Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
per stampi
e utensili
Mould
and tool steels
On CD-ROM
Domenico Surpi
CONTENTS
BASIC PRINCIPLES. .............................................................................................................................................................................. 5
MOULD STEELS making.................................................................................................................................................................. 6
HEAT TREATMENTS.............................................................................................................................................................................. 8
FaCTORS WHiCH MAY INFLUENCE THE SERVICE-LIFE OF MOULDS.................................................................................12
TIPS ON AVOIDING DAMAGE TO MOULDS. .......................................................................................................................... 14
POLISHING AND PHOTOENGRAVING....................................................................................................................................... 17
TOOL STEEL WELDING..................................................................................................................................................................... 18
CHOice of WELDING TECHNIQUE............................................................................................................................................ 21
SUGGESTED OPERATING PARAMETERS FOR WELDING.................................................................................................. 24
TOOL STEELS........................................................................................................................................................................................ 27
STEELS FOR CONSTRUCTION AND GENERAL USES.......................................................................................................... 28
STEEL COMPARISON TABLE.......................................................................................................................................................... 30
HARDNESS CONVERSION TABLE................................................................................................................................................ 32
HV-HRC and HRC-HV-HB-HRA-HRB-Rm for carbon alloy steels (in accordance with table ASTM A 370 - 03a)
BASIC PRINCIPLES
The first essential rule, is that the steel fibres must work perpendicularly to the main direction of the forces.
In order to withstand the high temperatures, temperature changes and high pressures to which they are
subjected, moulds for the injection, hot forming and extrusion of metals are manufactured mainly from
forged materials.
The treatments which these materials undergo may be classified into two categories:
- core treatments, which affect the steels properties down to the core and include:
annealing, normalization, stress-relief, hardening and tempering;
- surface treatments, which modify only the properties of the surface layer of the mould and include:
nitriding, case-hardening and oxidation.
If, on the other hand, a material different to the base material is deposited, the process is called plating or
coating (chromium plating, nickel plating, PVD and CVD coatings).
1) Selected scrap.
Scrap with low
content of Cu, Pb
and other
unwanted elements
that can adversely
affect the purity of
the final steel
2) Three-phase electric
arc furnace:
reduction of
sulphur and
phosphorus content
oxidation
complete slagging
chemical analysis
control
ladle tapping
3) Refining ladle
metallurgy:
gas content
reduction
(hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen)
argon stirring
new slag creation
4) Refining ladle
metallurgy:
chemical analysis
control
analysis correction
through the
addition of alloy
elements
final chemical
analysis control
5) Refining ladle
metallurgy:
vacuum creation
gas content
reduction
(hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen)
chemical analysis
final control
ingot mould
tapping
6) Uphill casting:
casting protected
against steel
reoxidation
more control over
liquid steel flow
constant cooling
better ingot matrix
structure
8) Forging:
reduction ratio
according to
specific heating and
cooling procedures
9) Heat treatment:
special multi-phase
cycles can assure an
optimal and
uniform annealing
structure
specific thermal
phases for optimizing
and best exploiting
the potential of
every grade
of steel
10)Mechanical
processing:
pre-machining to
obtain mould
shapes as close as
possible to their
final size and
derive maximum
benefit from all
possible effects
of subsequent
tempering
11) Controls:
inclusions
decarburization
hardness
macrographies
structures
grain size
tempering
mechanical tests
Inspection Certificate
Abnahmerprfzeugnis
Document No
Beleg Nr.
Test Report
Werkzeugnis
1.2311 Geschmiedet
Bonifica
100683
Steel/Sthal
Transport document/Liefershein
B%
007471
P%
0,30
1,39
0,011
0,001
1,93
0,18
V%
Ca %
Co %
Ti %
W%
Te %
Bi%
TEST N.
A%
Al %
0,18
0,018
Cr+Mo+Ni%
Pb %
Hardness / Hrte
292
304
11
13
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
10
11
13
15
20
25
290
mm
12) Certification:
according to
customer
specifications
and international
standards
C % (Z%)
Cu %
Nb%
Rp 0,2 % (N/mm2)
1,5
61000760
External lot
Externe Partie
Mn %
Rm (N/mm2)
mm
Werkstoff 1.2311
Quantity / Menge
0,41
Date
Datum
Norm/Norm
C%
30
Antimixing Verm
ischungsausschliessung
/Yes/Ja
/No/Nein
Magnetic test
Magnetproben
/Yes/Ja
/No/Nein
/ Remarks / Bemerkungen
Decarburization
Entkohlung
UT control
Ultraschallprfung
/Norm /Norm
IT 669 REV.3
/Class / Klass
U.T.1
CONTROLLO QUALIT
Heat treatments
Heat treatments may lead to considerable changes in the properties of steel which can sometimes exceed
those induced by changes in the chemical composition of the steel. From a practical point of view, the transformations which heat treatment can cause to strength, yield point, elongation, contraction, toughness and
modulus of elasticity are of particular interest. Alloy steels subjected to incorrect heat treatment may give
poorer results than correctly treated carbon steels. A list of the main types of heat treatment is given below,
but the technical data sheets for the individual steels give the parameters which are recommended on the
basis of experience.
Annealing
The main requirement of this heat treatment is to reduce the hardness of hot-deformed, rolled and colddrawn materials. Annealing is introduced in some cases to eliminate stresses or non-homogeneous structures. The temperature is held for 1 hour 30 minutes for every inch of thickness (e.g. 300x100 flat; dwell time
5 hours).
Case-hardening
Heat and chemical treatment for increasing the carbon content on the surface. Carbon increases hardness
and combats wear.
Chromium plating
Electroplating treatment for forming a film of extremely hard chromium on ground bars. This treatment provides abrasion- and corrosion-resistance, and a lower friction coefficient between moving parts; especially
with rubber gaskets.
Heat treatment
Series of heat operations for changing the properties and/or structure of a ferrous material.
Heating
This involves increasing the temperature of a product with a pre-set thermal gradient. It is generally carried
out very slowly, at a maximum of 50 C/h, and never higher than 150 C/h.
Interrupted quenching
This involves interrupting the cooling cycle at a pre-set temperature (~500-600 C) and maintaining this
temperature for a specific time before cooling down to 50 C. This is usually carried out to minimise the
probability of crack formation, or to produce a particular structure in the piece.
Nitriding
Heat and chemical treatment for obtaining higher nitrogen content on the surface. Nitrogen increases
hardness and combats wear.
Normalization
This is carried out at a temperature of just over Ac3 +50/70 C (Ac1 for hypereutectoid steels C% > 0.80)
followed by cooling in still air. The main aim is to homogenise the structure and to reduce the size of the
grain enlarged by previous hot transformation operations. This treatment is not recommended for tool steels
or self-hardening steels. Normalization is also used to regenerate the structure damaged by the hardening
and tempering heat treatment, when the desired mechanical values have not been obtained. Hardening and
tempering should not be carried out more than twice on the same material. If necessary, carry out the normalization before repeating the hardening and tempering. Repeated treatments, in oxidising environments,
inevitably create an addition of decarburization and this fact must be taken into due account.
Pre-heating
Heating the material with intermediate breaks (400-600 C) before reaching the pre-set temperature for
austenitization. The process is mainly used to reduce stresses and differential expansion induced by hot
deformation cycles and machining. The break at the pre-heating temperature must ensure a uniform temperature throughout the entire section.
Quenching and tempering
Hardening treatment composed of quenching and tempering to obtain the desired combination of mechanical properties and good ductility and toughness. It should be noted that, if it is necessary to repeat the
hardening and tempering on the same material, the temperature of the first treatment must be higher than
that of the second. See also quenching, tempering.
Quenching
This is the cooling of a ferrous product faster than in still air. It is good practice not to use a quenching
medium that is more drastic than necessary, as the faster the cooling, the greater the stresses induced in
the part. Quenching baths must be stirred to prevent vapour bubbles adhering to the material. The most
commonly used baths are: gas mixtures (for treatment below freezing), water, salt baths, polymers (water
with additives), oil, forced or still air. The weight of the baths must be at least 10-15 times greater than that
of the material to be quenched. The temperature of the bath at the end of quenching must not exceed 49
C. The temperature is normally maintained for 30 minutes for every inch of thickness (e.g. 300x100 flat;
time 2 hours).
Secondary hardening
Hardening achieved after one or more tempering operations (550-600 C), which precipitate a compound
(oversaturated carbides) that destabilises the austenite due to the thermal effect and transforms it into in
martensite or bainite during cooling. In this way there is an increase in hardening and the phenomenon is
called secondary hardening.
Soft annealing
This is carried out at 30-50 C below the Ac1 point.
This treatment does not modify the structure but adequately softens and eliminates stresses due to previous processes.
The cooling (approx. 10C/h, normally 5-10 C per minute for carbon steels and 20-40 C per hour for alloy steels) may
be carried out either in a furnace or in air.
Stress relief
Treatment aimed at reducing stresses (due to cold straightening, sudden cooling, machining, etc.) without
reducing the hardness. The process is generally carried out at 50 C below the temperature of the last tempering carried out on the hardened parts or products which are used with very high strengths. Cooling must
be carried out very slowly, generally in a furnace.
Tempering
This is the heat treatment which a ferrous product undergoes after hardening by quenching, to achieve the
desired mechanical properties.
After quenching, the material is highly stressed and these stresses must be eliminated as their force, if it
exceeds the failure load, could break the material.
This is one of the purposes of tempering. The second is to lower the strength until a compromise is reached
between a good failure load and good toughness (impact strength). The temperature is normally maintained
for 1 hour for every inch of thickness
(e.g. 300x100 flat; time 4 hours).
Thermochemical treatment
A process performed in a suitably selected medium/environment to change the chemical composition of the
base material.
Wear-resistant coating
In recent years there has been a progressive increase in the use of wear-resistant coatings. Titanium nitride
is the best known of the coatings: thanks to its high degree of hardness and a very low friction coefficient,
it enables a considerable reduction in abrasive wear, which is the main cause of a reduction in the efficiency
10
of machine tools. New coatings have also been developed to resolve specific problems, to such a point that
high-speed, dry machining is possible.
The fields of application of the tools are constantly expanding with constant improvements in the diecasting or extrusion of aluminium, injection of plastics, drawing or shearing, as well as in the automotive
and food industry.
The advantages may be seen in the longer service life of the coated piece, reduction in maintenance requirements and machine downtimes, and increased productivity.
Coating techniques are so detailed and difficult to explain that this is best left to the experts in this particular
sector; a description is merely given of some of their experiences and the most commonly used systems:
The PVD technique (Physical Vapour Deposition) is carried out at low temperatures, guarantees an excellent finish and applies various types of coatings, including self-lubricating ones, as well as possible multilayer combinations.
Disadvantages: it is not effective when there is limited space for vapour circulation, since the formation of
gases does not allow good penetration.
The CVD process (Chemical Vapour Deposition) provides coatings with better characteristics, both in terms
of thickness and adhesion. Performance is also better, especially when the material coated is used in cold
deformation processes. The trickiest problem lies in the deposition temperature of approx. 1.050 C, which
sometimes causes deformations to exceed the tolerances set by the designer.
Disadvantages: coatings with different materials are not possible e.g. TiANl, the thickness at the edge of the
coatings tends to be rounded, toxic metal chlorides are used.
The PACVD process (Plasma Assisted Chemical Vapour Deposition) has a greater resistance to abrasion
than the PVD process and does not have the disadvantages of the CVD method. Due to the size of the plants
it is possible to coat very large pieces. The finish is similar to that of PVD. Performance has been observed to
be better than that of the PVD technique when used with drawing.
Disadvantages: limited suitability in the presence of small holes and channels.
11
12
13
Characteristic
Cause
Overheating
Irregular failure.
Tempering cracks
Decarburization
Deformations
Non-uniform heating.
Over-heating.
Non-uniform heating.
Blowholes
Presence of decarburization.
Insufficient hardening.
Internal defects
14
Corrective action
DEFECT
CHARACTERISTIC
CAUSE
CORRECTIVE ACTION
Unsuitable cooling
Unsuitable tempering
temperature
Presence of segregations
Low tempering
temperature
Thermal fatigue
Inclusions
Failure in
operation
Grain coarsening.
Crash.
Witness marks
Wear
15
Injection moulds
16
Surface description.
Superfinishing. Polishing with diamond paste.
Lapped, high level of finish, perfectly smooth.
Lapped for seal joints.
Ground, electric spark machining.
Extra fine with machine tools.
Very smooth with machine tools.
Smooth with machine tools.
Medium with machine tools.
Coarse with machine tools.
Raw.
Raw.
- Roughness is the series of micro-geometrical imperfections present on a surface prepared with any
machining process.
- Roughness is measured on the surface in a transversal direction to the main grooves.
- Roughness Ra is expressed in m.
measured profile
mean line
lenght of section
17
[source Lucchini RS ]
Optimizing the life-cycle of a tool is a common need for all users. The possibility of restoring a worn mould,
modifying the geometry of a matrix or adjusting machining errors in tool-making ensures that production
resources are managed to best effect. From this point of view, correctly performed tool steel welding offers
many advantages.
In spite of substantial progress made through years of research and study of welding processes, tool steel
welding operations require specific preparation and skill.
For this reason, we recommend that you follow the instructions given in this technical sheet, without omitting the most important element; the skill and technical preparation of the welder, his qualifications and the
suitability of the welding equipment.
Key factors
During steel welding, it is important to remember that the weld deposit should behave in a similar way to
the base metal. This is a fundamental need for tool steel in order to avoid behavioural heterogeneity.
Hardness and toughness
Hardness and toughness of the weld joint are the most significant parameters for evaluating the success of
the weld.
A significant shift of these two properties, in comparison with those of the base steel, could compromise the
solidity of the component.
High temperature resistance
In case of welding on hot work tools, the welded areas have to exhibit the same heat-resistance properties
as the base steel.
With a carefully selected filler metal and appropriate pre- and post-welding heat treatment, it is possible to
obtain deposit material with the right mechanical properties to provide optimum resistance to external stress.
Phot-etchability and Polishability
When working on moulds for plastic, it is necessary to choose the electrode according to surface finish
required for the final moulded parts. In the case of photo-etched moulds, it is imperative that the weld be
invisible, otherwise the moulded piece will be rejected; the same applies to specular polished moulds. We
recommend that you follow the operating instructions given in this technical sheet, and use the suggested
consumables.
18
main welding techniques used in the tool steel field (MMA, TIG and LASER)
MMA (Manual Metal-Arc Welding) is probably the best known technique.
The welding process is performed by creating a voltage difference between the electrode and the work
piece to be welded. By bringing the two parts into contact, a short circuit is created, with subsequent local
overheating caused by the Joule effect on the electrode. The latter starts to melt and to deposit material on
the work piece. Under these conditions, a modest voltage is sufficient to strike an electric arc for the welding
process.
The electrodes used in MMA welding have a surface layer that deoxidizes and purifies the molten pool,
protects it against airborne contamination and enriches it with alloy elements. Arc welding is recommended
in many and diverse situations, especially when a high quantity of filler material needs to be deposited.
TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) welding is an autogenous process, where the heat is generated by the arc between
the non-consumable tungsten electrode and the work piece. Tungsten is particularly well suited to this kind
of application because of its very high melting point and its excellent thermionic properties. The welding
takes place in a protected atmosphere by virtue of the shielding effect of an inert gas, such as Argon.
By means of this process, it is possible to weld with or without filler material, as in the case of low-thickness
work. The electrode has a circular section and dimensions and chemical composition compatible with the
base metal.
The LASER technique is used for micro-welding to adjust machining errors in tool-making, to modify work
piece design, to recover tooling damaged during service and to repair incidental surface defects. The main
advantages of the laser technique are as follows:
possibility of operating on small areas with minimum filler material;
minimum invasive effect on the areas surrounding the welded spot (transition zone);
speed of execution, because usually there is no need for core heat treatment before and after welding;
high polishability and photo-etchability on the welded area;
possibility of carrying out the work with the piece in situ.
MMA Technique
TIG Technique
LASER Technique
19
LASER (Light Amplification by Simulated Emission of Radiation) is an electromagnetic wave beam, moving in
the same direction and producing very high specific powers (107-109 W/cm2).
Unlikely other welding techniques, laser welding can be executed without filler material.
In the case of tool steel, Laser welding is always executed with filler material, in the form of a wire with a chemical composition compatible with the base material and with a diameter of 0.2-0.8 mm.
The predominant heat transmission mechanism is conduction. The possibility of focusing its action on a very
restricted area is one of the most advantageous features of Laser welding.
It is possible to operate on very small areas, of even less than 1-2 mm . So micro-welding can be used to remedy
even defects measuring less than a tenth of a millimetre deriving from mechanical grinding.
Photoengraving Die
20
21
procedures. It is good practice to keep consumables in a temperature- and moisture-controlled room and
to keep the electrode warm in a small oven before use. For further details, please refer to technical sheets
supplied by the electrode manufacturer.
TIG welding electrodes
TIG welding electrodes generally have a very similar chemical composition to the base metal with the addition of
a small quantity of deoxidizers. Unlike coated electrodes used in MMA welding, they do not suffer from problems
relating to moisture absorption from the atmosphere. However, it is recommended that you keep them in dry
and protected places.
LASER welding electrodes
Laser welding electrodes are very similar to those used in TIG welding, but have a smaller diameter section.
The most widely used sizes are from 0.2 mm to 0.8 mm, according to application.
Their chemical composition is modulated according to the desired mechanical properties to be achieved.
Recommended operating procedures
We recommend that you assign mould repair work to Personnel of proven expertise in possession of suitable equipment. For all tool steels that have to be welded, a pre-heating and stress relieving cycle has to be
scheduled in order to avoid the risk of dangerous cracks.
Pre-heating
Pre-heating treatment of the final piece is a very important phase of the welding process. If oven pre-heating
of the mould is not possible due to size and/or for logistical reasons, pre-heating with thermal blankets is
permissible. We discourage pre-heating by means of a torch or flames because this technique does not guarantee a controlled temperature and can modify the microstructure of the steel; it also generates potentially
dangerous residual tensions in the piece. Pre-heating must be used for all tool steel welding, except in the
above-mentioned situations. During pre-heating, adhere to temperature increase rates of not more than
50C/h and dwell times of one hour for every 25 mm of piece thickness.
Post-welding Heat Treatment
The aim of post-welding heat treatment is to relieve stress on the material and to restore the former mechanical properties of the piece. It is an extremely important phase within the welding process, which considerably
influences the operating behaviour of the element. In this case too, whenever a treatment of the entire piece
is not possible in a proper oven, you can execute local stress relief by means of thermal blankets or inductors.
The use of torches, flames or similar techniques is not recommended. The recommended post-welding heat
treatments are listed in the attached tables. For further details, refer to the technical sheets of each steel.
22
23
Werkstoff
EN
WELDING TECHNIQUES
MMA
TIG
LASER
EskyLos 2083
1.2083
X40Cr14
1.2083
X40Cr14
II33
1.2085
X33CrS16
1.2311
40CrMnMo7
1.2312
40CrMnMoS8-6
SALTEX 300
SALTEX 300 PHOTO
SALTEX 300 MIRROR
BeyLos 2329
1.2329
46CrSiMoV7
1) 4)
1) 4)
--
EskyLos 2343 / BP 37
1.2343
X37CrMoV5-1
SALTEX 400
SALTEX 460
SALTEX Hot Work
SALTEX 400
SALTEX 460
SALTEX Hot Work
1.2344
X40CrMoV5-1
BP30
1.2365
32CrMoV12-28
1.2367
X38CrMoV5-3
1)
QRO 90 WELD
DIN 8555 E3-UM-50-ST
1)
BP57
1.2711
54NiCrMoV6
UTP 73G4
1.2714
55NiCrMoV7
SALTEX 400
SALTEX 300 PHOTO
1.2738
40CrMnNiMo8-6-4
SALTEX 300
BF40
1.2767
45NiCrMo16
1) 4)
1) 4)
KeyLos 6959
1.6959
35NiCrMoV12-5
1) 4)
1) 4)
ABP20
Euras
1) 4)
1) 4)
EskyLos 2001
Lucchini RS
2)
KeyLos on
Lucchini RS
KeyLos up
Lucchini RS
KeyLos plus
Lucchini RS
24
Internal code
Werkstoff
EN
WELDING TECHNIQUES
MMA
TIG
B155
1.2379
X153CrMoV12
INCONEL 625
UTP 67S - CASTOLIN 6
B110
1.2516
120WV4
UTP 75
BF90
1.2842
90MnCrV8
B TEN
TENASTEEL
S355J2G3
1.0577
S355J2G3
C20
1.1151 ~
C20E
C25E
1.1158
C25E
C30E
1.1178
C30E
C45E BC45
1.1191
C45E
C50E
1.1206
C50E
39NiCrMo3 / BC39
30CrNiMo8
42CrMo4
1.6510
1.6580
1.7225
39NiCrMo3
30CrNiMo8
42CrMo4
41CrAlMo7-10
1.8509
41CrAlMo7-10
1) 3) 4)
1) 3) 4)
18NiCrMo5
UNI
1) 3) 4)
1) 3) 4)
41CrAlMo7-10
1.8509
41CrAlMo7-10
1) 3) 4)
1) 3) 4)
52SiCrNi5
1.7117
52SiCrNi5
LASER
UTP A696
INCONEL 625
UTP 67S - CASTOLIN 6
not recommended
25
26
Finished mould
TOOL STEELS
Hot-WORK TOOL STEELS
This category of steels must have special characteristics: resistance to non-continuous heat (450-600 C)
and insensitivity to coarsening, which happens when the material is exposed to high temperatures for long
periods of time. For special uses, where temperatures can reach 600 C, the steels normally contain a high
percentage of tungsten (18%). They are used for high-pressure dies and pipe expanders. The fields of use
include general moulds, moulds for die-casting and spindles for rolling mills. Nickel-chrome-molybdenumvanadium steels have good toughness even when hot and resist well to heat variations and tempering.
The main enemies for the productivity of dies have always been wear, failure and maintenance work, therefore
close contact between manufacturer and customer is needed to agree upon and optimise costs and quality.
Cold-WORK TOOL STEELS
The particular characteristic of steels is their high carbon content, which gives the tools a high level of hardness. Their
use tends to be concentrated in those sectors in which wear, impact and shear stressess are present. Their main characteristics are: hardness, toughness, wear resistance and hardenability. The hardness of steels for cold-work varies from
52 to 63 HRC, whilst the hardness for hot-work steels ranges from 36 to 54 HRC.
Alloy elements used in decreasing order of use
they characterize
Mn-Mo-Cr-Si-Ni-V
hardening depth
V-W-Mo-Mn-Cr
strength
V-W-Mo-Cr-Mn
resistance to wear
Mo-Cr-Mn
dimensional stability
Pre-heating is recommended for these steels with thermal rates of no more than 50 C/hour and pause for homogenization before reaching the forging and quenching temperature.
Holding time at the pre-set temperatures are: h for every 25 mm of thickness during quenching and 1h every 25 mm
of thickness during tempering or stress relieving.
For cold-working steels, at least one phase of stress relieving is recommended before quenching, which must be immediatelly followed by tempering when the material is still at a temperature of approximately 150 C. Moreover, after
tempering, cooling must be slow, to prevent both internal and external stresses. All the neccessary measures must then
be taken to prevent carbide precipitation along grain boundaries. It should be noted that sharp edges and significant
changes in section can generate cracks during quenching.
At least two tempering operations and protection with suitable paints must be provided for these steels, before
quenching. This will prevent decarburization, which, besides being harmfool for a number of well-known reasons, may
also influence results during the hardness control. Generally, if the decarburized layer is not eliminated, there will be
abnormal values, which tend to be the low side.
27
Shafts, machine parts subject to low stress, nuts and bolts, screws, levers, plugs, pins,
bushes, joints, discs, small punches.
C20
Shafts, machine parts, toothed racks, nuts and bolts, bushes, automatic mechanisms,
clutch pedals, mechanical parts.
C30E
Shafts, machine parts, toothed racks, nuts and bolts, mechanical parts, bushes,
automatic mechanisms, clutch pedals.
C50E
Splines, toothed racks, crank shafts, rods and columns for presses, mechanical parts.
C45E
42CrMo4
High strength and mechanical properties, good machinability and micro-purity. Uses: small
and medium sized moulds, moulds for the car and food industries, moulds for rubber
moulding, moulds for compression moulding of thermosetting compounds (SMC Sheet
Moulding Compound, BMC Bulk Moulding Compound), moulds holders and mechanical
parts generally.
39NiCrMo3
Easily heat-treated, this is the most common Italian hardened alloy steel. Good
machinability, excellent resistance to dynamic stress and torsional stress, easily
nitrided. Uses: gears, even large shafts, machine parts, tie rods, mould holders and
integral moulds.
28
30CrNiMo8
High strength and mechanical properties, good machinability and micro-purity, high
resistance to stress even at working temperatures of up to 350 C, insensitive to
tempering brittleness, particularly suited for pieces subject to torsional stress. Uses:
medium sized moulds, moulds for the car and food industries, moulds for rubber
moulding, moulds for compression moulding of thermosetting compounds (SMC Sheet
Moulding Compound, BMC Bulk Moulding Compound), mould holders and
mechanical parts generally.
NitridING steels
The peculiarity of nitrided steels is their high resistance to friction, even at high temperatures, up to 500 C.
It follows that, in poorly lubricated machine parts, the effect of fretting causes less damage than would occur
with case hardened pieces. A further features is its high resistance to sea water and steam.
The steel is treated in perfectly sealed, controlled-temperature furnaces, as harmful oxidation occurs on
contact with the air. The main component in this operation is gaseous ammonia, distributed uniformly. Thermal hardening is recommended on rough-shaped materials free of any stress, polishing, cleaning, drying,
nitriding and final grinding.
1CrAlMo7-10 Applications: the field of extruded plastics, screws and extrusion cylinders, eccentric
4
shafts, discs, injection pumps, pins and steam distribution chambers.
Case-hardenING steels
A feature of these steels is their low carbon content, which assures a strong core after hardening and
tempering and good machinability after annealing. The steel is processed prior to case hardening and the
subsequent hardening and tempering phases.
18NiCrMo5 Use: gear parts subject to high stress and cam shafts.
Spring steels
Springs are machine parts which must be made of steel which possesses the highest possible elastic deformation
capacities and the ability to withstand repeated stress.
52SiCrNi5 The inclusion of silicon increases hardenability and, consequently, hardness, increasing
the elastic modulus. High hardenability steel.
The inclusion of nickel greatly improves strength.
29
Werkstoff n
EUROPE EN
1.2083
X40Cr14
~ 420
1.2083
X40Cr14
~ 420
II33
1.2085
X33CrS16
1.2311
40CrMnMo7
1.2312
40CrMnMoS8-6
BeyLos 2329
1.2329
46CrSiMoV7
1.2343
X37CrMoV5-1
4Cr5MoSiV
4Ch5MFS
H11
BeyLos 2343
1.2343
X37CrMoV5-1
4Cr5MoSiV
4Ch5MFS
H11
1.2344
X40CrMoV5-1
4Cr5MoSiV1
4Ch4VMFS
H13
BeyLos 2344
1.2344
X40CrMoV5-1
4Cr5MoSiV1
4Ch4VMFS
H13
BP30
1.2365
32CrMoV12-28
4Cr3Mo3SiV
3Ch3M3F
H10
1.2367
X38CrMoV5-3
BP57
1.2711
54NiCrMoV6
1.2714
55NiCrMoV7
1.2738
40CrMnNiMo8-6-4
BF40
1.2767
45NiCrMo16
45Ch2N4MA
KeyLos 6959
1.6959
35NiCrMoV12-5
38ChN3MFA
ABP20
Euras
EskyLos 2001
Lucchini RS
KeyLos on
Lucchini RS
KeyLos up
Lucchini RS
KeyLos plus
Lucchini RS
30
CHINA GB
RUSSIA GOST
USA AISI-SAE
USE
4ChMNFS
(5CrMnMo)
EUROPE EN
CHINA GB
RUSSIA GOST
USA AISI-SAE
B205
1.2080
X210Cr12
Cr12
Ch12
D3
B155
1.2379
X153CrMoV12
Cr12MoV
B110
1.2516
120WV4
BF40
1.2767
45NiCrMo16
BF90
1.2842
90MnCrV8
B TEN
TENASTEEL
Tenasteel
S355J2G3
1.0577
S355J2G3
C20
1.1151 ~
C20E
C25E
1.1158
C30E
D2
45Ch2N4MA
9Mn2V
O2
17G1S
A350 LF2
20
20A
070M20
C25E
25
25
1025
1.1178
C30E
30
30
1030
C45E / BC45
1.1191
C45E
45
45
1045
C50E
1.1206
C50E
50
50
1050
39NiCrMo3 / BC39
1.6510
39NiCrMo3
39HNM
9840
30CrNiMo8
1.6580
30CrNiMo8
42CrMo4 / BC42
1.7225
42CrMo4
42CrMo
40ChML
A193-B7
41CrAlMo7-10
1.8509
41CrAlMo7-10
38CrMoAl
40X2MI-O
J24056E71400
18NiCrMo5 / BC18
UNI
52SiCrNi5
1.7117
A320L43
USE
Cold work tool
steels
Werkstoff n
General use
and construction steels
Internal code
Nitriding
Case Hardening
52SiCrNi5
ZG50CrMo
52XHC
Spring steels
31
HRC
85
84
83
82
HV
1950
1865
1787
1710
HRC
81
80
79
78
HV
1633
1556
1478
1400
HRC
77
76
75
74
HV
1323
1245
1160
1076
HRC
73
72
71
70
HV
1004
940
920
900
HRC
69
68
67,5
67
HRC
Diamond
penetrator
68
67
66
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
HV
Vickers
30
940
900
865
832
800
772
746
720
697
674
653
633
613
595
577
560
544
528
513
498
484
471
458
446
434
423
412
402
392
HB
Brinell
3000 Kgf
---739
722
706
688
670
654
634
615
595
577
560
543
525
512
496
482
468
455
442
432
421
409
400
390
381
371
HRA
Diamond
penetrator
85.6
85.0
84.5
83.9
83.4
82.8
82.3
81.8
81.2
80.7
80.1
79.6
79.0
78.5
78.0
77.4
76.8
76.3
75.9
75.2
74.7
74.1
73.6
73.1
72.5
72.0
71.5
70.9
70.4
Rm
N/mm2
MPa
---------2420
2330
2240
2160
2070
2010
1950
1880
1820
1760
1700
1640
1580
1520
1480
1430
1390
1340
1300
1250
HRB
Ball
1/16
100
99
98
97
96
95
94
93
92
91
90
89
88
87
86
85
84
83
82
81
80
79
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
HV
Vickers
30
240
234
228
222
216
210
205
200
195
190
185
180
176
172
169
165
162
159
156
153
150
147
144
141
139
137
135
132
130
HB
Brinell
3000 Kgf
240
234
228
222
216
210
205
200
195
190
185
180
176
172
169
165
162
159
156
153
150
147
144
141
139
137
135
132
130
HRA
Diamond
penetrator
61.5
60.9
60.2
59.5
58.9
58.3
57.6
57.0
56.4
55.8
55.2
54.6
54.0
53.4
52.8
52.3
51.7
51.1
50.6
50.0
49.5
48.9
48.4
47.9
47.3
46.8
46.3
45.8
45.3
Rm
N/mm2
MPa
800
785
750
715
705
690
675
650
635
620
615
605
590
580
570
565
560
550
530
505
495
485
475
470
460
455
450
440
435
32
HRC
Diamond
penetrator
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
HV
Vickers
30
382
372
363
354
345
336
327
318
310
302
294
286
279
272
266
260
254
248
243
238
HB
Brinell
3000 Kgf
362
353
344
336
327
319
311
301
294
286
279
271
264
258
253
247
243
237
231
226
HRA
Diamond
penetrator
69.9
69.4
68.9
68.4
67.9
67.4
66.8
66.3
65.8
65.3
64.6
64.3
63.8
63.3
62.8
62.4
62.0
61.5
61.0
60.5
Rm
N/mm2
MPa
1220
1180
1140
1110
1080
1050
1030
1010
970
950
930
900
880
860
850
820
810
790
770
760
HRB
Ball
1/16
71
70
69
68
67
66
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
51
49
HV
Vickers
30
127
125
123
121
119
117
116
114
112
110
108
107
106
104
103
101
100
----
HB
Brinell
3000 Kgf
127
125
123
121
119
117
116
114
112
110
108
107
106
104
103
101
100
-94
92
HRA
Diamond
penetrator
44.8
44.3
43.8
43.3
42.8
42.3
41.8
41.4
40.9
40.4
40.0
39.5
39.0
38.6
38.1
37.7
37.2
36.8
35.5
34.6
Rm
N/mm2
MPa
425
420
415
405
400
395
385
--370
--360
-350
-340
-330
320
Rockwell
Hardness
Rockwell
Hardness
Vickers
Hardness
Rockwell
Hardness
Brinell
Hardness
Tensile
strength
Rm N/mm2 (Mpa)
33
Hardness HRA
60 kgf
diamond penetrator
30N Scale
45N Scale
diamond penetrator
34
48
74.4
84.1
66.2
52.1
47
73.9
83.6
65.3
50.9
46
73.4
83.1
64.5
49.8
45
72.9
82.6
63.6
48.7
44
72.4
82.1
62.7
47.5
43
71.9
81.6
61.8
46.4
42
71.4
81.0
61.0
45.2
41
70.9
80.5
60.1
44.1
40
70.4
80.0
59.2
43.0
39
69.9
79.5
58.4
41.8
38
69.3
79.0
57.5
40.7
37
68.8
78.5
56.6
39.6
36
68.3
78.0
55.7
38.4
35
67.8
77.5
54.9
37.3
34
67.3
77.0
54.0
36.1
33
66.8
76.5
53.1
35.0
32
66.3
75.9
52.3
33.9
31
65.8
75.4
51.4
32.7
30
65.3
74.9
50.5
31.6
29
64.8
74.4
49.6
30.4
28
64.3
73.9
48.8
29.3
27
63.8
73.4
47.9
28.2
26
63.3
72.9
47.0
27.0
25
62.8
72.4
46.2
25.9
24
62.3
71.9
45.3
24.8
23
61.8
71.3
44.4
23.6
22
61.3
70.8
43.5
22.5
21
60.8
70.3
42.7
21.3
20
60.3
69.8
41.8
20.2
Hardness HB
3000kgf
ball 10 mm
Print
mm
Hardness HRB
100 kgf
ball 1/16
Hardness HRA
60 kgf
diamond cone
N/mm2
for information a)
256
3.79
100
61.5
770
248
3.85
99
60.9
760
240
3.91
98
60.3
750
233
3.96
97
59.7
715
226
4.02
96
59.1
705
219
4.08
95
58.5
690
213
4.14
94
58.0
675
207
4.20
93
57.4
650
202
4.24
92
56.8
635
197
4.30
91
56.2
620
192
4.35
90
55.6
615
187
4.40
89
55.0
605
183
4.45
88
54.5
590
178
4.51
87
53.9
580
174
4.55
86
53.3
570
170
4.60
85
52.7
565
167
4.65
84
52.1
560
163
4.70
83
51.5
550
160
4.74
82
50.9
530
156
4.79
81
50.4
505
153
4.84
80
49.8
495
a) In stainless steels, the cold deformation created by the imprint may alter the hardness values.
Even a variation in the of just a few hundredths of a millimetre can affect the value.
Tensile testing is therefore recommended as the primary test to determine mechanical characteristics.
35
Dicembre 2010
Gruppo Lucefin
via Ruc, 30 Esine (BS) Italy
www.lucefin.com
Lucefin S.p.A.
25040 Esine (Brescia) Italy
Tel. +39 0364 367700
www.lucefin.com