photographic films and papers. Silver iodide (AgI) is used to seed
clouds to produce rain.
Estimated Crustal Abundance: 7.510-2 milligrams per kilogram
Estimated Oceanic Abundance: 410-5 milligrams per liter
Number of Stable Isotopes: 2 (View all isotope data)
Ionization Energy: 7.576 eV
Oxidation States: +1
Electron Shell Configuration:
1s2
2s2 2p6
3s2 3p6 3d10
4s2 4p6 4d10
5s1
30
Zn
Zinc
65.38
Atomic Number: 30
Atomic Weight: 65.38
Melting Point: 692.68 K (419.53C or 787.15F)
Boiling Point: 1180 K (907C or 1665F)
Density: 7.134 grams per cubic centimeter
Phase at Room Temperature: Solid
Element Classification: Metal
Period Number: 4 Group Number: 12 Group Name: none
What's in a name? From the German word zink.
Say what? Zinc is pronounced as ZINK.
History and Uses:
Although zinc compounds have been used for at least 2,500 years in
the production of brass, zinc wasn't recognized as a distinct element
until much later. Metallic zinc was first produced in India sometime in
the 1400s by heating the mineral calamine (ZnCO3) with wool. Zinc was
rediscovered by Andreas Sigismund Marggraf in 1746 by heating
calamine with charcoal. Today, most zinc is produced through the
electrolysis of aqueous zinc sulfate (ZnSO4).
Roughly one third of all metallic zinc produced today is used in a
process known as galvanization. During galvanization, an object that is
subject to corrosion, such as an iron nail, is given a protective coating
of zinc. The zinc can be applied to an object by dipping it in a pool of
molten zinc, but it is most often applied through an electroplating
process. Sacrificial zinc anodes are used in cathodic protection systems
112.411
Atomic Number: 48
Atomic Weight: 112.411
Melting Point: 594.22 K (321.07C or 609.93F)
Boiling Point: 1040 K (767C or 1413F)
Density: 8.69 grams per cubic centimeter
Phase at Room Temperature: Solid
Element Classification: Metal
Period Number: 5 Group Number: 12 Group Name: none
What's in a name? From the Latin word cadmia and the Greek
word kadmeia, which are ancient names for calamine (zinc carbonite).
Say what? Cadmium is pronounced as KAD-mee-em.
History and Uses:
Cadmium was discovered by Friedrich Strohmeyer, a German chemist,
in 1817 while studying samples of calamine (ZnCO3). When heated,
Strohmeyer noticed that some samples of calamine glowed with a
yellow color while other samples did not. After further examination, he
determined that the calamine that changed color when heated
contained trace amounts of a new element. There is only one mineral
that contains significant amounts of cadmium, greenockite (CdS), but it
is not common enough to mine profitably. Fortunately, small amounts
of cadmium are found in zinc ores and most of the cadmium produced
today is obtained as a byproduct of mining and refining zinc.
Cadmium is a poisonous metal and its use is somewhat limited for
this reason. Like zinc, cadmium can be electroplated to other materials
to protect them from corrosion. Cadmium easily absorbs neutrons and
is used to make control rods for nuclear reactors. Cadmium is also used
in rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries.
Cadmium is alloyed with silver to form solder, a metal with a
relatively low melting point used to join electrical components, pipes
and other metallic items. Cadmium based solders must be handled
with care to prevent cadmium poisoning. Cadmium alloys are also used
to make low friction bearings that are highly resistant to fatigue.
Hydrated cadmium sulfate (3CdSO45H2O), one of cadmium's
compounds, is used in a device called a Weston cell, a type of battery
that produces a precise voltage used to calibrate medical and
laboratory equipment. Cadmium sulfide (CdS), another cadmium
compound, is a yellow powder that is used as a pigment. Other
cadmium compounds are used in the phosphors of black and white
television sets and in the blue and green phosphors in color television
sets.
Estimated Crustal Abundance: 1.510-1 milligrams per kilogram
Estimated Oceanic Abundance: 1.110-4 milligrams per liter
Number of Stable Isotopes: 3 (View all isotope data)
Ionization Energy: 8.994 eV
Oxidation States: +2
Electron Shell Configuration:
1s2
2s2 2p6
3s2 3p6 3d10
4s2 4p6 4d10
5s2
2s2 2p2
Lead has been known since ancient times. It is sometimes found free
in nature, but is usually obtained from the ores galena (PbS), anglesite
(PbSO4), cerussite (PbCO3) and minum (Pb3O4). Although lead makes up
only about 0.0013% of the earth's crust, it is not considered to be a
rare element since it is easily mined and refined. Most lead is obtained
by roasting galena in hot air, although nearly one third of the lead used
in the United States is obtained through recycling efforts.
Lead is a soft, malleable and corrosion resistant material. The ancient
Romans used lead to make water pipes, some of which are still in use
today. Unfortunately for the ancient Romans, lead is a cumulative
poison and the decline of the Roman empire has been blamed, in part,
on lead in the water supply. Lead is used to line tanks that store
corrosive liquids, such as sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Lead's high density
makes it useful as a shield against X-ray and gamma-ray radiation and
is used in X-ray machines and nuclear reactors. Lead is also used as a
covering on some wires and cables to protect them from corrosion, as a
material to absorb vibrations and sounds and in the manufacture of
ammunition. Most of the lead used today is used in the production on
lead-acid storage batteries, such as the batteries found in automobiles.
Several lead alloys are widely used. Solder, an alloy that is nearly half
lead and half tin, is a material with a relatively low melting point that is
used to join electrical components, pipes and other metallic items. Type
metal, an alloy of lead, tin and antimony, is a material used to make
the type used in printing presses and plates. Babbit metal, another
lead alloy, is used to reduce friction in bearings.
Lead forms many useful compounds. Lead monoxide (PbO), also
known as litharge, is a yellow solid that is used to make some types of
glass, such as lead crystal and flint glass, in the vulcanizing of rubber
and as a paint pigment. Lead dioxide (PbO2) is a brown material that is
used in lead-acid storage batteries. Trilead tetraoxide (Pb3O4), also
known as red lead, is used to make a reddish-brown paint that prevents
rust on outdoor steel structures. Lead arsenate (Pb3(AsO4)2) has been
used as an insecticide although other, less harmful, substances have
now largely replaced it. Lead carbonate (PbCO3), also known as
cerussite, is a white, poisonous substance that was once widely used
as a pigment for white paint. Use of lead carbonate in paints has
largely been stopped in favor of titanium oxide (TiO2). Lead sulfate
(PbSO4), also known as anglesite, is used in a paint pigment known as
sublimed white lead. Lead chromate (PbCrO4), also known as crocoite,
is used to produce chrome yellow paint. Lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) is used
to make fireworks and other pyrotechnics. Lead silicate (PbSiO3) is used
to make some types of glass and in the production of rubber and
paints.
2p6
3p6 3d10
4p6 4d10 4f14
5p6 5d10
6p2
15
P
Phosphorus
30.973762
Atomic Number: 15
Atomic Weight: 30.973762
Melting Point: 317.30 K (44.15C or 111.47F)
Boiling Point: 553.65 K (280.5C or 536.9F)
What's in a name? From the Greek word for light bearing, phosphoros.
Say what? Phosphorus is pronounced as FOS-fer-es.
History and Uses:
In what is perhaps the most disgusting method of discovering an
element, phosphorus was first isolated in 1669 by Hennig Brand, a
German physician and alchemist, by boiling, filtering and otherwise
processing as many as 60 buckets of urine. Thankfully, phosphorus is
now primarily obtained from phosphate rock (Ca3(PO4)2).
Phosphorus has three main allotropes: white, red and black. White
phosphorus is poisonous and can spontaneously ignite when it comes
in contact with air. For this reason, white phosphorus must be stored
under water and is usually used to produce phosphorus compounds.
Red phosphorus is formed by heating white phosphorus to 250C
(482F) or by exposing white phosphorus to sunlight. Red phosphorus
is not poisonous and is not as dangerous as white phosphorus,
although frictional heating is enough to change it back to white
phosphorus. Red phosphorus is used in safety matches, fireworks,
smoke bombs and pesticides. Black phosphorus is also formed by
heating white phosphorus, but a mercurycatalyst and a seed crystal of
black phosphorus are required. Black phosphorus is the least reactive
form of phosphorus and has no significant commercial uses.
Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) is used in soft drinks and to create many
phosphate compounds, such as triple superphosphate fertilizer
(Ca(H2PO4)2H2O). Trisodium phosphate (Na3PO4) is used as a cleaning
agent and as a water softener. Calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2) is used to
make china and in the production of baking powder. Some phosphorus
compounds glow in the dark or emit light in response to absorbing
radiation and are used in fluorescent light bulbs and television sets.
Estimated Crustal Abundance: 1.05103 milligrams per kilogram
Estimated Oceanic Abundance: 610-2 milligrams per liter
Number of Stable Isotopes: 1 (View all isotope data)
Ionization Energy: 10.487 eV
Oxidation States: +5, +3, -3
Electron Shell Configuration:
1s2
2s2 2p6
3s2 3p3
2p6
3p6 3d10
4p6 4d10
5p3
9
F
Fluorine
18.9984032
Atomic Number: 9
Atomic Weight: 18.9984032
Melting Point: 53.53 K (-219.62C or -363.32F)
Boiling Point: 85.03 K (-188.12C or -306.62F)
Density: 0.001696 grams per cubic centimeter
Phase at Room Temperature: Gas
Element Classification: Non-metal
Period Number: 2 Group Number: 17 Group Name: Halogen
What's in a name? From the Latin and French words for flow, fluere.
Say what? Fluorine is pronounced as FLU-eh-reen or as FLU-eh-rin.
History and Uses:
Fluorine is the most reactive of all elements and no chemical
substance is capable of freeing fluorine from any of its compounds. For
this reason, fluorine does not occur free in nature and was extremely
difficult for scientists to isolate. The first recorded use of a fluorine
compound dates to around 1670 to a set of instructions for etching
glass that called for Bohemian emerald (CaF2). Chemists attempted to
identify the material that was capable of etching glass and George
of the gas as low as 3.5 parts per million can be detected by smell
while concentrations of 1000 parts per million can be fatal after a few
deep breaths.
Estimated Crustal Abundance: 1.45102 milligrams per kilogram
Estimated Oceanic Abundance: 1.94104 milligrams per liter
Number of Stable Isotopes: 2 (View all isotope data)
Ionization Energy: 12.968 eV
Oxidation States: +7, +5, +1, -1
Electron Shell Configuration:
1s2
2s2 2p6
3s2 3p5
53
I
Iodine
126.90447
Atomic Number: 53
1s2
2s2
3s2
4s2
5s2
2p6
3p6 3d10
4p6 4d10
5p5
2
He
Helium
4.002602
Atomic Number: 2
Atomic Weight: 4.002602
Melting Point: 0.95 K (-272.2C or -458.0F)
Boiling Point: 4.22 K (-268.93C or -452.07F)
Density: 0.0001785 grams per cubic centimeter
Phase at Room Temperature: Gas
Element Classification: Non-metal
Period Number: 1 Group Number: 18 Group Name: Noble Gas
What's in a name? For the Greek god of the sun, Helios.
Say what? Helium is pronounced as HEE-lee-em.
History and Uses:
Helium, the second most abundant element in the universe, was
discovered on the sun before it was found on the earth. Pierre-JulesCsar Janssen, a French astronomer, noticed a yellow line in the sun's
spectrum while studying a total solar eclipse in 1868. Sir Norman
Lockyer, an English astronomer, realized that this line, with a
wavelength of 587.49 nanometers, could not be produced by any
element known at the time. It was hypothesized that a new element on
the sun was responsible for this mysterious yellow emission. This
unknown element was named helium by Lockyer.
The hunt to find helium on earth ended in 1895. Sir William Ramsay, a
Scottish chemist, conducted an experiment with a mineral
containing uranium called clevite. He exposed the clevite to mineral
acids and collected the gases that were produced. He then sent a
sample of these gases to two scientists, Lockyer and Sir William
Crookes, who were able to identify the helium within it. Two Swedish
chemists, Nils Langlet and Per Theodor Cleve, independently found
helium in clevite at about the same time as Ramsay.
18
Ar
Argon
39.948
Atomic Number: 18
Atomic Weight: 39.948
Melting Point: 83.80 K (-189.35C or -308.83F)
2p6
3p6 3d10
4p6 4d10 4f1
5p6 5d1
90
Th
Thorium
232.03806
Atomic Number: 90
Atomic Weight: 232.03806
Melting Point: 2023 K (1750C or 3182F)
Boiling Point: 5061 K (4788C or 8650F)
Density: 11.72 grams per cubic centimeter
Phase at Room Temperature: Solid
Element Classification: Metal
Period Number: 7 Group Number: none
Radioactive
2p6
3p6
4p6
5p6
6p6
3d10
4d10 4f14
5d10
6d2
84 = 36 + (Number of Neutrons)
What number added to 36 makes 84? Hopefully, you said 48. That is
the number of neutrons in an atom of krypton.
The interesting thing here is that adding or removing neutrons from
an atom does not create a different element. Rather, it creates a
heavier or lighter version of that element. These different versions are
called isotopes and most elements are actually a mixture of different
isotopes.
If you could grab atoms of krypton and count the number of
neutrons each one had, you would find that most would have 48,
others would have 47, some would have 50, some others would have
46, a few would have 44 and a very few would have 42. You would
count different numbers of neutrons because krypton is a mixture of
six isotopes.
In Summary...
For any element:
Number of Protons = Atomic Number
Number of Electrons = Number of Protons = Atomic Number
Number of Neutrons = Mass Number - Atomic Number
For krypton:
Number of Protons = Atomic Number = 36
Number of Electrons = Number of Protons = Atomic Number =
36
Number of Neutrons = Mass Number - Atomic Number = 84 - 36
= 48